Final exam for the first year of junior high school,

Grade 7 (Volume 1)

Example sentence Tongqiazi (pronunciation) Origin of this character

1 item is Qiang "strong" (jiāng) "Zhou" " "Children's Fun" Stiffness

2 Not to mention "shuo" (yuè) "joy" "The Analects of Confucius" Ten Principles "Happiness, Joy

3 Teaching women to know is "female" (rǔ) "Ru" "The Analects of Confucius" You

4 Not knowing is not known, which means knowing "know" (zhì) "wisdom" "The Analects of Confucius" Wisdom

6 Everything is nothing "无" (wū) "无" "山市" None

7 Cai is like a star point. Reach

8 "No" (fǒu) "No" "Chen Taiqiu and Youqi" Used at the end of interrogative sentences to express inquiries

Final review outline for the first volume of seventh-grade biology

Chapter 1, The World of Life

1. Biosphere: All living things on the earth live in a "thin layer" on the surface of the earth. This "thin layer" is called the biosphere. It is based on sea level, 10 kilometers upward and 11 kilometers downward. It includes the lower atmosphere, the upper lithosphere and the entire hydrosphere.

2. Biodiversity: species diversity, genetic (gene) diversity and ecosystem diversity.

Ecosystem: In a certain area, the unified whole formed by organisms and the environment is called an ecosystem.

The types of ecosystems include: forest ecosystem, grassland ecosystem, desert ecosystem, wetland ecosystem, lake ecosystem, marine ecosystem, urban ecosystem, farmland ecosystem, etc.

3. Characteristics of organisms: stress, growth and reproduction, metabolism, etc.

Stress: The regular response that organisms can make when encountering external stimuli is called stress.

Growth and reproduction: Organisms increase in size and weight through growth; the process by which organisms produce offspring is called reproduction.

Metabolism: Organisms need nutrients, need to expel waste from the body, need to breathe, etc. These are metabolic phenomena.

There are also heredity and variation, adaptability and so on.

Metabolism is the most basic characteristic of living things. Based on the above characteristics, living things and non-living things can be distinguished.

4. The impact of the environment on organisms is ecological factors. Ecological factors include biotic factors and abiotic factors.

(1) Abiotic factors: sunlight, air, water, temperature, humidity, living space, etc.

(2) Biological factors: the influence of living things on living things. The relationships formed include: predatory relationship, competition relationship, mutual assistance relationship, and biological relationship.

5. Adaptation and impact of organisms on the environment:

(1) The adaptation of organisms to the environment is universal and relative. For example: protective color, warning color, and mimicry are the manifestations of organisms adapting to the environment.

(2) The impact of organisms on the environment: Organisms also affect the environment while adapting to the environment. For example: green plants can lower temperature, increase atmospheric humidity, regulate climate, etc.; earthworms can also loosen soil; locusts eat crops, etc.

Chapter 2, Exploring Life

1. Content of scientific activities: including observation, investigation, experiment, literature review, mutual communication, etc.

2. The development process of biology: (1) Descriptive biology stage: such as Linnaeus and biological classification; (2) Evolutionary biology stage: such as Darwin and biological evolution; (3) Experimental biology stage: such as: Harbin Harbin The discovery of dimensions and blood circulation; (4) Molecular biology stage: Watson in the United States and Crick in the United Kingdom discovered the double helix structure of DNA.

3. Biology: It is the science that studies the morphology, structure, classification, physiology, heredity and variation, evolution and ecology of living things.

Biology is an experiment-based science among the natural sciences.

4. Basic methods for studying biology: observation method, survey method, classification method, experimental method, comparative method, literature method, etc.

5. The steps of experimental method generally include the following Several aspects: (1) Discover and ask questions; (2) Collect information related to the problem; (3) Make hypotheses; (4) Design experimental plans; (5) Implement experiments and record them; (6) Analyze experimental phenomena; (7) Draw conclusions.

Chapter 3, Cells

Except for viruses, most living things are composed of cells, which are the basic units of life activities.

1. Structure of the microscope: Pay attention to reading P34

Eyepiece: magnifies the object image; lens tube: connects the eyepiece and objective lens; coarse focus screw: adjusts the focus distance; fine focus screw: Adjust the focus; converter: change the objective lens; objective lens: magnify the object image; mirror arm: lift and hold the lens body; slide clamp: fix the slide; stage: place the slide; shutter: adjust the light intensity; light hole : light passes through; reflector: allows light to enter the lens barrel; mirror column: supports the lens body; mirror base: stabilizes the lens body.

