Northern navy

Beiyang Navy, or beiyang fleet and Beiyang Navy, was the first modern naval fleet established by China in the late Qing Dynasty. Beiyang Navy 1888 17 was formally established in Ahava, Liu Gongdao in February. In 1894-1895, the whole army was wiped out in the Sino-Japanese War.

1874, the Japanese army landed in Taiwan Province province in an attempt to occupy the province, and the Qing army took its only warship to Taiwan Province to expel it. This incident aroused the vigilance of the ruling and opposition parties, and Prince Gong put forward six emergency measures, such as "training, simplifying equipment, shipbuilding, raising salary, employing people and lasting". Ding Richang, the former governor of Jiangsu Province, put forward the proposal of establishing Sanyo Navy by giving full play to the "quasi-navy" charter, while Li Hongzhang put forward the idea of temporarily abandoning the customs and giving priority to coastal defense. With the cooperation of Qi Xin of the Westernization School, the theory of "coastal defense" overwhelmed the "fortress defense", and the Qing government was determined to speed up the naval construction.

1On May 30th, 875, Shen Baozhen (nephew of famous anti-British general Lin Zexu) and Li Hongzhang were appointed as ministers of the South Beiyang, and the South and North Ocean navies were built as soon as possible, and it was decided to withdraw 4 million taels of silver from customs and Lijin revenue every year as naval military expenditure. The Qing government decided to allocate 4 million taels of funds every year (the actual amount used to buy warships is only1000000 taels per year), which will be decomposed and used by Yang Er. Shen Baozhen, Minister of Nanyang, thinks that "the offshore navy should set up Beiyang first, but if it is divided, its strength will be weak and its success will be slow". Considering that China's main imaginary enemy at that time was the Japanese, and the Beiyang Navy was responsible for guarding the capital, the Qing government adopted Shen Baozhen's suggestion and first established the Beiyang Army. Beiyang Navy became Sanyo Navy after it became powerful, and decided to give priority to the construction of Beiyang Navy. The Qing navy was divided into Sanyo: Beiyang Navy was responsible for Shandong and the Yellow Sea to the north, Nanyang Navy was responsible for the East China Sea to the south of Shandong and beyond the Yangtze River, and Guangdong Navy was responsible for Fujian and the South China Sea.

1875, Li Hongzhang, Governor of Zhili and Minister of Beiyang, was ordered to establish Beiyang Navy. 1875, Li Hongzhang ordered four gunboats in Britain through Hurd, the State Administration of Taxation, and began the history of the Qing navy buying warships from abroad. 1879 Cruiser ordered from England, extremely mighty and super brave. Dissatisfied with the warships ordered by Britain, 1880, after repeated comparison, we ordered armored ships from German shipyards to Dingyuan and Zhenyuan. 188 1 year, decided to build naval bases in Lushun and Weihai. 1885, the naval yamen was established, and Li Hongzhang sent envoys abroad to order cruisers Zhiyuan, Jingyuan, Jingyuan and Laiyuan from Yingde respectively. 1888 12 17 Beiyang navy was formally announced, and the regulations of Beiyang navy was promulgated and implemented on the same day. From then on, modern China officially owned the naval fleet which was the sixth in the world and the first in Asia at that time. After 1888, the fleet funds were greatly reduced. Sometimes, naval technology advances by leaps and bounds. By the time the Sino-Japanese War broke out in 1894, beiyang fleet had not bought a new ship for many years, and some renewal projects that should be carried out, such as replacing new guns, could not be carried out. The original warships have begun to fall behind, both in speed and firing rate.

3. Military flag coat of arms

[Edit this paragraph]

In the Qing Dynasty, China had no national flag or military flag in the modern sense. It was not until 188 1 that two cruisers "Yangwei" and "Chaoyong" ordered in Britain returned to China in September, that Li Hongzhang made the texture and color of military flags and flags with the consent of the Qing court.

Wannian flag is made of feather yarn and is yellow. Inlaid with blue flying dragons with five claws, the faucet is upward. It is divided into four sizes, the number one is 1 foot 5 inches, and the width is 1 foot 6 inches 5 minutes. No.2 horizontal length 1.3 feet 9 inches, width 9 feet 5 inches; No.3 has a horizontal length of 1. 1.5 inches and a width of 7.6 inches; Number four is 9 feet 6 inches long and 6 feet 3 inches wide. The prefect of the military flag uses a five-color rectangular flag, and the general uses a three-color rectangular flag with an anchor shape at the upper corner.

