On the difference between economic development mode and economic growth mode in combination with rural reality

Changing the mode of economic growth is the crux of China's economic and social development. 10 years ago, the Ninth Five-Year Plan put forward two "fundamental changes" with overall significance, namely, the economic system changed from the traditional planned economic system to the socialist market economic system, and the economic growth mode changed from extensive to intensive. Since 10, the mode of economic growth has not fundamentally changed, and the situation of emphasizing extension over connotation and emphasizing speed over efficiency still exists seriously. Changing the mode of economic growth is still an important issue during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period.

To grasp the transformation of economic growth mode in the "four-in-one" development system, we must emphasize that the connotation of "development" has changed greatly today, which leads to the problem of "changing development concepts and innovating development models". The original concept of development is relatively narrow, which unilaterally equates development with economic development, and then unilaterally equates economic development with economic growth, which mainly depends on GDP. This traditional concept of development has brought quite serious negative effects. Starting from the 11th Five-Year Plan, development will be a "four-in-one" modern development system: first, economic development, including economic growth, economic structure, resource allocation and technological innovation; Second, social development, including the development of social undertakings (such as education, health, culture, sports, scientific research, etc. ), as well as social organizations and the construction of a harmonious society; Third, the harmonious development of the relationship between man and nature, including population, resources and environment; Fourth, people's all-round development includes their own material life, spiritual life, their own quality and participation in social and political life. We should grasp the brand-new connotation of development, break through the traditional narrow development thinking, put the transformation of economic growth mode in the new development mode of "four in one" and give the transformation of economic growth mode new connotation.

During the 11th Five-Year Plan period, the transformation of economic growth mode is emphasized as a prominent problem in development, which is based on the following three considerations: First, from the perspective of the relationship between man and nature, due to the severe constraints of resources and environment, the original growth mode in extensive economic is unsustainable. In the 1970s, Professor Dennis L.Meadows, a member of the Club of Rome and a scholar at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, warned the world in The Limits of Growth that there is a limit to growth due to the limitation of resources. Recently, when talking about the eight outstanding contradictions that need to be solved urgently, Chinese leaders put "the pressure of shortage of resources and energy is increasing, and the bottleneck of economic and social development is increasingly prominent" as the first place, which is meaningful. From the perspective of sustainable development theory and national development strategy, to break this strategic bottleneck, we must find a way out in the growth mode. The second is the need to promote new industrialization and economic modernization. China has entered the middle stage of industrialization, and the task of industrialization is far from being completed. What's next? We can't follow the old industrialization ideas of western and eastern countries, but must follow a new industrialization road with high scientific and technological content, good economic benefits, less resource consumption, less environmental pollution and full play of various human resources. "High consumption, high emission and low benefit" does not meet the requirements of new industrialization. Third, China needs to improve its economic competitiveness in the new period. China has entered the "post-transition period" of WTO, and gradually merged with the international economy. Coupled with the rise of the global new technological revolution, these two trends have come at the same time, which has brought great pressure to China's economy.

We know very well that China's competitiveness is not high in the world. In order to improve its core competitiveness, we must change the growth mode. How to promote the transformation of economic growth mode? From the new development model, we need to take strategic measures in the following four aspects. First, the central link: improve the ability of independent innovation; Second, industrial support: promoting the adjustment and upgrading of industrial structure; Third, the main measures: developing circular economy and building an economical society; Fourth, institutional support: promote institutional innovation and obtain the greatest possible comparative benefits in opening up. The central link of transforming the mode of economic growth. Innovation is the soul of a nation. In contemporary China and the world, technological innovation and its industrialization are the power sources to promote the transformation of economic growth mode and develop advanced productive forces (9.04, 0. 17, 1.92%). Through the study of some regular phenomena in the development of advanced productive forces, we have the following five understandings: (1) Scientific invention-technological innovation-industrialization promotion is the basic path for the development of advanced productive forces; (2) Quantitative change-partial qualitative change-fundamental qualitative change (mutation) is the mode of operation in which advanced productive forces replace backward productive forces; (3) Developing emerging industries and transforming traditional industries are the two main positions for advanced productive forces to "advance" into the whole social production field; (4) It is the spatial movement law of the development of advanced productive forces to create local developed areas-spread to a wider range at home-and transfer to relevant foreign countries and regions; (5) Under certain historical conditions, underdeveloped countries and regions can make use of some advantages of backwardness to promote the leap-forward development of an industry and even social productive forces. In these five articles, scientific invention and technological innovation are the basic things.

