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After corn and sweet potato were introduced into China in Qing Dynasty, they were continuously popularized and planted, which made the barren land that was not suitable for rice and wheat to be used and greatly increased the grain output. This is of great significance for feeding more people, freeing up more land to grow cash crops and promoting the commercialization of agricultural production.

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The spread of American crops and its influence on the development of grain-producing land and population reproduction in China

Abstract: The introduction of American crops in China mostly occurred in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, including corn, sweet potato, potato, peanut, sunflower and other oil crops. There are vegetables and fruit trees such as tomatoes, peppers, beans, guava and annona, as well as hobby crops such as tobacco and upland cotton, with a total of nearly 30 species. Although it has been introduced in different ways, it has developed rapidly in a short time, and many of them occupy a decisive position in today's crop composition. The reason is closely related to the intensification of the contradiction between man and land caused by the rapid population growth since Ming and Qing Dynasties and the development of market economy. The spread and development of American crops not only meet the survival needs of the growing population, but also meet people's needs for nutrition and enjoyment, and also play a positive role in making full use of and improving land and improving agricultural production efficiency.

At least 50 kinds of crops in China are from abroad. Before the Song Dynasty, most of the crops imported from China originated in West Asia, and some of them originated in the Mediterranean, Africa or India. Most of them were introduced through the land "Silk Road". Most of these early imported crops are fruit trees and vegetables, and there are few food crops. After the middle Tang Dynasty, with the southward movement of the national economic center, the maritime "Silk Road" developed rapidly, and new crops were introduced continuously, among which the introduction and popularization of American crops accounted for a considerable proportion. The introduction of these crops not only increased the variety of crops in China, but also had a very important impact on the changes of agricultural production and diet structure in China.

The American crops introduced into China mentioned in this paper refer to crops originating in the United States, crops originating in other parts of the world, or even introduced through the United States, which are beyond the scope of this paper.

I. American crops introduced into China

1492, Columbus rediscovered America, which attracted Europeans' attention to this so-called "new continent". After the success of American colonization, in the late/kloc-6th century, the Spanish established a colony in the Philippines in South Asia, and some American crops began to be introduced into the Philippines, and then spread from the Philippines to all parts of Southeast Asia and further to China. The introduction and spread of American crops became a prominent feature of crop introduction in China in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

There are nearly 30 kinds of American crops introduced to China, including corn, sweet potato, potato, cassava, pumpkin, peanut, sunflower, pepper, tomato, kidney bean, Lima bean, western apple, pineapple, annona, guava, avocado, cashew nut, cocoa, American ginseng, papaya, upland cotton and tobacco.

Corn is a gramineous plant, which is native to Mexico and Peru in America. In ancient China, it was called rice wheat, jade wheat, corn, pearl rice and bangzi. It was introduced to China in the Ming Dynasty at the latest. In the thirty-fourth year of Jiajing (1555), the name of "Yumai" was already found in Gongxian Annals, but in the thirty-ninth year of the government in Pingliang, Gansu Province (1560), a clear and detailed record was found, with the following words: "Fan Mai, wheat in the west, seedlings like Shu." Really like a tower, like a tung tree, there are knots at the end of the tower, flowers and red velvet, five or six inches long, planted in March and harvested in August. "In addition, (Ming) Tian Yiheng's" Keeping Youth for the Day "and Li Shizhen's" Compendium of Materia Medica "are recorded.

Sweet potato. ) L. The cultivated species of Convolvulaceae sweet potato is an annual or perennial vine. Also known as sweet potato, Zhu potato, jade pillow potato, sweet potato, sweet potato, sweet potato, sweet potato, sweet potato, sweet potato, sweet potato and so on. , native to Central and South America, is mainly used as food and vegetables. Before the Song and Yuan Dynasties, there were many records about "sweet potato" in China literature, but the sweet potato mentioned at that time was a kind of yam, and the sweet potato we are talking about now is a convolvulaceae plant, which was introduced to China during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty. Since it was introduced into China, some people called it sweet potato, because it looks like the original sweet potato of Dioscorea in China. Over time, the word sweet potato was almost monopolized by the sweet potato of convolvulaceae.