4. Rank of official system

[Edit this paragraph]

The official titles of Beiyang Navy are divided into pipe belt, assistant chief mate, torpedo chief mate, pilot second mate, firearm second mate, ship engine third mate, sampan third mate, boatswain, deputy gunner, patrol officer, purser, second-and third-class tugboat and boatswain first, second and third-class boatswain.

The whole army has a navy prefect who commands the whole army and is stationed in Ahava. There are two company commanders, divided into left and right wings, and each iron ship is the captain. Officers below lieutenant general should be ranked according to the size of their ships and the weight of their duties. Officers below the company commander live on ships and do not build official positions. 5 deputy commanders, 4 generals, 9 guerrillas, 27 commanders, 60 garrison officers, 65 commanders, 99 commanders and 43 contractors.

A rank/rank

From small to large, it is:

Zhengdutong, Deputy Dutong, Jiedutong, Zhengshenling, Deputy Guanling, Xieshenling, Zheng Jun Military Academy, Deputy Military Academy and Xie Jun Military Academy.

5. Ship formation

[Edit this paragraph]

Armored boats: Dingyuan and Zhenyuan (Dingyuan armored boats)

Scissors:

Armored Cruiser: Journey and Journey

Protection cruisers: Jiyuan, Zhiyuan and Jingyuan

Collision Cruiser: Yang Wei, Chaoyong

Mosquito gun ship:

Gunboats: town edge, town center, town east, town west, town south and town north.

Torpedo:

Left one, left two, left three, right one, right two, right three, Long Fu,

Ding Yi, Ding Er, Yi Zhen, Zhen Er

Ship training:

Practice ships: Ji Kang, Weiyuan and Agile.

Auxiliary warships: (omitted)

6. Personnel department

[Edit this paragraph]

Almost all the captains and senior officers of beiyang fleet's major warships graduated from Fuzhou Ship Administration School, and many of them also went to the British Naval Academy for internships. Most middle-level officials are young people who have studied in the United States. After being recalled to the country, they went to Fujian Naval Academy to study the navy and then served. Foreigners have been serving as officers, technical experts and guidance in the fleet. Many officers in beiyang fleet can speak English, and internal command orders are also given in English.

7. Main generals

[Edit this paragraph]

Ding-navy prefect (suicide)

Liu-right-wing company commander, Dingyuan duct tape (suicide)

Lin Taizeng-left-wing company commander, Zhenyuan pipeline (suicide)

Deng Shichang-Lieutenant General of China Army, Zhiyuan Pipeline (killed)

Right Lieutenant Zhong Jun of Ye Zugui-Jingyuan Pipeline (dismissed)

Fang Boqian-Left Lieutenant of Chinese Army, Jiyuan Pipeline (executed)

Lin Yongsheng, lieutenant of the left wing and left battalion, passed through the distant pipeline (died in battle)

Qiu Baoren, assistant commander of the right-wing Zuo Ying, came to the remote control zone (dissolved).

Huang Jianxun —— Assistant to the left and right battalion commanders, ultra-remote duct tape (killed).

Lin Luzhong-Captain of the Right Wing and Right Battalion, Yang Wei Pipe Belt (killed)

Yang Yonglin, a left-wing guerrilla, originally helped Zhenyuan, and Lin Tai took over the pipe belt after he committed suicide.

8. Chasing system

[Edit this paragraph]

After the Beiyang Navy became an army, it drafted the Constitution of Beiyang Navy, which was approved by Yi Xuan and Li Hongzhang. The contents include ship system, official system, promotion, accident, examination, salary, reward, miscellaneous expenses, clerical system, stirrup system, exam-taking, simple reading, military equipment and other related matters.

The 11th Constitution of Beiyang Navy —— Catch Up

"Where the duct tape officer violates military orders, the prefect shall report it to Beiyang Minister for verification as appropriate. Those who are light will be given a demerit, and those who are heavy will be demoted, dismissed and expelled respectively. Those who record once are suspended for one month, and those who record twice are suspended for two months; Those who record three mistakes will be suspended for three months. Deduct capital on the day of promotion. Those with insufficient funds shall not be promoted.