In recent years, although the scientific and technological content of China's economic growth has improved, overall, the ability of scientific and technological innovation is still weak. If we compare the proportion of technology patents in the world's total patents with other countries (such as South Korea), or compare Chinese mainland's 3/kloc-0 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions with Taiwan Province provinces, we will find that the gap is obvious, which makes people feel embarrassed! In this regard, South Korea's experience of insisting on independent innovation is quite enlightening to China. The next step is to effectively improve the ability of independent innovation, and regard it as the strategic basis of rejuvenating the country through science and education and the central link of the transformation of economic growth mode. To improve the ability of independent innovation, we should focus on developing five technologies: information technology, biotechnology, new material technology, energy and environmental protection technology and space ocean technology. The basic point is to strengthen the integration of original scientific and technological innovation and key technological innovation facing the national strategic needs, strive to obtain a number of independent intellectual property rights, and at the same time improve the digestion, absorption and re-innovation ability of imported technologies. In order to promote enterprises to improve their independent innovation ability, it is necessary to establish new systems such as property rights protection system, venture capital system, technology shareholding system and technology option system, promote "technology capitalization" and install the "motor" of incentive mechanism for technicians. Structural adjustment and upgrading: industries that change the mode of economic growth rely on the tenth five-year plan period and put forward structural adjustment as the main line.

During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, we should continue to take the adjustment and upgrading of industrial structure as the focus of economic development. Focus on the following three points: First, persist in transforming traditional industries with high technology and accelerate the process of industrial internal structure adjustment. At present, although some economically developed areas have entered the middle and late stage of industrialization (such as Shanghai and the surrounding southern Jiangsu). ), they are still in the middle stage of industrialization nationwide. Promoting industrialization is still an "arduous historical task" for future economic development. The problem now is that we can't take the traditional old road of industrialization with a large amount of capital investment, but we should transform traditional industries with high and new technologies and advanced applicable technologies, especially by upgrading the technology and equipment of traditional manufacturing industries, so as to improve the technical content of industrial departments. At the same time, adjust the internal structure of industry, promote the process of industrial transformation from over-reliance on factor input to technological innovation and industrial optimization, and take advantage of late-comer advantages to take a new road to industrialization. The second is to focus on developing high-tech industries. China is in the era of industrialization, and it is also facing a wave of informationization. From the perspective of international competition, what is the competition in the industrialized era? One is resources and the other is market. What is the competition in the information age? One is high technology and industry, and the other is cutting-edge talents. During the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, we should seize the favorable opportunity of the new technological revolution in the world today and actively develop high-tech industries that have a breakthrough and a major driving role in economic growth. For example, develop information industry, including computer, network communication, microelectronics, software development industry, bioengineering industry, new material industry, new energy and new environmental protection industry, and strive to make it the leading industry and new growth chain of the national economy. Third, accelerate the development of service industry with new ideas. Modern service industry will be a "bright spot" of China's economic growth during the 11th Five-Year Plan period and even in a longer period.

Modern service industry is not only a new field for international transnational capital to transfer to China's industry after the transfer of manufacturing industry, but also a new growth point for expanding "endogenous" demand and maintaining stable and rapid economic development. To speed up the development of modern service industry, it is important to solve the problems of "total quantity", "competitiveness", "structure" and "system". Structurally, during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, we should vigorously develop new service industries such as information service industry, modern logistics industry, technology research and development industry, creative service industry, animation service industry, exhibition service industry, intermediary service industry, community service industry, culture, education and medical service industry, especially taking the development of "productive service industry" as a breakthrough. According to the author's actual investigation, although China's service industry contains considerable potential energy, some potential energy is still bound by the traditional economic system and the single state-owned monopoly system, and a considerable part has not developed as a modern service industry. According to the goal of market-oriented reform, we must take institutional innovation, especially property right system innovation, as a means to vigorously promote institutional reform and release the potential energy of the development of modern service industry.

