Appreciation of high aria

In the twenty-sixth year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, a man who came back from the cottage with the head coach wrote a poem "Ge Yanxing" for me to read. I was deeply impressed by the frontier defense, so I wrote this song Ge Yanxing to meet him. Fireworks rose at the border of the Tang Dynasty, and dust rose in the northeast. The generals of the Tang Dynasty left home to break the cruel border thieves. Men all over the world have always attached importance to riding a horse with a horizontal knife, and only when the emperor appreciates it can he show his true colors as a hero. The sound of gongs and drums resounded through the heavy drums, out of Shanhaiguan, and the standard was hunting in Jieshi Mountain. Captain Yu Shu flew over the vast sand sea, Xiongnu Khan held fire hunting, and the light came to my Wolf Mountain. The mountains and rivers are barren and desolate to the edge of the soil. The sound of the Hu people cavalry fighting powerful weapons was caught in the wind and rain. In the first half of my life, the soldiers were defeated, and the beauty was still singing and dancing in the camp! It is late autumn, the grass outside the desert has withered, the lonely city is reflected in the sunset, and fewer and fewer soldiers are fighting. Deeply indebted to the royal family, he often thinks about serving his country and underestimating his enemy. The frontier fortress has tried its best to break the encirclement of Xiongnu. I haven't worked hard in a remote battlefield in armor for a long time. My husband left and cried alone. The young woman lives alone in the south of the city, crying and heartbroken, and the soldiers of the expeditionary force frequently look back in the air in northern Hebei. The border is foggy and far away. How can you come and go freely? What's more, it is far away and even more uninhabited. Murder, spring, summer and autumn are like dark clouds, and the cold wind sounds even more shocking overnight. Is it meritorious to watch each other's white knives fly wildly with the falling snow and serve the country to the death? You don't see how miserable it is to fight on the battlefield, and you are still thinking about General Li, who is brave and good at fighting.

Ge Yanxing is Gao Shi's masterpiece. Although the old Yuefu theme was used, it was written because of current events, which is the development of Yuefu poetry. If you go further, you will reach the new Yuefu, such as Du Fu's "Two Ways, One Car Shop, Three Officials and Three Farewells". Ge Yanxing is a theme of Yuefu, which belongs to a part of the flat tune of Xianghe Pavilion. This piece of music has not been recorded before, so it is said that it was composed by Cao Pi. Cao Pi has two poems, one is about Qiu Si, a woman, which was initiated by him. Therefore, future generations should learn from him and write poems that will always be in my heart with the tone of Yan Gexing. Ge Yanxing, written by Gao Shi, is about the life of frontier soldiers. He was the first person to write this theme with Yan Ge's operas. This poem mainly reveals that the master is arrogant and underestimates the enemy, and has no sympathy for the foot soldiers, which leads to the defeat of the war. Annotators have never made detailed comments on the preface and literature and history, and they all think it is a satire on Zhang Shousheng. In fact, this is not in line with historical facts. The object of this poem should be An Lushan, General Pinglu and General Zuo, who were sent by Zhang Shousheng to conquer and qidan. Poetry can be roughly divided into four paragraphs: the first paragraph consists of eight sentences. The first four sentences say that the dust of war started in the northeast, the general was ordered to conquer, and the son of heaven gave him special glory. He has always been favored and arrogant, which indicates underestimation of the enemy. The last four sentences are followed by the lineup. Flags are like clouds, drums and horns are ringing, and all the way to the battlefield with great fanfare, as a foil to the embarrassing situation when losing. The words "a captain" are written to reach the front. Feather book flying, see military emergency; Hunting for fire at night, saying that the enemy line is heavily guarded. In the second paragraph, there are eight sentences about this battle. Among them, the first four sentences are written about the fierce enemy forces at the beginning of the war, and our army suffered heavy casualties. The last four sentences said that the serenade was exhausted at the latest and could not be cleared. "On the other side, the mountains and rivers are cold and cool" shows that the terrain of the battlefield is an open area without danger, which is conducive to Hu Qi's galloping, so he continued to write that the enemy came like a storm. The sentence "Warrior" uses a comparative method. It is written that the Lord is arrogant, lazy, underestimates his enemy and ignores his foot soldiers. On the one hand, he struggled to die while enjoying himself. This is the most enlightening description in this poem. The desert withered grass, the small scene of the lonely city at sunset, set off a "shuddering" and wrote that the fighting continued until the evening. The theme of this poem is "Serve a good cause and despise life and enemies", which points out the reasons why soldiers are besieged. In the third paragraph, I wrote eight sentences to recruit people, thinking that the two places will face each other and meet again indefinitely. Although this poem is old-fashioned, it uses even sentences. Because of the need of content, this paragraph is deliberately opposed. In addition, this poem is straightforward, usually four sentences turn, and this paragraph has only eight rhymes, which is suitable for expressing the anxiety of both sides. The murder turned into a cloud, and Diao Dou spread the cold, trying to play up the sad atmosphere. The last four sentences are written about the soldiers' determination to die for their country when there is no hope of survival. The word "Gu Xun" is still a satire on the generals. The poet's two sentences deeply sympathize with the tragic fate of the soldiers. The poem ends with "Li is now called an ancient general" and points out the theme again. In the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Yin Kun commented on Gao Shi and said, "His poems are full of words, spirit and backbone." This poem can really serve as a representative.

