Poems expressing the heroic spirit of death in China's ancient poems.

wen tianxiang

Once the effort comes, there will be fewer stars around.

The mountains and rivers are broken and the wind is floating, and life experiences are ups and downs.

The beach of fear says fear, and there is a sigh in the ocean.

Since ancient times, no one has died in life, leaving a heart that shines through history.

Poetic background

/kloc-in the first month of 0/279, the Yuan Army went out of the Pearl River Estuary to attack the last stronghold of the Southern Song Dynasty (in Nanhai, Xinhui, Guangdong), and Wen Tianxiang went out with him. The boat crossed the Zero Ding Ocean, which is located in the Pearl River Estuary in the south of Zhongshan, Guangdong Province, and there is a Zero Ding Mountain in the nearby waters. The sea at the foot of the mountain is called dingyang. Marshal Zhang Hongfan of the Yuan Army forced Wen Tianxiang to surrender and stick to Zhang Shijie, the commander-in-chief in Shaanxi. Wen Tianxiang wrote this poem to express his willingness to swear allegiance, which was sternly rejected by Wen Tianxiang. Wen Tianxiang's Notes on the Cloud from the Songs of Chu;

"On the third day, Marshal Zhang ordered Li Duzhou, so please make a book for Zhang Shaobao to worship. So he said to him,' I can't save my parents, but how about teaching people to carry their parents?' This poem was left behind. Li Can can't be forced to take a poem to get the point, but it can't be forced to call it a' good man and good poem'. "

Poetry annotation

"Hard" sentence: trace back to my early life experience and all kinds of hard work since I became an official. Encounter, encounter the court selection; It used to refer to an official who passed the imperial examination because he was proficient in a certain classic. In the Song Dynasty, the imperial examination system was used to test the meaning of classics, and one of the five classics (Yi, History, Shu, Li, Spring and Autumn) was chosen. Wen Tianxiang was the first scholar in the fourth year of Baoyou in Song Lizong (1256), and later became the prime minister. Sparse: Sparse means deserted and sparse. Here, song and yuan war is drawing to a close. The Southern Song Dynasty died in this year (1279), and at this time it was unable to resist. Surrounding stars: Zhou Xing is the annual star, which circulates in the sky for twelve years, so Zhou Xing refers to twelve years. Surrounding the stars, that is, in 48 years, Wen Tianxiang was 44 years old when he wrote this poem, and the surrounding stars here are integers. In the old notes, "the surrounding stars" were mostly used as the four years since Wen Tianxiang 1275 applied for the diligent king. In fact, the first two sentences of this poem should be understood together, which is a review of the poet's life experience.

The sentence "Mountain and River Map" means that the national situation and personal destiny are irreversible. Fear Beach: In today's wanan county, Jiangxi, the current is fast, which is one of the eighteen beaches in Ganjiang River and the most dangerous one. In the second year of Zong Jingyan, Song Rui (1277), Wen Tianxiang was defeated in Jiangxi and retreated to Fujian through the beach.

"Zero Ding" sentence: lamenting the current situation and one's courage and isolation. After the poet was captured, he was imprisoned in a warship in Lingdingyang. History: history. Before paper was invented, bamboo slips were used to take notes. When making bamboo slips, bamboo sweat (moisture) must be removed by fire, so it is called a history book.

The poet recalled a sentence or two of his life, but limited by space, in his writing, he cited two things: becoming an official and losing the battle. The four sentences in the middle are closely related to "war and death", which clearly expresses the author's understanding of the current situation: the country is in turmoil, the tragedy of national subjugation is inevitable, and personal fate is even more out of the question. However, in the face of this great change, the poet thought not of his personal way out and future, but of his deep regret that he failed to win a military victory and turn the situation around two years ago. At the same time, I feel particularly sad for my isolation. Judging from the conception of the whole poem, the first six sentences exaggerate the dangerous atmosphere of grief and anger to the extreme, while the last two sentences turn from grief and anger to excitement and from depression to loudness. "Since ancient times, no one has died in life, leaving Dan's heart to shine." Throughout the ages, people are bound to die, dying to save the motherland and dying for righteousness. A heart of Dan hangs in history and lasts forever. These two impassioned poems show the poet's determination to sacrifice his life for righteousness and fully embody his national integrity. The whole poem also became a masterpiece because of the ending of these two sentences, and it will never be sung again.