2. Steps for using a microscope: Take the lens and place it - focus on the light - place the slide specimen - observe - clean and store it

3. The magnification of the microscope = the magnification of the eyepiece × The magnification of the objective lens

4. The greater the magnification of the microscope, the fewer the number of cells seen in the field of view and the larger the individual cells;

The smaller the magnification of the microscope , the more cells are seen in the field of view, the smaller the individual cells are.

5. The object image observed in the eyepiece field of view and the actual object are upside down, left, and right.

6. Cell structure:

7. Comparison of animal and plant cell structures

Animal cells and plant cells

Without cell wall

The cell membrane is present

The cytoplasm has mitochondria, but there are no vacuoles and chloroplasts. There are mitochondria, there are vacuoles, and the green part has chloroplasts

The cell nucleus is present

8. The respective functions of cell structures:

Cell membrane: It has a protective effect, can exchange materials, and is a selectively permeable membrane. Absorb substances needed for cell life from the environment; remove waste from the body through the cell membrane.

The substances needed by cells include inorganic substances and organic substances. They are: inorganic substances: water and inorganic salts; organic substances: sugars, fats and proteins

Cytoplasm: contains energy converters. The energy converter that both animal and plant cells have is mitochondria, which can release chemical energy from organic matter for life activities. In addition to mitochondria, plant cells also have chloroplasts, which use light energy to convert inorganic matter into organic matter that stores energy. .

Nucleus: In addition to controlling the life activities of cells, it also plays an important role in the inheritance of organisms.

9. Cell division:

(1) Division rule: After a cell divides n times, the number of cells produced is 2n.

(2) Characteristics of division: The genetic material in the cell nucleus doubles in quantity after replication, and is evenly divided into two new cells. This ensures that the new cell has the same genetic material as the parent cell.

Cell division is the basis for the growth, development and reproduction of organisms.

10. The production process of temporary film installation: pay attention to pages 36-P40.

Chapter 4. Structural Levels of Organisms:

1. Cell Differentiation: During the growth and development of organisms, a variety of cells are formed. This process is called cell differentiation. differentiation.

2. Tissue: A group of cells formed by the union of many cells and intercellular substance with similar shapes, identical structures and functions, is called a tissue.

3. Human body tissues: epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, connective tissue, nervous tissue

(1) Epithelial tissue: cells are tightly arranged and there is little intercellular substance. Distributed on the body surface, inner walls of the respiratory tract and digestive tract, blood vessel walls, etc.; has protective and secretory functions;

(2) Muscle tissue: composed of muscle cells. Distributed in bones, heart, stomach, intestines, blood vessels, etc.; has contraction and relaxation functions;

(3) Connective tissue: developed intercellular substance; widely distributed; has support, connection, nutrition and protection, etc. Function;

(4) Nervous tissue: composed of nerve cells; distributed in the brain, spinal cord and nerves; receives stimulation, generates and conducts excitement.

4. The main tissues of the plant:

(1) Meristem: The cells of the meristem are generally small, with thin cell walls, large nuclei, sticky cytoplasm, and strong differentiation. ability of differentiation. Young shoots and root tips

(2) Nutritional tissue: The cells of vegetative tissue have thin cell walls and large vacuoles, which have the function of storing nutrients. Such as: tomato pulp;

(3) Protective tissue: It can reduce the loss of water in plants and prevent the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms. Such as: onion epidermis, leaf epidermis

(4) Conduction tissue: the conduits that transport water and inorganic salts, and the sieve tubes that transport organic matter are all conduction tissues.

5. Organs: Different tissues come together in a certain order and complete certain functions to form an organ. For example: the heart, eyes, ears, lungs, kidneys, liver, stomach, etc. are the organs of the animal body; the six types of roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruits, and seeds are the organs of the plant body.

6. System: Multiple organs that can simultaneously complete one or several physiological functions are combined in a certain order to form a system.

7. Structural levels of the plant body:

8. Structural levels of the animal body:

Cell tissue organ system animal body

Chapter 5. Green plants in the biosphere

1. The difference and connection between photosynthesis and respiration

The difference and connection between photosynthesis and respiration

Zone

All living cells containing chloroplasts in other parts

Conditioned lighting can be light or dark

Raw materials carbon dioxide, water organic matter, oxygen

Products organic matter, oxygen carbon dioxide, water

Energy conversion creates organic matter, stores energy, decomposes organic matter, and releases energy

Contact Without the organic matter produced by photosynthesis, respiration cannot proceed. This is because the organic matter decomposed by respiration is the product of photosynthesis, and the energy released by respiration is exactly the energy stored in the organic matter by photosynthesis.

Without respiration, photosynthesis cannot take place. This is because when plants perform photosynthesis, the energy required for the absorption of raw materials and transportation of products is exactly the energy released by respiration.

Respiration and photosynthesis are interdependent.