appreciate

Ge Yanxing is not only Gao Shi's "first masterpiece" (evaluated by Zhao Xi), but also a masterpiece of frontier poems in the whole Tang Dynasty. This is not accidental, it has been told through the ages. In the fifteenth year of Kaiyuan (AD 727), Gao Shi went north to accumulate Yumen. In twenty years, Li Yi, the king of Xin 'an, conquered Xi and Qidan. He went north to Youyan, hoping to work for the Xin 'an shogunate, but failed to do so: "Without the letter of guarantee, all the generals would be in debt. Disappointed with Sun Wu, he went back to the door alone (Ji Zhong Zuo). It can be seen that he has studied the military affairs of the northeast frontier fortress. In the 21st year of Kaiyuan, Youzhou made Zhang Shouxuan make some achievements. But in twenty-four years, Pinglu made An Lushan beg and qidan, saying that "An Lushan relied on courage and lightness skill, and was defeated by Lu" (Zi Jian, Volume 215). Twenty-six years, Youzhou ordered Zhao Kan and Bai Zhentuo to keep Zhang Shouxuan, and forced Lu Army to send troops to attack Xi and Qidan, winning first and then losing. "Keep the prince in seclusion, but play in vain" (old Tang book. Zhang Shousheng biography). Gao Shi was deeply impressed by the two defeats after Kaiyuan twenty-four years ago, so he wrote this article. The main purpose of the poem is to condemn the generals who were encouraged by the emperor for their arrogance, underestimation of their enemies, debauchery and dereliction of duty, which led to the failure of the war and caused great pain and sacrifice to the soldiers. The poet wrote about the frontier war, but the focus was not on ethnic contradictions, but on generals who sympathized with soldiers, satirized and resented them. The whole poem describes the whole process of a battle with very concentrated pen and ink: the first paragraph, eight sentences are about division, the second paragraph, eight sentences are about defeat, the third paragraph, eight sentences are about besieged city, and the fourth paragraph and four sentences are about the outcome of a desperate struggle. Between these segments, the pulses are dense. The first two sentences in the poem show the direction and nature of the war. Seeing refers to current events, and I feel it. "quick march, great minds think alike, and is favored by the emperor" is ostensibly a boast of Korea's majestic voyage to the West, but it is actually an irony. Fan Kuai said in front of Lv Hou, "I would like to have 100,000 troops running amok among the Huns." Lu Bu rebuked him to his face for cheating the monarch. (See Historical Records. "Biography of Ji Bu") Therefore, the origin of this "rampage" refers to relying on courage and underestimating the enemy. Tang Ruxun said, "It is said that the smoke and dust is in the northeast, but it was not committed in our mainland. It was destroyed by the Han Dynasty. Gai Ming is heavy and rampant, and the son of heaven is thick and polite. Can you not bother? " (Interpretation of Tang Poetry, Volume 16) This understanding is correct. Then he described the process of marching: "They marched in the sound of gongs and drums and passed through the Yushu Pass. They surrounded the stone tablet with a row of flying flags." We can know the general's arrogant attitude before the war through the scene of beating the sky with a golden drum and swaggering forward, which also played a role in setting off the following. At the beginning of the war, the word "flying" warned the military crisis: "The hunting fire of the Chief Tatar flashed on the Wolf Mountain", just like "watching the Ming king hunt at night, riding the fire clearly, beating drums and wailing, shocking people!" (Zhang Xiaoxiang's Song of Six Kingdoms) Unexpectedly, the "remnant thief" is so powerful. From resigning to the countryside, to Guan Yu, Jieshi, and even Hanhai and Langshan, eight poems summarize the course of the expedition, gradually advancing and the atmosphere gradually tense. The second paragraph is about losing in a key battle. Putting pen to paper is "the mountains and rivers outside are cold", which shows an open and steep area and brings out a cold atmosphere. "Hu Qi" came quickly and fiercely, rolling in like a storm. The Han army struggled to meet the enemy and was killed in the dark. However, at this moment, the generals are far away from their positions for fun: "There are still beautiful girls dancing and singing for them in the camp!" " Such a harsh contrast of facts has effectively exposed the contradiction between the generals and soldiers in the Han army and hinted at the reasons for the failure. So what is written behind is the tired soldiers, the difficult encirclement, the lonely city sunset, the decaying grassland and the gloomy scenery, which have distinct frontier characteristics and set off the desolation of the defeated soldiers. When you are lucky, you despise your enemies. However, despite what they have done, Elm Street is still unsafe. In view of the above, Han Jiang's heroic spirit of "rampaging" has vanished, and his guilt is certain. The description of soldiers' sufferings in the third paragraph is a deeper