Where the ship's pipe belt belongs to the palace, and the personnel stationed below or above the guerrilla level violate the military orders, the pipe belt officer shall act impartially at any time. Light demerit, stop the capital, heavy please prefect inspection, demotion, dismissal, dismissal respectively. If there are illegal things, such as drinking and gambling, the officer in charge will be imprisoned first and then report to the authorities. The method of recording a record and stopping capital is the same as that of the person in charge. And by the magistrate at any time reported to the Ming dynasty Beiyang minister for verification.

Those who remain in their posts after being demoted or removed from their posts below the rank of Lieutenant General will be paid only half of the official salary as bureau-level officers; If you are a clerk in this department, you will only be paid a quarter of the official salary, and the ship salary will be paid as usual.

Any officer on board who is below the rank of officer and comes from a school violates military orders shall be given demerit, suspended execution, demotion and dismissal as appropriate by the management officer, which is the same as the above-mentioned personnel. Those who should be demoted, demoted or dismissed must first apply to the magistrate for approval.

Any sailor below the rank of officer on board will be punished by the management officer if he violates the military order, without serious demerit or suspended execution. Overweight people will be demoted and dismissed respectively. Let's ask the prefect's permission first.

Those below the deputy commander level and above the outsourcing level shall be punished by demerit, demotion and dismissal, and the prefect shall report to Minister Beiyang on a quarterly basis, and report to the sub-bureau and operation department for the record. Demobilized and demobilized personnel shall be consulted by the naval yamen at any time by Beiyang Minister for future reference.

Those who have served or above are not allowed to work in the original ship, return to China or work in other camps. The prefect will transfer them to shore docks, machinery bureaus and other places to work, or transfer them to other ships to work. If anyone escapes without permission, he will be punished according to the regulations on escaping from the palace.

If the ship's leaders, sailors and all those without official positions violate military orders, they will be severely punished by the steward respectively. Or in case of a month off, the penalty order is not allowed to land, and it will be a few days; Or flogging; Or a mechanical blow; Or retreat. To make up for the loss, it is to make up for it on the sailors of this ship and move it to the training camp. Or report to the prefect for inspection.

Every sailor who escapes will be beaten back to 80 lashes and imprisoned for one month; Runaways will be beheaded.

Anyone who is punished for being in charge of the palace should report to the prefect. When the prefect went, he had to report to the governor of the Ming Dynasty, and he could not exceed his authority.

An officer, craftsman, etc on a ship. Damaged equipment, arms and other parts, the dike leader, pipe belt officer and inspector reported that it was careless and fined according to the severity. If the ring is intentionally damaged, according to the example of moving, it will be guilty of peace again.

Officers and others on board who violate military orders shall be punished according to the above provisions, and the rest of the illegal matters shall be handled by the prefect and others as appropriate, citing Article 40 of Catch-24 promulgated by King James of the first year of Yongzheng. And record the passage of the ship first and follow it as a whole. "

9. Major battles participated in

[Edit this paragraph]

Toyoshima naval battle

Yellow sea naval battle

Ahava naval battle

10. Naval Fund and Summer Palace

[Edit this paragraph]

For a long time, there has been a saying that the Summer Palace was built with 30 million yuan of naval funds (there are several other sayings, the figures are slightly up and down). The original basis of this statement comes from Liang Qichao's Fen Wei Yan, Wang Shihe's Jian Lu, Chi's Navy Memorabilia and other folk records.

The Summer Palace, formerly known as Qingyi Garden, was burned in the Second Opium War. On February 14th, Guangxu, the imperial edict was renamed, and the garden renovation project was made public, but before that, a considerable part of it had been completed or construction had been stepped up. Li Hongzhang wrote to Yi Kuang in June 13th year of Guangxu: "Wanshou Mountain has been selected and operated one after another, and we have tried to learn from each other. Hong Zhang can't help but have an arm. " It is concluded that "cutting short to make up for one's shortcomings" means misappropriating naval funds, and it is considered that in the spring of 12 years, the marine department decided to distribute the coastal defense funds of the north and south oceans according to "two levels", that is, deducting the balance for gardening; He also said that the coastal defense donations from 12 to 14 were also moved to gardening. These inferences seem to lack stronger proof.