Brief introduction of the author

Guo Yang is a famous patriotic seven-character poem by Wen Tianxiang, Prime Minister of Southern Song Dynasty. Wen Tianxiang (1236— 1283) was a minister, writer and famous national hero in the Southern Song Dynasty. The word "goodness" is also called "Song Rui", whose real names are Wenshan and Jizhou Luling (now Ji 'an, Jiangxi). At the age of 20, he won the first place in the Jinshi examination. He was a prime minister and a Tang Dynasty envoy. 1276, the Yuan Army approached Lin 'an (now Hangzhou), the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty. He was sent to Yuan Barracks for negotiation and was detained. After escaping from Zhenjiang, he was rescued by the people and went to Fujian by sea to fight against the Yuan Army with Zhang Shijie and Lu Xiufu. He once recovered some lost land, was defeated by the Yuan Army, retreated to Guangdong, and moved to Haifeng and Chaoyang. Zhao Min, the late Song Emperor, was captured by the Yuan Army in December of the first year of Xiangxing (1278). Later, he was escorted to Dadu (now Beijing) and imprisoned for three years. Under repeated threats and inducements, he suffered all kinds of torture and never gave in. From the 9th day of December in the 19th year of Yuan Dynasty (1283 65438+10.9), he died calmly in Chaicheng, showing his firm national integrity. Wen Tianxiang's later works closely reflect the reality, artistically reflect the author's struggle life and patriotic thoughts, and show the scene of the military and civilians fighting against the Yuan Army in the Southern Song Dynasty, which is gloomy, tragic and touching. The Complete Works of Mr. Wenshan has been preserved to this day. The Zero Crossing and Ding Yang, Song Zhengqi and other famous books are praised by the world.

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Marshal Chen Yi has three poems:

Chen Yi's meiling three chapters

(Preface to Poetry:)1In the winter of 936, Meishan was besieged. I have been injured for more than 20 days, and I can't get rid of it. I got three poems, which were left at the bottom of my clothes, entangled.

Chapter I (Part I):

How does it feel to be beheaded today? There are many difficulties in starting a business

I will go to Quantai to recruit Kibaki and behead Yamaraja with100000 as the standard.

Chapter 2:

It has been ten years since the smoke started in the south of China, and this head must be hung abroad.

After death, you work hard and good news flies like paper money.

Chapter 3:

Joining the revolution is a common occurrence, and there are times of bloodshed.

Taking righteousness as benevolence is a matter of today, and free flowers are planted all over the world.

[Notes]

Meiling: Da Yuling. One of the five mountains, at the junction of Dayu County in Jiangxi Province and Nanxiong County in Guangdong Province. One of the main mountain systems in the so-called Meishan Mountains in the pre-poetry poems.

Quantai: Tongquanxia, Quanrang and Lu Quan. Superstition about the legendary underworld and hell. In Ming Dynasty, Huang Zongxi mourned Wan Chongzong: If you don't know this difference, you must leave Quantai!

Yamaraja: Sanskrit transliteration. Buddhism calls the god in charge of hell, also called Yan, Yan. Here is a metaphor for the Kuomintang and Chiang Kai-shek.

Ten-year beacon smoke in the south: refers to the ten-year armed struggle in the south (from 1926 Northern Expedition to 1936 guerrilla warfare). Southland: the south of the motherland.

Beacon smoke: smoke produced by bonfires. In ancient times, beacon towers were set up in border defense, and when foreign enemies invaded, beacon towers were raised to give an alarm. This refers to war. Yao He's poem "Send Li Kuo to camp in Xichuan": From then on, there will be no more smoke.