Circular economy and conservation-oriented society: an important measure to change the mode of economic growth. Circular economy is the innovation of economic growth mode. Compared with the traditional linear economic growth mode of "resources-products-wastes" (and "mass production, mass consumption and mass waste"), circular economy emphasizes "resources-products-wastes-resources ……". This is a new growth mode with high efficiency and resource recycling as its value orientation and sustainable development as its fundamental purpose. The development of circular economy must be carried out from three levels: first, at the enterprise level, build circular enterprises; Second, at the regional level, build a circular region or city; Third, at the social level, build a circular society. Therefore, we must develop circular economy according to the new mechanism of market economy instead of the traditional planned economy mechanism. There are four main points: first, under the coordination of the government, take the market as the leading factor to prevent the circular economy from evolving into an "intervention economy"; Second, based on enterprises or enterprise groups, at the same time give full play to the role of existing parks to prevent the development of circular economy from forming a new round of "land development fever"; Third, characterized by diversification of property rights, give full play to the functions of various ownership systems and prevent state-owned capital from developing circular economy; Fourth, implement extensive social participation, including the role of non-governmental organizations, especially environmental protection organizations. Combined with the development of circular economy, we should create an economical society. From the perspective of development mode, a conservation-oriented society is an operation mode to maintain the normal operation of society by reducing resource consumption as much as possible and meet the growing material and cultural needs of the broad masses as much as possible. To create a conservation-oriented society, we need to pay equal attention to the development and conservation of resources, but to put conservation in the first place, we must pay special attention to "energy saving, water saving, land saving, material saving and comprehensive utilization", which is referred to as "four sections and one synthesis". On the basis of economy, emphasis is placed on improving the effective utilization of resources. By developing circular economy and creating a conservation-oriented society, the effective transformation of economic growth mode can be realized.

Institutional support for changing the mode of economic growth. Why can't China get rid of the traditional growth mode for a long time? One of the reasons is the rigid (and uncoordinated) economic system with "operational inertia" in the economy, so it is necessary to focus on promoting reform. From the perspective of supporting the transformation of economic growth mode, there are the following points: First, promote the reform of government management system with the focus on functional transformation. Among many institutional reforms related to the transformation of economic growth mode, the reform of the government's own management system is the one that "affects the whole body". Practice shows that many contradictions and problems in the mode of economic growth are related to the absence, offside and dislocation of the government's own management from the institutional level. Therefore, in order to change the growth mode, we must first change the government's functions, so as not to interfere in microeconomic activities, make decisions for enterprises, or attract investment instead of enterprises. The key is to transform the "economic control" government into a "public service" government. At the same time, under the pattern of economic diversification, especially mixed ownership, the government should explore new mechanisms of macro-management and regulation, and give greater play to the role of the market in allocating resources.

The second is to promote institutional innovation at the more critical enterprise level and shape the micro-foundation for transforming the mode of economic growth. Enterprises are the main body of the transformation of economic growth mode. Due to the lack of corresponding institutional arrangements and governance structures, the new economic growth mode is difficult to achieve. There are different microcosmic bases for studying the transformation of economic growth mode at home and abroad. In China, we must promote the deep market-oriented reform of state-owned enterprises and establish a modern enterprise property right system. According to the current process of state-owned enterprise reform, the next step is to accelerate the reform of state-owned enterprises in monopoly industries and fields while continuing to promote the reform of state-owned enterprises in competitive fields. On the basis of promoting institutional innovation at the enterprise level, the reform of state-owned enterprises has been sublimated into the overall reform of the state-owned assets management system.

The third is to establish a "modern resource property right system" and a "modern environmental property right system". This is an important institutional support for changing the mode of economic growth and adjusting the relationship between man and nature. It is suggested to establish a "modern property right system of national resources", including state-owned land resources, mineral resources, water resources, forest resources and marine resources. And establish a modern property rights system in the field of resources, including property rights definition, property rights allocation, property rights transfer and property rights protection (for example, there are many price problems in the property rights transfer of various resources, so that the prices of various resources should fully reflect the real cost of resources and the relationship between supply and demand). It is also necessary to establish a "modern environmental property right system" and do a good job in evaluating the value of the ecological environment through the property right definition system; Through the property right transfer system, the beneficiary enterprises of high-quality environment (such as real estate development enterprises) pay the corresponding transfer fees; Safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of environmental investors through the property rights protection system. In this regard, the concept of property rights in our country and the whole society is still vague. In short, through a series of innovations in the property right system, people can rationally use resources and protect the environment from the perspective of interests, so that resource capital and ecological environment capital can appreciate.

Fourth, actively participate in economic globalization and change the growth mode in the process of opening up. American economists have a famous saying: "The more open the economy, the higher the efficiency, and the greater the contribution of total factor productivity to growth". But opening up should be two-way and multi-directional. Our government and enterprises should actively participate in the process of economic globalization, actively reform the existing domestic system and connect with the international market; Enterprises should implement the opening strategy of "going out" and realize the optimal combination of resources in a wider range. At the same time, trading partners and investment partners should also adopt an open attitude and complement each other's advantages, so that everyone can achieve the goal of mutual benefit and win-win from open economic growth.