In a memorial in the 14th year of Guangxu, the government of the navy mentioned that the annual income was less than 3 million taels, and it was necessary to borrow 3.3 million taels. This was based on asking the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to add 2 million taels of foreign medicines and taxes every year. "Minister Yi Xuan made a decision to make up the loan with more than 300,000 yuan, return the money for repairing the Three Seas within 200,000 years, and the remaining 402,000 yuan will be used to build the Summer Palace and other places, and the other half will be reserved for continuation. If Gong Zheng hadn't finished, the Ministry of Housing wouldn't have been able to increase the funds. Now it's asking for 654.38+2 million yuan. Even if the Ministry agrees to do so, it can only make up for the shortage of regular funds, and the navy can't manage the money and work for the time being. ..... The Summer Palace and other places have been repaired, and I have to use all the existing 457,500 spare money. " 1June, 935 1 1 day, Yi Kuang played again: "Generally speaking, if the navy's funds can be paid off in full every year, it can barely be paid. From now on, 302,000 can be transferred to the Engineering Department for application every year. " These two materials are evidence of the transfer of funds during the public construction of the Summer Palace. 14 years 12 months, the Marine Department typed: "Two items, Yuping and Donation, are planned to be stored separately due to work needs". What's the total? It's a bad debt at present. According to statistics, from the 13th year to the 20th year of Guangxu, the marine department deducted the soldiers' salaries from the north and south, and the soldiers' salaries from the three northeastern provinces were about 802,000 yuan, all of which were transferred to gardening.

Since April 28th, the 17th year of Guangxu, Cixi has been stationed in the Summer Palace, indicating that the scale has begun to take shape. However, the project is still in progress, and preparations have begun for the celebration of Cixi's 60th birthday, and the funds of the naval yamen continue to be diverted to gardeners. On February 16 of that year, he said: "Since the construction of Cha Summer Palace, 302,000 yuan has been temporarily allocated from the navy to the engineering department for application every year, and 2.6 million yuan subscribed by provincial governors has been paid off one after another, and all the interest earned is used for work. ..... But the amount allocated to work each year is not much, and it is impossible for provinces to raise money at one time. I need hard work and money badly. On second thought, it's just a temporary new donation as a stopgap measure. The project funds are temporarily transferred from the donation of coastal defense. Once Tianjin deposit and interest-bearing collection take effect, they will be paid to Chen Jie Yamen one after another. " On August 25th, Yi Kuang and Fu Kun gave a performance: "In April this year, the quasi-Prime Minister's yamen held a meeting and allowed to temporarily borrow 654,338+22,000 pieces of silver for the Summer Palace project, which was returned by Tianjin at interest."

At present, although it is impossible to find all the detailed accounts of the transfer of funds in the Summer Palace, the above materials have their inherent continuity. From this calculation, the Marine Department transferred more than 4 million yuan. In addition, according to research, from the 12th to 14th year of Guangxu, the Marine Department collected more than 1.577 million taels of coastal defense donations, and from the 15th year of Guangxu to the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, it collected 2,000 taels of new coastal defense donations, which also flowed into the garden workers.

It should be pointed out that the funds allocated to the Summer Palace project are the funds of the naval yamen, not the Beiyang Coastal Defence Association. During the five to twenty years, the income of Beiyang Coastal Defence Association was basically stable, with an average of about 654.38+0.37 million, which was higher than the average of the previous fourteen years. Yi Xuan and Yi Kuang presided over gardening and raised funds, giving people the impression that the marine department is the engineering office of the Summer Palace. However, funding for the restoration of parks is not only the responsibility of the Marine Department. Liang Qichao said that since Ma Jiang's defeat, "ministers have been competing to train the navy, with a reserve of 30 million yuan ... The Summer Palace project was launched, and all the money raised was used for civilian purposes". Eunuch Wang Shihe said that the naval divisions "planned to build the Qingyi Garden and spent more than 30 million yuan" just to satisfy corruption. These statements are far from the general law of naval fund-raising Apart from maintaining the navy and allocating 654.38 million yuan for training in Northeast China, it is impossible for the navy to raise 22 million yuan or 32 million yuan (that is, an average of 3 million to 4 million yuan per year) during Guangxu fourteen to twenty years. Liang Qichao's article aims to encourage opposition to the autocratic rule of Cixi, which is exaggerated and cannot be used as history. Of course, the obstruction of naval development is related to gardeners, but it should be further analyzed from the overall financial situation of the Qing government. Outside the park, the emperor's wedding in the 14th year of Guangxu spent 5 million taels, and the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development allocated 60 days to Zhengzhou River Worker, 2 million taels to Shandong River Worker, and newly minted money ... "It is conceivable that funds are tight. Fourteen years after the Constitution of Beiyang Navy was formulated, it was generally believed that beiyang fleet had become an army, and Li Hongzhang boasted that "as far as the gateway to Bohai Sea is concerned, it is unbreakable". Under the influence of many factors, in the seventeenth year of Guangxu, the inpatient department stipulated to stop buying foreign naval guns within two years. Putting aside the overall situation and blaming the stagnation of naval expansion entirely on the personal indulgence of Empress Dowager Cixi is untenable in Taiwan's history.