This head must be hung abroad: Chen Yi said that even if he died, he would hang his head abroad and watch the Kuomintang reactionaries finally perish. According to Records of Historical Records and Biography of Wu Zixu, in the Spring and Autumn Period, Fu Cha, the king of Wu, defeated Yue, and Gou Jian, the king of Yue, bribed the king of Wu, slandered Zi Xu, and Fu Cha gave his son Xu Jian to commit suicide. Before he died, Wu Zixu said, "Look at the East Gate of Wu, and watch the invasion of Wu.". In the last nine years, the State of Yue destroyed the State of Wu. Historical Records also records the Wu Taibo family.

National Gate: City Gate.

Renyi: At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, Wen Tianxiang, the Prime Minister, fought against the Southern Yuan Army and was defeated and captured, indomitable. Before he died, he wrote the poem "Self-praise" and hid it in his belt. He said: "Confucius said he wanted benevolent government, Mencius said he wanted justice from time to time, and he had no conscience." In Chen Yi's poems, he showed his sincere loyalty to the Party and the people and his great spirit of devoting himself to the revolution.

[history]

Under the correct leadership of Chen Yi, the guerrillas in the Jiangxi-Guangdong border region continued to grow, like a sword inserted into the enemy's heart. In order to wipe out the guerrillas, the Kuomintang reactionaries pursued Chen Yi and Xiang Ying everywhere while carrying out brutal military clearance and economic blockade, and posted notices claiming that Chen Yike could enjoy foreign investment of 30,000 yuan. 1936 After the Guangdong-Guangxi Incident, Chiang Kai-shek dispatched the 46th Division of his own troops in August and September to launch a new campaign in the guerrilla areas along the border between Jiangxi and Guangdong. Teacher Dai was called a bunker expert by Chiang Kai-shek. When he attacked the guerrilla base areas, he tried his best to let the blockhouses go up the mountain pass and down the pit and advance towards the guerrilla base areas. The soldiers and civilians in the border area of Jiangxi and Guangdong won the victory of crushing the Kuomintang army and saved the revolutionary base area, but they also paid a lot of blood. Many soldiers and civilians, including guerrillas and some leading leaders in the border area, died heroically in the battle because of the traitor's informer. Chen Yi himself had many accidents. /kloc-in the winter of 0/936, the enemy cleared Meishan, the resident of Chen Yi, for more than a month. Put a police dog to follow during the day and search with a tried-and-tested lamp at night. Chen Yi was sick because of a leg injury and was trapped in the jungle by the enemy for 20 days in Meiling. In "Fight to the Death", he made a speech and wrote "meiling three chapters" hidden under his clothes as his desperate poem. The preface before the poem was written by Chen Yi later, which briefly explained the situation when writing the poem. The explanation of the encirclement in the preface is that on the day when he left the last poem, the enemy did not enter the mountain to search for repression, and the second Tianshan Mountain was also very calm. Send someone down the mountain to find out the news. It turns out that the Xi incident happened. Meishan breathed a sigh of relief when the 46th Division of the Kuomintang hastily withdrew from the guerrilla zone and some local armed forces hid in bunkers.

[Appreciation]

The two ends of life lie in life and death. The choice of the critical moment of life and death can best show a person's boldness and integrity. Some people are afraid of death and it is difficult to survive. If you drag out an ignoble existence, it will last forever. Some people regard death as death, commit suicide to death, do their best to get justice, and live forever. The latter choice is the unchangeable truth followed by China with lofty ideals since ancient times. Confucius said: the benevolent is not for survival, but for death. (The Analects of Confucius Wei Linggong also said: Listen in the morning and die at night. Mencius said: Life is what I want, and righteousness is what I want. You can't have it both ways, but you have to sacrifice your life for righteousness. ("Mencius Gao Zi Shang") It is also said that it is a positive life to do your best and die. ("Mencius dedicated"). It is this moral ideal of giving up one's life for righteousness and doing one's best that inspires countless national heroes to sacrifice their lives for the country and the people and go through fire and water, leaving countless heroic achievements that make people cry. Su Wu is thirsty for snow, hungry for blankets, Zhuge Liang's hard-working spirit, Wen Tianxiang's eternal life, and the beheading in summer doesn't matter, as long as the doctrine is really strong, all these constitute the most lofty and magnificent landscape in the endless history of the Chinese nation, and the soul of the nation shines forever in this magnificent landscape.