condemnation of Han Jiang. It should be noted that this is not a general description of the war process, but a portrayal of the soldiers in danger of being besieged. The next trio of "still at the front line, dressed in rags", a sentence of finding a husband and a sentence of losing a wife in the suspense of finding a husband are intertwined, and the pain of parting gradually deepens. The young women in the south of the city are sad day and night, but "the fury of the wind cuts my man?" It is futile to look back on the people in northern Hebei. After all, "in a place of death and blue emptiness, there is nothing ahead!" Leave Wan Li, and you'll never see it again. "Life is here, and Heaven is better!" What's more, what you can see during the day is just that "the clouds of slaughter three times a day rise over the camp"; At night, I only heard that "and the whole night is on the hour-the drums are shaking their chilly rumbling". Such a critical desperate situation really died in front of me, and people can't help but wonder who pushed them to this desperate situation. This is an indispensable part of deepening the theme. The last four sentences are the whole article, and the tragic feelings are incisively and vividly. "Until the White Sword is seen again, blood is everywhere. When death becomes a responsibility, who will stop to think of fame?" Finally, the soldiers fought hand-to-hand with the enemy and fought bloody battles. Is this the spirit of sacrificing one's life for righteousness? How simple, kind and brave they are, but how sad they are! The poet's feelings contain sympathy and praise, while Gu Xun is a powerful mockery of the Han generals' rash expansion of territory and rash claim for credit. In the last two sentences, the poet said emotionally: "However, when it comes to the hardships of desert war, today we are going to mention Li, a great general who lived a long time ago!" Eight or nine hundred years ago, Li Guang, the flying general of Weizhenbei, took good care of his foot soldiers everywhere and made them "die of joy". This is in stark contrast to those arrogant generals. It is of great significance for the poet to put forward General Li. From the Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, there have been thousands of years. There are countless generals who drove the soldiers to the chicken to fly and the dog to jump. There are more soldiers who worked hard to prepare their bodies and bury them in foreign countries than Qian Qian! However, there has only been one Li Guang for thousands of years, so why not teach people to remember him hard? Du Fu praised the poems of Gao Shi and Cen Can: "The meaning is just flying, and the articles are always mixed." ("Thirty Poems about Sending Your Envoy and Cen Chang") This poem ends with Li Guang, and its artistic conception is more vigorous and far-reaching. The whole poem is magnificent and vigorous, but after some bleak management, it has become muddy and seamless. The atmosphere is solemn and stirring, and the thought is profound and implicit. "The mountains and rivers in the border are cold, and soon barbarians are stepping on the wind and rain", "The desert is poor in autumn, and the sunset leaves a few watchers", and the poet deliberately hints and exaggerates this tragic scene, exposing the sins of the generals who are eager to achieve success with desolate horror. Especially in the fierce war, the poet described the complex and changeable inner activities of soldiers, which was tragic and touching and deepened the theme. The whole poem hides sharp contrast everywhere. From the description throughout the whole article, the soldiers' loyalty to their duties is in sharp contrast with the Han generals' pampering and greed, the soldiers' hard work and long-term separation from their families, and the Han generals' dereliction of duty and debauchery. Finally, Li Guang is put forward, which is a comparison between ancient and modern times. The whole article "Half of our men were killed at the front, but the other half are still alive, and beautiful girls are still dancing and singing for them in the camp" and "Two sentences are the most profound" (Wu Rulun's comments are quoted in Tang and Song poems). This contrast is very obvious, which greatly strengthens the power of irony. Ge Yanxing is a typical representative of seven-character poems in Tang Dynasty. The rhymes of the whole poem are "Entering Tone", "Deleting Tone", "Singing", "Slight Tone", "Having Tone" and "Writing Tone" in turn, which happens to be even and restrained. In addition to the last two sentences, rhyming sentences and antithetical sentences are self-evident, and non-antithetical sentences are also in line with the level of the sentence, such as "They walked through the elm pass with the sound of gongs and drums, and the noise hindered the stone room"; The rhyming sentences are also very neat, such as "three times a day, the clouds are slaughtered from the camp, and the bells and drums are shaking cold all night." The beauty of this tone is "the sound of an iron horse, singing the ball with a jade plate" ("Don Ding Feng", Volume 9, Xing Yun Review)