2.6 million taels of "navy money" incident. /kloc-in September of 0/4, Yi Xuan, the prince of alcohol, wrote to Li Hongzhang, revealing that "Wanshou Mountain is short of funds" and told him and the local governor to "try to collect 2 million taels of silver to store it for the annual repair". Li Hongzhang realized that this was the will of Cixi, and immediately informed Guangdong Governor Zhang Zhidong, Jiang Governor, Hu Governor, Hubei Governor Kun Bin, Sichuan Governor Liu, Jiangxi Governor Dexin and others to arrange posts in various places. He said to Zhang Zhidong: "There are many names of middle finger money stolen from Guangdong. If we can save the use and extract it evenly several times, it will be in line with the idea of teaching the imperial palace not to move the money of the emperor. ..... 200,000 a year, accumulated to 100000 in five years, and the privilege is left. In addition, there are one or two good countries in Nanyang, which will be beneficial and considerable. " He told Ceng Guoquan more clearly: "The first thing I care about is that it is fragrant and handsome, and the second thing is the platform. ..... But after looking for it for so many years, where is the spare money? At present, the demand is very urgent, and no matter what the problem is, it can be postponed for several years. " The local governors got the message and rushed to the top. As a result, a total of 2.6 million yuan was collected. In order to hide people's eyes and ears, this money is called "naval funds", "deposited in Beiyang for interest, and settled in Beijing every year to make up for the shortage of miscellaneous funds. This bank specializes in buying ships and strengthening all important tasks. " Soon after, Yu Shilin's youth demanded to stop serving, but was severely reprimanded by the imperial edict, while Li Hongzhang, Zhang Zhidong and all the governors, governors, squadrons and transportation departments involved in raising and solving the "huge sum of naval money" were rewarded. This incident fully exposed the corruption of the Qing court and the darkness of official management. To be exact, this huge sum of 2.6 million can't be counted in the navy account.

1 1. Reasons for the decline of Beiyang Navy

[Edit this paragraph]

Strategically:

People in important civil and military positions in the Qing dynasty did not know how to use the fleet built with countless silver. After the Beiyang navy became an army, it thought it was "self-sufficient" and stopped buying naval funds for warships.

During the whole war, the Beiyang Navy did not make a clear strategy and strategic plan to seize the sea control right with the joint fleet, but the Japanese Navy made a clear operational plan, which was a naval victory plan centered on seizing the sea control right. As a result, the joint fleet took the initiative in the war and the Beiyang Navy was strategically passive.

Tactically:

Beiyang navy didn't look for the trend of tactical development from the progress of weapons at that time, but only knew to adopt the unchanging overall formation. Shen Shoukun, the chief gunner of Dingyuan Ship, pointed out: "In the First World War of Dadonggou, the enemy filed in, and I defended it with geese, that's right. I was trapped by the enemy's left and right wings, but I didn't start to attack separately. " Once the two armies exchanged fire, the formation of the Qing army immediately became chaotic and was passively beaten everywhere. In the face of the opponent's clever and flexible offensive, the formation collapsed. Japan's joint fleet, on the other hand, gave full play to its creativity and adopted the formation of two sub-fleets, thus gaining much higher mobility than its opponents. Using this mobility, we have achieved twice the result with half the effort in local battlefields for many times, and destroyed the ships on the two wings of Beiyang Navy.

The biggest drawback of Beiyang navy training is the lack of actual combat training. "On weekdays, the fleet must be improvised and cannot be booked in advance. If you make an appointment, each pilot only needs to recite the mathematical formula to be operated, and the rest can be set. " According to the post-war disclosure, the truth of fleet artillery training is "pre-measure the code, set the buoy and drive according to the standard." The number of yards is known, so it is easy to put them in the middle. ""I just hope it's performed neatly, and it's superficial and useless. "Reflected in actual combat is that naval guns and torpedoes are not allowed to shoot.