Meiling three chapters is also a vital proletarian song written by Chen Yi at the critical moment of life and death. This is a group of poems composed of three seven-character quatrains. Although the three poems have their own emphases in content and can be displayed in sections, they have internal unity in basic themes. They show the author's firm revolutionary belief and revolutionary outlook on life and death from different aspects. Both poems naturally have the word "don't take off" in the preface, with beheading as the basic image, but they don't show a trace of sadness, but show the generosity and heroism of those who live as heroes and die as ghosts. When chanting, you will feel excited and your fighting spirit will multiply. The first chapter focuses on the author's unswerving loyalty to the revolutionary cause. How does it feel to be beheaded today? At the beginning of the poem, the question of death is directly raised, asking how to face the danger of decapitation, which fully shows Chen Yi's brave and fearless spirit in the face of death. There is only one life, and at the moment of decapitation, anyone will have some ideas flooding into his mind. At this moment, what did Chen Yi think? His first thought is that starting a business is very difficult, very difficult. If you want to struggle, you have to sacrifice. In order to create the great cause of revolution, I have experienced countless hardships in my fighting life, regardless of life and death. Today's decapitation is also a fair death, and there is really nothing to worry about. This question and answer is straightforward, lively and generous. The heroic image of Chen Yi willing to go through fire and water for the revolution stands in front of us in one fell swoop, which is really exciting. Facing the danger of death, the poet thinks that the great revolutionary cause has not been completed and the ideal has failed. Today's beheading is really unsatisfactory. So he galloped through his imagination, with revolutionary romanticism, and continued to write a sonorous sentence full of lofty sentiments and high spirits: We went to Taiwan to recruit the old army and beat Yamaraja under the banner of 100,000. Spring platform refers to spring, underground, spring road, spring soil and so on. In ancient poetry, the word Quantai is generally associated with mourning and mourning. For example, there is a saying in Widow Fu: Look up at the portrait and face the spring soil. The fifth song of Luo's Poems of Yuefu is: I suddenly saw Quantai Road and hesitated to hang a water mirror. There is a poem in Cen Can's "Elegy of Su Gong, the minister of the Ministry of Industry in Qi Huangong, Henan Province" that at dawn, spring is not spring, and there is also a poem in Meng Jiao's "Mourning for the Past" that Shuanglong is gone forever in spring, and gold silkworm is empty. Chen Yi used Quantai as a metaphor for the hell on earth under Chiang Kai-shek's government, and Yamaraja as a metaphor for Chiang Kai-shek, the chief culprit of the disaster. He said that once he died, he would go to the grave to gather his former dead comrades, organize hundreds of powerful troops, go straight to the underworld and cut off Yamaraja's head. These two poems are magnificent, inspiring, earth-shattering, and make people cry, vividly showing the poet's firm revolutionary fighting spirit and heroism. As the famous poet Cang Kejia said, it is full of enthusiasm and amazing! There is a strong sense of justice in the chest and great power in the pen!