The essence of photosynthesis: first, the transformation of matter, that is, the transformation of simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide and water into organic matter that stores energy;

The second is the transformation of energy, the transformation of light energy into chemical energy.

The significance of photosynthesis: Photosynthesis provides a source of food and energy for all organisms in the biosphere; it maintains the relative stability of the oxygen and carbon dioxide content in the atmosphere.

The reaction formula of photosynthesis: The reaction formula of respiration:

The meaning of respiration: The energy released by organisms through respiration, part of it is used for various life activities, and part of it is transformed As heat is lost. Biological respiration provides power for life activities.

The concept of photosynthesis: The process in which green plants use light energy through chloroplasts to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic matter that stores energy and releases oxygen is called photosynthesis.

The concept of respiration: The process in which green plants absorb oxygen, decompose organic matter into carbon dioxide and water, and release energy at the same time is called respiration.

2. Absorption: Plant life requires water and inorganic salts, which are mainly absorbed from the soil through roots. There are a large number of root hairs in the mature area of ??the root tip, which expands the contact surface area between the roots and the soil.

Principle of water absorption and water loss: Under normal circumstances, the concentration of root hair cell fluid is always greater than the concentration of the soil solution, and the root hair cells absorb water from the soil; if the concentration of the soil solution is greater than the concentration of the root hair cell fluid, the root hair cells Will lose water.

Plants absorb inorganic salts: Plants need a variety of inorganic salts for life, among which the most required are inorganic salts containing nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Different plants and different growth stages of the same plant require different types and amounts of inorganic salts.

3. Transpiration: The process in which water in plants is lost to the outside of the body in the form of water vapor is called transpiration.

The location where transpiration occurs: It is mainly accomplished through the stomata of the leaves.

The significance of transpiration: Transpiration can reduce leaf surface temperature; increase atmospheric humidity; promote the transportation of water and inorganic salts

4. Transportation: completed by conduits and sieve tubes . The vessels and sieve tubes in the roots, stems and leaf veins of plants are connected to form a complete pipeline system, which simultaneously completes the plant's function of transporting water, inorganic salts and organic nutrients.

Vessels: transport water and inorganic salts from bottom to top. They are located in the xylem of the stem and are connected by dead cells.

Sieve tubes: transport organic matter from top to bottom. They are located in the phloem of the stem and are connected by living cells.

6. Life History of Green Flowering Plants

The life history of green flowering plants is the process from seed to seed, from the germination of a seed and the formation of a seedling to the root of the seedling. , the occurrence and growth of stems and leaves, then to the flowering, pollination and fertilization of mature plants, and finally to the formation of fruits and seeds.

1. Germination of seeds to form seedlings

2. Conditions for seed germination: It requires both own conditions and external conditions. Without any of these conditions, the seeds cannot germinate.

Self-condition: The embryo is complete and alive. External conditions: appropriate amount of water, appropriate temperature, sufficient air

3. The role of roots: absorbing nutrients and fixing the plant body. Types of roots: tap root system and fibrous root system. Characteristics of roots: geotropism, water tropism, and fertilizer tropism.

4. Leaf structure and flower structure

The leaf epidermis is a protective tissue; the mesophyll is a vegetative tissue; and the leaf veins are a conductive tissue.

5. Pollination: The pollen emitted from the anthers is transferred to the stigma of the pistil in a certain way. This process is called pollination.

Types of pollination: self-pollination, cross-pollination (which is divided into insect-pollinated flowers and wind-pollinated flowers), and artificial pollination.

Fertilization: The process in which sperm and egg cells combine to form a fertilized egg is called fertilization.

Green flowering plants have a unique phenomenon of double fertilization. One sperm combines with the egg cell and another sperm combines with the polar nucleus. This phenomenon is called double fertilization.

6. The formation of fruits and seeds

After the plant completes fertilization, the petals, stamens, stigmas, styles and other structures of the pistil wither, while the ovary of the pistil continues to develop. .

Ovary: develops into fruit Ovary wall: develops into pericarp Ovule: develops into seed Pearl wall: develops into seed coat Fertilized egg: develops into embryo

7. Green plants in Role in the biosphere: Green plants perform photosynthesis, directly or indirectly providing food sources and energy sources for other organisms in the biosphere; maintaining the balance of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere; and promoting the water cycle in the biosphere.

8. The main types of vegetation in my country: tropical rain forest; evergreen broad-leaved forest; deciduous broad-leaved forest; coniferous forest; grassland; desert.

9. my country’s rare plants: silver fir, metasequoia, Davidia involucrata, dove tree, etc.

10. The annual Arbor Day is: March 12

11. The "Three North" protective forest is called the Green Great Wall. "Three Norths" refers to the northwest, northern North China and western Northeast China.