Technical aspects:

In the Dadonggou naval battle in the Yellow Sea, the lack of rapid-fire guns with recoil devices in Beiyang Navy is a fatal technical defect. According to statistics, a rapid-fire gun with a caliber of 150 mm can fire 5 to 6 rounds per minute, while a rear-mounted gun with the same caliber rigid gun rack can only fire 1 round per minute. However, the Japanese joint fleet has a large number of rapid-fire guns, reaching more than 150, and the Japanese fleet has given full play to the power of rapid-fire guns. According to statistics, the Japanese fleet rapid-fire guns "fired 3-6 times as many shells as the Qing fleet guns with the same caliber". Ma Jifen, an American foreigner, thinks that "the improved rapid-fire gun and grenades that can hold a lot of gunpowder are effective".

Another technical defect of Beiyang Navy is the lack of fast cruisers to compete with the Japanese joint fleet. At the beginning of the engagement, the influence of slow speed on Beiyang Navy was unfavorable formation turning, which made it difficult for both sides to cooperate.

Beiyang navy does not prepare for war. The lack of armor-piercing blasting bombs (so-called flowering bombs) has been stored in the ammunition depots of Lushun and Weihai bases. There are also cases where ammunition is insufficient, shells hit enemy ships and do not explode, and the shells used are "inappropriate".

Shen Shoukun, the chief gunner of Dingyuan Ship, said: In the Battle of Dadonggou, "it is the difference between bravery and timidity of generals who are not soldiers." The brave are too brave to be the first without waiting for orders, and the timid are too timid to retreat if they don't obey orders. The reason why this array is uneven is because the team is in a slump. "The deputy chief of the escort team of the ship pointed out:" After the naval battle, regardless of victory or defeat, there were some brave men and some quitters on each ship, so that they were rewarded and punished separately, which was inspiring enough. After the war, our army never inspected it. Those who are afraid of hiding are glad that they didn't take risks, and those who charge to put out the fire and shoot bravely are still regretting that they didn't learn from it. Although the injured were hospitalized, they sent their own sailors to support the battle; Those who died in the battle got their salaries and rations in their clothes and coffins. When you get a compassionate reward, you are also lucky and unfortunate. At the thought of this, the local soldiers can be content with their sworn enemies? Who can support their families without parents and wives, and what is the idea of survival? "

12. Related film and television works

[Edit this paragraph]

Twelve episodes of TV series "Beiyang Navy"

Screenwriter and director: Feng.

Historical consultants: Yang Zhiben, Xu Hua

The main actors: Chen, Chen, Teng Rujun,.

Synopsis of story:

This day is full of tears and has a strong naval force. How did the Beiyang Navy, which once had a great influence on the world, become the first in Asia, and how did it die in the sea, thus going to extinction. Truly reproduce the bloody battle between China and Japan, Lushun Massacre, North Korea's Pyongyang War, Liaodong Battle, Toyoda Akio Naval Battle, Yellow Sea Naval Battle, Shandong Weihai War.

From 65438 to 0855, Chen Baozhen, Minister of Ship Administration, founded Fuzhou Ship Administration School, which trained the first batch of young naval officers and became the commander of Fujian Navy and Beiyang Navy successively.

1877 March 3 1 Some of these outstanding naval officers went to the British Naval Academy to study abroad, bearing the high hopes and trust given to them by the state. After Meiji Restoration, Japan stepped up the purchase and manufacture of warships and accelerated its development. Officers sent by the navy also studied in Britain and became their later opponents. 1874 the Japanese army shelled Taiwan Province province and sent troops to land on the pretext that the sulfur ball fishermen were killed.

1On August 23rd, 884, the Majiang naval battle broke out at 13: 50. 1888, the Beiyang navy under the sublime world was formally established, with 2 large armored ships, 8 cruisers, 6 gunboats, 16 torpedo boats, 5 training ships ... a total of 56 ships with more than 4,000 officers and men.