The second chapter focuses on the expectations of the late king and encourages the living to continue to struggle for the indisputable cause of people's liberation. The Beacon in the South is a summary of the poet's participation in the revolutionary armed struggle, which has been going on for ten years. From/kloc-0 to August, 926, Chen Yi left Beijing and returned to Sichuan for the Northern Expedition, and sent troops to/kloc-0 to the winter of 936. In the past ten years, he has been fighting in the war-torn south of China. He made immortal contributions to the establishment of the Red Army of Workers and Peasants, the establishment of the base areas in the Soviet area and the establishment and development of guerrilla zones in the border areas of Jiangxi and Guangdong. This sentence can be read in combination with the hardships of starting a business in the first chapter. Entrepreneurial sentences focus on the difficulty of struggle, while southern sentences focus on the time and place of struggle. Now, when the central Soviet area has fallen and the southern land has been more brutally ruled and ravaged by reactionaries, it is possible for him to bid farewell to this southern land for which he has been fighting for more than ten years. This cannot but make the poet deeply regret. That's why poets are full of passion and write down words that must be hung abroad. Biography of Wu Zixu in Historical Records records the story that Wu Zixu, a hero of Wu State, was killed by the sword given by Fu Cha, the king of Wu, in the Spring and Autumn Period. When he died, he asked to hang his head on the gate of Chang (now Suzhou), the capital of Wu State, in order to see the story of the Vietnamese army coming to destroy Wu State. When the reactionary ruling class in China suppressed the people's resistance movement, they often hung the heads of the rebels they killed on the city gates as an example. Kuomintang reactionaries often use similar cruel means when encircling red base areas and guerrilla zones. But this kind of panic can't scare real revolutionaries. For them, beheading is like blowing a hat in the wind. The author borrows the allusion of Wu Zixu's head hanging over the country, showing the spirit of dying unsatisfied without seeing the enemy completely annihilated. A word "beard" makes the poet's heroic integrity and the sense of glory of dying for the revolution jump from the paper and hit people's hearts directly. It is a natural extension of the previous poem that the late king worked hard and the good news flew like paper money. The poet secretly used the famous sentence in the poem "Shizi" to tell Weng not to die at home. He encouraged the living comrades to work hard and win more battles, and used the good news that frequently flew in as paper money to comfort themselves. This expectation also shows the poet's firm belief in the victory of the revolutionary cause. War is bloody politics. The poet called the living comrades-in-arms the late king, in order to remind them to be prepared for sacrifice, hoping that they could continue fighting like the 100 thousand veterans who were the first to go to the disaster and their own people who were about to be beheaded, without fear of sacrifice.