Poria cocos is a cultivated species of leguminous plants that can form tuberous roots. Annual or perennial herb vines. Also known as cold potato, sweet potato, sweet potato, shage and Silla, it is a kind of crop that can be used as both fruit and vegetable. Originated in Central America, it was introduced to the Philippines by Spanish, and may be introduced to China and Fujian by Silla Sea Road [1]. It is planted in southwest China, south China and Taiwan Province province.

Potato is the panicum miliaceum of Solanaceae. China is also called potato, potato, yam egg, ground egg and Dutch potato. Originated in the Andes region of South America, Peru and Bolivia, it was domesticated by Indians. It was introduced to Spain in about 1570, to Britain in about 1590 and to China in about 1650.

Cassava is a cultivated species of Euphorbiaceae cassava and one of the three largest potatoes in the world. Originated in tropical America, it was introduced to Africa at the end of 16 and to Asia at 18. China introduced cultivation in the 1920s of 19, and it was planted all over the south of the Yangtze River, especially in Guangdong, Guangxi, Taiwan Province and Fujian.

Banana taro It is a cultivated species of Canna of Cannaceae. Alias banana lotus root, ginger taro, native to the Andes. Domesticated in Colombia in 2500 BC, 182 1 was introduced to Japan, 1948 was introduced to China, and it was cultivated in Fujian, Jiangxi and Zhejiang.

Peanuts are native to the United States. China, also known as longevity fruit, peanut, pine, papaya, beans, figs and so on. , is a favorite food and an important oil crop. There are two types: small grain type and large grain type. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Jia Ming recorded the small grain type for the first time in "Dietary Instructions", and introduced the large grain type in Qing Dynasty.

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is an annual herbaceous oil crop in Compositae, also known as passion flower, honeysuckle flower and sunflower, which originated in North America. China's planting was first seen in Wang 162 1 (Ming)' s Genealogy, called Passion Flower. 1688 (Qing) Chen Haozi's "Flower Mirror" is called "Sunflower".

Pepper is an annual or perennial herb. Alias pepper, sea pepper, Qin pepper, ground pepper and spicy eggplant. Originated in tropical areas of Central and South America, it was introduced to Europe in 1493, and to Japan in 1593 ~ 1598. There are two ways to spread to China: one is to spread to Gansu, Shaanxi and other places through the ancient Silk Road; First, it was introduced to Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan and other places by sea. China's record of pepper began with Gao Lian's Eight Chapters of Respect for Life (159 1): "Pepper is covered with white flowers, and the fruit is bald, spicy and red." In the 29th year of Qianlong (1764), peppers first appeared in Liuzhou county annals.

Pumpkin. , millet, cucurbitaceae. Alias pumpkin, rice melon, pumpkin, pumpkin, melon, etc. , native to Central and South America. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, it has been seen in Jia Ming's "Food Order": "Pumpkin tastes sweet and warm, eating more beriberi and jaundice, and eating mutton together is irritating. Avoid eating with pork liver, red beans and buckwheat noodles. " It shows that China was introduced in the Yuan Dynasty.

Dutch pumpkin. Qianlin It is a cultivated species of Cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae. Also known as Indian pumpkin, emerald melon and north melon, they are native to Bolivia, Chile and Argentina in South America. China bamboo shoots and melons may have been introduced from India, and recorded in the local chronicles of Anhui, Henan and other provinces in the middle of19th century.

Zucchini is a cultivated species of Cucurbitaceae. Another name is pumpkin, which used to be southern North America. /kloc-local chronicles such as Shaanxi and Shanxi have been discovered in the 0/7th century.

Chaenomeles is a cultivated species of Cucurbitaceae. Alias Wagua, Fist Melon, Wannian Melon, Poplar Eggplant, Turkey Melon, Stick Melon, etc. , native to Mexico and Central America. /kloc-was introduced to Europe in the 0/8th century and then to Southeast Asia. Introduced from Myanmar to Yunnan, China in 19 16, it has been cultivated in South China and Southwest China.