1894 The Sino-Japanese Korean War broke out. At 7: 45 on July 25, the Japanese navy suddenly attacked the Beiyang navy fleet in Fengdao, the mouth of the Yalu River. The Japanese army forcibly landed in North Korea under the escort of the fleet and stormed the Qing army stationed in Pyongyang. 17 September, 12: 50, the first naval battle of the steam engine armored fleet broke out in the Dadonggou sea area of the Yellow Sea between beiyang fleet and Japan. 165438+ On October 6th, Japanese troops captured Jingzhou. 165438+1On October 7th, the Empress Dowager Cixi sent a message that she would go to the theatre for three days. On the same day, the Japanese army captured Dalian and began to attack Lushun. From 22nd to 25th, the First Division of the Japanese Army, under the command of Hiroshi Yamahara, the head of the division, launched a four-day massacre that shocked the world. Only 36 people survived and 20,000 people in China were massacred. Subsequently, Haicheng fell, and the Japanese army captured Liaodong Peninsula and advanced to Shanhaiguan. 1895 65438+1On October 20th, Japanese troops attacked Shandong Peninsula. Beiyang Navy retreated to Liu Gongdao, stuck to its aid and ran out of ammunition. "Beiyang Navy" won the excellent TV series "Flying Award".

Five-episode documentary "Beiyang Navy"

Historical consultants: Ming Jiang, Xu Hua.

The documentary "Beiyang Navy" of CCTV's Exploration and Discovery-The Secret History of the Late Qing Dynasty consists of five episodes: the maritime crisis, the armored Beiyang, the first battle against Toyoda, the second battle against the Yellow Sea and the sunset in Weihai. With the most detailed historical materials, the most authoritative experts and a year-long production process, Exploration and Discovery truly shows the audience the historical process of Beiyang Navy in Qing Dynasty from its establishment to its demise. From the imperial edict of Emperor Guangxu to the establishment of the first fleet in Asia; From several fishing boats in Ryukyu to Beiyang Navy in Ahava, the whole army was wiped out; From a few words of secret information to the financial archives of the Qing Dynasty that have never been uncovered. "Beiyang Navy" will be the most detailed documentary describing this history.

The first episode, maritime crisis

1In June, 874, several fishing boats belonging to Ryukyu, a vassal country of the Qing government, drifted to Taiwan Province Province unexpectedly, and fishermen clashed with local Gaoshan people. This little housework of the Qing government attracted Japanese warships armed to the teeth, but the Japanese warships were scared off by the warships of the Qing government that arrived later. Since then, the maritime arms race between the two sides has gradually begun.

The second episode, armored Beiyang

The Qing government spent more than 3 million taels of silver in Germany's Wall Shipyard for five years, and finally got two world-class armored ships-Dingyuan and Zhenyuan. From then on, these two huge armored ships not only became the symbol of Beiyang Navy and the hope of the Qing government, but also brought the fear of Japan for many years. 1888 12 17, the Qing court flew its flag in Liu Gongdao, officially announcing the establishment of Beiyang Navy. At this time, the total number of ships of Beiyang Navy reached more than 50, with a displacement of more than 40,000 tons. Coupled with warships from other places, China's naval strength has become the seventh in the world and the first in Asia.

The third episode, Battle of Toyoda

In the face of Japan's three most advanced warships and the "undeclared war" that is not allowed by public international law but may happen at any time, more than 700 Qing soldiers silently waited for the Japanese decision on the troop carrier without artillery. A few minutes later, the Japanese warship Yoshino fired its first shell at the sea between China and Japan, and more than 700 Qing soldiers were almost all buried at the bottom of the sea within a few hours.

The fourth episode, fight the Yellow Sea again

1 894 August1day, China and Japan formally declared war. On the morning of September/KOOC-0/7/KOOC-0/0: 30, the warships of the two sides/KOOC-0/0 met in the Yellow Sea. This fleet, which has been built for nearly ten years and spent a lot of money, is facing a comprehensive practical test for the first time. Perhaps Dingyuan and Zhenyuan will let the Japanese fleet taste the power of armored ships; Perhaps, the beiyang fleet built by the Qing government at a cost of 65438+ 1 100 million taels of silver will become a sunken ship forever in a few hours. The two sides discharged different formations that have never appeared in the history of naval warfare. From day to night, the two sides constantly changed formations, and the Beiyang Navy and the Japanese Joint Fleet took turns to take advantage.

The fifth episode, Sunset Weihai

The remaining main warships of Beiyang Navy are caught between Scylla and Charybdis in Hong Kong, and Ding is in a dilemma. Fearing that Dingyuan Ship would be captured by the Japanese army and attack itself in turn, Dingyuan Ship gave the order to bomb Dingyuan with tears in her eyes. With a loud noise, the last spiritual pillar of Beiyang Navy, the fleet symbol made of silver by the Qing government, sank into the sea with the desire of 5,000 officers and men to escape.