The third chapter further positively expressed his belief in winning the revolutionary cause and his ideal of life willing to die for it. Joining the revolution is a common occurrence, and there are times of bloodshed. This means that I have regarded the revolutionary cause as my home since I joined the revolution, and I am determined to fight for it all my life; Although it is already in a difficult business and the motherland is still in the bloody brutality of the reactionaries, the night is about to pass and the dawn is coming. China's positive outlook on life in ancient times was called the theory of self-cultivation, keeping the family in order, governing the country and leveling the world, and the word "hatred between countries" also showed that the family and the country could not be completely separated. Are there finished eggs under the nest? Homeless people can't have a country, and it's hard to have a happy and perfect home when the country is broken. Taking the revolutionary cause as home is a vivid portrayal of the revolutionary outlook on life of proletarian soldiers who are concerned about the country and the people in their youth, and shows the poet's noble and broad mind. The total infinity of Bloodstained conveys the poet's dialectical understanding of the country's destiny and revolutionary predecessors, which is the same as his book My Thirty-fifth Birthday written earlier in the same year, in which the extremes meet, the five continents turn upside down, and the boundless China sighs and sinks in the untitled book written at the same time as meiling three chapters. The return of the soul is red, expressing the same belief. It is precisely because of this belief in the future that the poet is not only fearless in times of crisis, but also calmly and resolutely sings: Today, the world is full of free flowers. For the bright future of human liberation to come one day earlier, the poet is willing to pour the blood of countless martyrs and water the flowers of freedom on the land of the motherland. Here, the poet injected the lofty proletarian ideal of a producer into the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation. How to treat the decapitation proposed in the first sentence of the whole poem? The question, made the most specific and perfect answer. In this answer, it highlights the lofty and broad mind and spiritual realm of a revolutionary, which those who live in poverty and drag out an ignoble existence would never have thought of. Revolution does not live to die, but the courage to live to die is another glory of life. Flowers of freedom are planted all over the world, which is the author's beautiful imagination of the future of revolutionary victory and the real significance of the author's pursuit of justice and charity. "meiling three chapters" is a group of works by Huang Zhongda Road, which was carved and decorated in one breath when Chen Yi was in a crisis. Poems are bold and unconstrained, with high style, precise sentences, delicate words, profound feelings and rich sounds and feelings, which are the expression of the poet's lofty feelings and the portrayal of his great personality. Injecting surging passion and lofty ideals into unexpected imagination is a prominent feature of this poem's artistic thinking. How magnificent is Yamaraja's imagination that Chuntai recruits the old troops and flags hundreds of thousands; How strange it is to hang it to the country and fly good news as paper money; How charming it is to shed blood at the expense of morality and water the flowers of human freedom! These magnificent and charming imaginary images are always mixed with deep hatred for the enemy and great love for the people, personal aspirations and revolutionary ideals. On artistic thinking in Liu Xie's Wen Xin Diao Long. When you climb a mountain, you will feel full of feelings, and when you look at the sea, it will overflow with the sea. This is also a fact! Not only that, in just 84 words, the poet's thoughts flowed freely, from the danger of beheading on earth to the feat of Quantai, from the hardships of the past to the good news after death, from the head of Zhong Liang hanging abroad in ancient times to his own righteousness today, from his personal ten-year journey to the flower of freedom in the future. It can be said that it is galloping through the ages, and it is unrestrained on the ground and underground. This reflects the author's extraordinary artistic imagination and superb structural skills. As Lu Xun said, all that comes out of the fountain is water, and all that comes out of the blood vessels is blood. Great works are always inseparable from the writer's great thoughts, great personality and great life experiences. The rich, bold and unexpected imagination of Chen Yi's poems comes from his years of fighting experience, revolutionary passion and revolutionary determination to take justice into benevolence. These 84 words are the condensation of his life pursuit.

The creative transformation of classical poetry is another remarkable feature of this group of poems. Poems about Quantai, Yamaraja and burning paper money are legends and behaviors in feudal superstition. The poet compared Yamaraja and the underworld to the hell on earth under Chiang Kai-shek and Chiang Kai-shek's reactionary government, and used paper money to refer to the victory of the revolutionary army, which endowed and conveyed new significance. Wu Zixu's last words when he was killed showed his condemnation of Fu Cha, the king of Wu, who did not listen to advice, and his resentment that he was loyal and unacceptable. However, Chen Yi used this story hanging over the whole country to show not only his spirit of not witnessing the complete downfall of the Kuomintang reactionaries, but also his firm belief in the victory of the revolution, hoping to see the good news with his own eyes and share the joy of victory on the day of victory. In addition, it is one of the traditional virtues of the Chinese nation. Wen Tianxiang, a politician in the Southern Song Dynasty, wrote in his poem "Self-praise" before he was arrested for fighting against the invasion of Yuan soldiers that Confucius said benevolent government, and Mencius said that justice was taken, but righteousness was exhausted, so benevolent government was adopted. Occasionally there are a few innocent poems. In his poems, Chen Yi combined the discussion of benevolence and righteousness in The Analects of Confucius and Mencius, directly borrowed Wen Tianxiang's view of taking righteousness for benevolence, and showed his recognition of this traditional virtue of the Chinese nation. But Chen Yi's righteous act injected Chen Yi's revolutionary ideal. To die for the revolution is to die a fair death. This, of course, is essentially different from the feudal era when people with lofty ideals took justice and became benevolent. All of the above shows that Chen Yi is good at using classics, but he is not limited to them. He is better at transforming them, injecting new meaning into them and endowing them with new artistic expression, which deserves our serious study.

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