Tomato (Lycopersicon Mill) is a tomato and potato herb in Solanaceae. Also known as persimmon, June persimmon, tomato, persimmon and so on. Originated in the Andes in South America. The earliest record in China can be found in Wang's Family Tree (Ming Dynasty): "Fan persimmon, June persimmon, stems like Artemisia, four or five feet high, leaves like Artemisia, flowers like durian, one bearing five or three or four fruits, one bearing twenty or thirty fruits, ... from Xifan, hence the name."

Kidney bean, cultivated species of leguminous kidney bean, millet. Also known as green beans, green beans, April beans, plum beans, combination beans and shelf beans, it has many uses, such as grains, vegetables and feed. Native to Central America. 65438+ was introduced to Europe in the early 6th century. China was introduced many times in the late Ming Dynasty, which was recorded in Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica (Ming Dynasty) and Three Ji Nong in Qing Dynasty (1760). Both north and south are planted, and the planting area is second only to soybean.

Kidney bean is a cultivated species of leguminous kidney bean. Also known as cotton beans and boiled beans, they are native to Central America. 65438+ was introduced to Europe in the early 6th century. It was introduced to China in 1930s and 1940s.

Pineapple (Ananas comosus (L.) Merr) is a perennial evergreen herbaceous fruit cultivation plant of pineapple family. Nickname pineapple, pear, pear. Brazil, native to South America, was domesticated by Indians very early. /kloc-At the beginning of the 6th century, tropical countries introduced it one after another. Asia was first introduced to India by the Portuguese (1550), and then to the Philippines and Indonesia. In China, pineapple seedlings were brought to Macau by Portuguese at the beginning of17th century (1605), and then introduced to Fujian and Taiwan Province provinces via Guangdong. Pears are recorded in Guangdong's Dongguan County Records (1639) and Taiwan Province's Taiwan Province Province Records (1687). /kloc-0 was introduced to Guangxi at the end of August, and/kloc-0 was introduced to Yunnan at the beginning of September.

Guava is a small evergreen tree or shrub of Psidium in Myrtaceae. Native to America, Mexico and Peru. (Southern Song Dynasty) Zhou Qufei and Lingnan (1 178) were called yellow bellies. In the Qing Dynasty, Nanyue Notes was called Qiuguo, and the plant name was called Jijianguo. Taiwan Province Province began planting 200 years ago, and now it is mainly distributed in Taiwan Province, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Yunnan and other provinces.

Annona is a semi-deciduous shrub or small tree of Annona in Annonaceae. Also known as Fotouguo. Originated in tropical America, it was introduced to China in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. It was first recorded in the official records of Taiwan Province Province (16 14). Now they are mainly distributed in Taiwan Province, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan provinces.

Carica papaya L., also known as papaya, pumpkin and papaya, originated in southern Mexico and became an important fruit in the world in the late18th century. It was introduced to China in the Qing Dynasty, and it was recorded in Lingnan Miscellanies and Textual Research on Plant Names. It is cultivated in all provinces in southern China, especially in Guangdong and Taiwan Province provinces.

Anacardium cashew L. is a kind of tree belonging to the genus Anacardium, also known as giant tree, first fruit and chicken cashew. Nuts are nutritious and delicious food. Originated in the northeast of Brazil, it was introduced to Africa and Asia by the Portuguese in the16th century. In 1930s, it was introduced to Taiwan Province Province and Hainan, China, and the cultivated area in Hainan reached 1. 1.00000 hectares 1.984. There is also a small amount of cultivation in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan.

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is an evergreen tree belonging to the genus Cocoa, and it is one of the three largest beverage crops in the world. Native to the tropical rain forest area in the upper reaches of the Amazon River in South America. 17 ~ 18 century was introduced to southeast Asia, 1922 was introduced to Taiwan Province province of China, and 1954 was introduced to Hainan province.

Avocados. ) is an evergreen fruit tree of Lauraceae. Native to Central America. 13 ~15th century was cultivated in western and southern Mexico and introduced to Asia in the early 20th century. 19 18 was introduced from China and cultivated in Taiwan Province, Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Yunnan and other provinces, among which Taiwan Province and Hainan are the most.

Minicara sapotila (Tacq. ) belongs to the tropical evergreen fruit tree of Pistaceae. Also known as Wufeng persimmon, it is native to Mexico and Central America. Fujian Yu 1900 was introduced from Singapore by overseas Chinese and planted in Zhangzhou and Xiamen. Guangdong was introduced on 19 10 and distributed in Zhanjiang, Shantou and the counties and cities in the Pearl River Delta. Taiwan Province Province 1920 was introduced from Java and cultivated in Chiayi, Tainan and Yunlin.

HKB belongs to tropical evergreen fruit trees of Pistaceae. Also known as egg fruit, it is native to Peru in South America. It was introduced to China in 1930s, brought to Hainan by Indonesian overseas Chinese for breeding, and cultivated in Guangzhou in 1950s.

Panax quinquefolium, Araliaceae Panax is a perennial herb cultivated species, also known as Panax quinquefolium, Panax japonicus and Panax quinquefolium. Native to North America. 1976 was successfully introduced in China, Beijing, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shaanxi and other places.

Tobacco (Nicotiana) is an annual crop with leaves of Nicotiana in Solanaceae. Originated in Central and South America, it has been used by humans for 1500 years. Then it spread to Europe and other parts of the world through Spain and Portugal. Introduced into China as "Tamba", it is a transliteration of Indian Tobacco. China's earliest record of tobacco is [Ming] Zhang Jiebin's "Pure Moon Encyclopedia": "This thing has never been heard of since ancient times, and it only appeared between Fujian and Guangxi in the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty." Other aliases for tobacco include acacia, golden silk, fencao and rejuvenation tobacco.

Second, the development of American crops and its motivation analysis

The introduction and spread of American crops is a remarkable feature and achievement of China's agricultural development in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Taking some important crops as examples, this paper briefly analyzes their spreading process and development motivation.

There has been a controversy in academic circles about the path and time when corn was introduced into China. Some people think that the earliest record is the thirty-ninth year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1560), the government of Pingliang, Gansu Province; However, according to recent research, as early as the early Ming Dynasty, Mao Lan (1397- 1476) was recorded in South Yunnan Materia Medica [2]. In addition, there are records of corn planting in Dali Prefecture and Tongzhi, Yunnan Province in the late 6th century/kloc-0. Therefore, corn probably came to Yunnan from India and Myanmar, and then from Yunnan to the Yellow River Basin. Of course, it may also be introduced into China from Central Asia along the Silk Road, across the Hexi Corridor, and into the Central Plains; The third route may enter the southeast coastal area of China from the sea through China businessmen or Portuguese.

The spread of maize in China has gone through the process of frontier, inland, hilly and mountainous areas and plain areas. For example, Daoguang's Records of Zunyi Prefecture said that "the residents in the flat land only know how to grow rice, while the people in the mountains only know how to grow autumn grain and corn ...". Even if the residents in Pingchuan area "occasionally grow one or two things" in the garden near Tianjiao and Tian, they only "entertain children" or serve as a supplementary food for fruits and vegetables (Ganlong Huoqiu County Records). Therefore, Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica (Volume 23) pointed out: "It is rare to plant maize in the west." However, after19th century, with the rapid increase of population, corn planting not only continued to expand to mountainous areas, but also gradually moved to plain areas. Jiaqing's "Hanzhong Fu Zhi" said: "A few decades ago, the autumn harvest in the mountains was mainly millet. Su Li is not as good as corn. Today, all the mountains and valleys are full of grain. " Textual research on the name and reality of plants (volume 1) also said: "Another kind of corn was not collected in ancient times and was planted all over the world." According to local chronicles, by the middle of the19th century, corn cultivation had spread all over most provinces and regions, and there were as many as 99 titles about corn in various places. [1] From the late Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, corn developed into the third largest crop in China after rice and wheat. 1936, China's corn planting area reached 6.93 million hectares, with a total output of 1065438+ 10,000 tons.

After a long period of development, corn has gradually formed three major planting areas in China: the northern spring sowing corn area, the Huanghuaihai summer sowing corn area and the southern hilly corn area. Corn planting is concentrated in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Guizhou and Guangxi. The corn planting area and yield in these provinces account for about 80% of the whole country. 1983, China's corn planting area has reached18.82 million hectares, with a total output of 68190,000 tons, accounting for 14.6% and 15.2% of the world's respectively, making it the second largest corn producer in the world after the United States. [2] In 2000, the sown area of maize further increased to 23.06 million hectares, with a total output of/kloc-0.06 million tons, which was 0 times and 2 times that of Brazil, the third largest producer, respectively. [3](P258)

It is generally believed that there are two ways to introduce sweet potato into China: one is by land, from India and Myanmar to Yunnan; The second is by sea, from the Philippines to Fujian or from Vietnam to Guangdong [3]. In the forty-first year of Jiajing in Ming Dynasty (1563), there were records of purple yam, white yam and red yam in Dali Prefecture. In addition, "Yunnan Tongzhi" records "sweet potato", pointing out that it is planted in six prefectures in Yunnan. 1582, Chen Yi introduced sweet potatoes from Annan (Vietnam) to Dongguan, Guangdong, and soon Lin Huainan also introduced sweet potatoes from Vietnam to Dianbai, Guangdong. As for the introduction of sweet potato into Fujian, Xiao Minji records: "During the Wanli period, Fujian people got abroad ... first planted in Zhang Jun, and then gradually spread to Quanzhou and Pupu." (Ming) Zhu Yu Shu also talked about the 11th to 12th year of Wanli (1583- 1584), and someone uploaded sweet potatoes to Jinjiang from the sea. From 22 to 23 years of Wanli, there was a famine in Quanzhou. "All other crops are expensive, but only potatoes. Seven or eight of the ten villagers live on potatoes, so they are called Zhu Potatoes "(Gong Yongqiao quoted Zhu in Sheng Yi Garden). The most influential sweet potato introduction activity was that Chen Zhenlong, a businessman from Changle, Fujian, introduced sweet potatoes from Luzon to Fuzhou, and his son, Governor Shu Jin, proposed planting, which achieved remarkable results. "The Book of Agricultural Administration" said: "Today, sweet potatoes have been handed down from generation to generation, and the branches and leaves are extremely prosperous. ..... Fujian and Guangzhou people rely on it to satisfy their hunger, which is of great benefit. " From the end of18th century to the beginning of19th century, sweet potato planting spread northward to Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Shaanxi and other places, westward to Jiangxi, Hunan, Guizhou and Sichuan, and finally spread all over the country. From 65438 to 0985, China was the largest sweet potato planting country in the world, with an area of 6170,000 hectares, accounting for about 6 1% of the total planting area in the world. [4]

Potato was introduced into China in the early17th century, probably from the southeast, northwest and southwest. /kloc-in 0/650, Struce, a Dutchman, traveled to Taiwan Province and saw cultivated potatoes, which were called "Dutch beans". "On-the-spot Report on Getting Rich" said: "Go abroad and go out to Russia." (Ming) Both Jiang Yikui's Chang 'an Hakka Dialect and Kangxi's Jifu Tongzhipin have records of "potato", indicating that the introduction of North Road may be earlier. Kangxi Fujian Songxi County Records (1700) records: "Potatoes, leaves are born on trees, and when dug, they are tangible and big, like bells. The color is black and round, and it tastes bitter and sweet. " /kloc-After the 0/8th century, the importance of potatoes became more and more important. "Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts" says: "Yang taro, produced in Guizhou and Yunnan, ... cures hunger and saves hunger, which is the storage of the poor. ..... I heard that Nanshan Mang, who is particularly rich, earns hundreds of Shi Yun a year. " "Sichuan Fengjie County Records" also said: "Since Ganjia, it has gradually emerged, but there is a difference between high and low. Now it is planted everywhere, and farmers depend on it for food "(Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts, Volume VI). By the19th century, potatoes were planted in China 10 provinces. In 2000, China's potato planting area reached 4.72 million hectares, with a total output of/kloc-0.325 million tons, ranking second in the world. [3](P263)

Tomatoes were introduced to the Philippines in the17th century, and then spread to other Asian countries. Tomatoes cultivated in China were introduced from Europe or Southeast Asia during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (1573- 1620). At the beginning of introduction, tomatoes have been used as ornamental plants. It was not until the middle and late19th century that it entered the vegetable garden. At the beginning of the 20th century, Shanghai and other big cities began to grow and eat vegetables in the suburbs. Since 1950s, large-scale development has become one of the main vegetables in China.

Peanut originated in South America and Brazil [4], and was introduced to China in the early 6th century. Ming Jiajing's Records of Changshu County (1538) and Wang Shimao's Records of Miscellaneous Schools are clearly recorded. "Saint Ji Nong" (volume 12) also said: "Fandou is peanuts. Born overseas, those who crossed the ocean moved to Baiyue, hence the name. It used to be fruit, but now the sand in the lake field is planted everywhere. " Peanut was first planted in Fujian, Guangdong. According to the description of Guangdong New Language, it was widely planted in the early Qing Dynasty. "Zhi Heng in the Sea of Yunnan" even said that "Peanut is the first fruit in South China, and … it is high, thunderous, inexpensive and beautiful". Peanut planting gradually spread to Zhejiang in the17th century, and was recorded in Quzhou Prefecture, Shanyin County and Ruian County. /kloc-After the 8th century, peanut cultivation further developed to Hunan, Jiangxi, Sichuan and northern China. Before modern times, peanut varieties in China were all small. 65438+ In 1980s and 1990s, American missionaries introduced large-seed peanuts to Penglai, Shandong Province, making Penglai the main producing area of large-seed peanuts [5]. Because of its easy planting, poor stress resistance and high yield, it was very popular with farmers and soon spread to the Yangtze River basin and northern provinces, especially Hebei, Shandong and Henan provinces. Such as Zhengzhou and Shangqiu, peanuts were rarely planted in the past. Since 1894 introduced American big-seed peanuts, peanuts were planted in barren hills and wasteland in the past. [5] (P34)1900-1929 In some places in Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu, Hubei and other provinces, the planting area of peanuts has accounted for one-third or even one-half of the total cultivated area.

Table 1 Percentage of Peanut Species in Farmland Areas of Hebei and Other Provinces (1900- 1929)

Hebei Shandong Henan Jiangsu Hubei Hunan

1900 10 0. 1-0.2 10 — 10- 15 —

19 15 20 15-35 10- 15 — 15-25 5

1920 20 10-45 20-40 32-34 20-25 10

1924 20 10-50 40-50 40-52 25-30 18-20

1925 12 19-39 26-35 22 17 28

1929 12 1 1-39 26-47 22 17 28

Source: John L. Buck: The cost of growing and selling peanuts in China. China Economic Journal. Vol. 5, No.3, 1929 (9).

1914-1918 The planting area of major peanut producing provinces in China is1390,000 mu, with an annual output of 50.85 million tons of peanuts,1931-0. [6](P 195- 196) In short, from the early years of the Republic of China to before the Anti-Japanese War, Shandong, Hebei and Henan were the most important peanut producing areas in China, and their peanut planting area and output accounted for 45-55% of the country all the year round. In 1980s, the national peanut planting area 10 was Shandong, Guangdong, Hebei, Henan, Guangxi, Liaoning, Sichuan, Anhui, Jiangsu and Fujian, accounting for more than 90% of the national planting area and output. The peanut yield increased from 10 12.5 kg per hectare in 1949 to 20 10 kg per hectare in 1985, with an increase of 98.5% in 36 years.

Sunflower, as an oil crop, was only planted in a small amount in the early stage. 1980, the planting area of sunflower increased to 844,700 hectares, with a total output of 909,800 tons, making it the third largest oil crop after sesame and flax.

Tobacco was introduced into China through the north-south line in the middle and late16th century and early17th century.