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Appreciation of Shi Shuo's Works
This article is written against the bad atmosphere of "being ashamed to learn from teachers" under the influence of family concept. In ancient China, school education was very developed, and there were official schools from the central government to the local government. In the Tang dynasty, the gate valve system since Wei and Jin dynasties still followed. Noble children all entered Hong Wen Pavilion, Chongwen Pavilion and Guo Zi School. No matter what you study, you can be an official. Therefore, in the literati class at that time, there was a general psychology of respecting "family law" and neglecting teachers. It can be seen that it is commendable for Han Yu to write Teacher's Theory and publicize his views with great fanfare.
In fact, Shi Shuo can be regarded as a solemn declaration of Han Yu advocating "ancient prose". Since the Six Dynasties, parallel prose has prevailed, and writing articles does not pay attention to ideological content, but emphasizes antithesis and flowery rhetoric. Although some works with high artistic achievements have been produced, they have led to the proliferation of floating winds in literary creation. This fashion has been popular until the middle Tang Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, Han Yu was not the first person to advocate "ancient prose", but he was a master. Whether it is literary theory or creative practice, he has strongly promoted the rise and development of the "ancient prose movement", advocated "writing to carry Tao" and trained a large number of young people who are interested in ancient prose creation.
structural analysis
Paragraph 1
Starting with Gu Yan's story, this paper directly and clearly puts forward the central point of the article: "A scholar must have a teacher", and discusses the importance of teachers and the criteria for selecting teachers with the role of teachers. At the beginning of the first sentence, the word "ancient" was added in front of "the ancient man must have a teacher", which not only showed that the ancients attached importance to teaching, but also satirized the present with reference to reality. The tone of the word "there must be" is very positive. Then, it is pointed out that the teacher's function is to "preach, teach and dispel doubts" and state the central argument from the front. Then I put forward my own excellent opinion on the teacher's responsibility: "A teacher is a teacher, and I can solve my doubts by preaching." Immediately after the word "dispel doubts", the author points out the harm of not following the teacher by saying "confusing without following the teacher is confusing and always confusing", thus explaining the importance of following the teacher and stating the central argument from the opposite side. As for how to choose a teacher, he also put forward his own unique opinion: "If there is no expensive, there is no base, if there is no long, there is no short, and there is a Tao and a teacher." Finally, closely following the word "preaching", it is clarified that the existence of Tao is the only criterion for selecting teachers. This view is contrary to the custom, excluding the nobility from the standard, pointing directly at the family concept of the literati class, and has the democratic spirit and dialectical thought of learning to be an official, which laid a solid foundation for the following.
Paragraph 2
The second paragraph starts with emotion, criticizes the wrong attitude of not attaching importance to teaching and the bad atmosphere of being ashamed of following the teacher, which shows the practical significance of the article. Firstly, the author laments that the teacher's way is not passed on, and points out the harm of not passing on the teacher's way. This layer inherits the standard of learning from teachers, and leads to the following criticism of the bad atmosphere of being ashamed of learning from teachers. Then it is divided into three layers by comparison method. On the first level, comparing the "ancient sages" with the "modern people" who are ashamed to follow the teacher, it is pointed out that whether to respect the teacher or not is the key to distinguish the sage from the fool; On the second level, I think I "choose teachers and teach them", but I am unwilling or even ashamed to compare with them, and point out the fallacy of "there are many people today" and "primary schools leave a legacy"; On the third level, through the comparison between "witch doctors and musicians with different skills" and "scholar-bureaucrat families", the strange phenomenon of the inverse ratio between respect and intelligence was revealed, and the social atmosphere of belittling teachers' morality at that time was criticized.
Paragraph 3
Taking Confucius as an example, the third paragraph points out that ancient sages attached importance to learning from Tao, and further expounds the necessity of learning from teachers and the truth of learning from the able. At the beginning of this paragraph, the thesis that "saints are impermanent teachers" is put forward, which echoes 1 paragraph that "ancient scholars must have teachers" and goes further, from "scholars" to "saints" and from "teachers" to "impermanent teachers". Take Confucius as an example to discuss, because Confucius is the most sacred teacher in people's minds. Taking Confucius as an example, it is representative and can strengthen persuasion. The conclusion that "the disciple is not necessarily inferior to the teacher, and the teacher is not necessarily superior to the disciple" is not only a statement of the attitude of learning from the teacher, but also a new summary of the relationship between teachers and students and the relationship between teachers and Taoism. This thought cancels the artificial fixed boundary between teachers and students and challenges the tradition of "being a teacher by example" since ancient times. This view of taking capable people as teachers is that "where the Tao is, the teacher is there."
Paragraph 4
This paper takes "Li" as an example to learn from his teacher, praising "not bound by time" and "being able to do ancient roads" and explaining the reasons for writing this article. In the third paragraph, the author takes Confucius, an ancient sage, as an example, and Li Pan as an example for the younger generation to learn from the teachers at that time, and encourages Li Pan, which is an appeal to those who studied at that time. This paragraph is the postscript of a well-structured argumentative essay, just like the postscript or postscript of the article. The author gives a simple explanation of the origin of writing: it is to encourage his students to "learn from time to time". The "time" of "regardless of time" refers to the social atmosphere of "being ashamed to follow the teacher" and "being confused but not following the teacher", and the "ancient road" refers to "seeking advice from the teacher". This paragraph is closely related to the third paragraph in content, which is an important argument of the full text and a further discussion in the sense. The excellent style of study with "Wen Dao" as the teacher summarizes the main idea of the whole paper and points out the theme.
Thought of article
Shi Shuo not only criticized the bad habit of "being ashamed to follow the teacher" in the society at that time, but also seriously refuted those stupid detractors and even put forward three new progressive ideas of "following the teacher":
First, the teacher's role: "Teacher, so preach and teach." This sentence expanded the teacher's responsibility from "learning the sentences in the books he taught" to "passing messages and answering questions in the industry", which was a kind of progress at that time, meaning that not only "boys" but all adults who are interested in learning should learn from the teacher.
Second, the necessity of learning from teachers: "People are not born to know, how can they not be confused?" Being confused and not learning from the teacher is also a feeling, and finally I can't understand it. "-this sentence denies" knowing from birth ",clarifies" learning before knowing ",and sternly refutes the bloodline theory and transcendentalism advocated by" scholar-officials ",which is of positive significance.
Third, the principle of selecting teachers: "Nothing is expensive, nothing is cheap, nothing is long, nothing is short, the Tao exists, and the teacher exists." "Disciples don't have to be inferior to teachers, and teachers don't have to be superior to disciples. They have a history of learning and professional skills, that's all. " These two sentences criticized the bad atmosphere that the upper class only cared about the level of students and didn't care about real talents and practical learning at that time, and put forward a brand-new concept of selecting teachers: he is better than me in one respect, and this aspect is my teacher.
These ideas put forward in Shi Shuo greatly reduced the authority and feudalism of teachers, rationalized and equalized the relationship between teachers and apprentices, and broke the conservative barrier of learning from family law. These thoughts are thoughts with emancipating spirit and profound people's nature.
Appreciation of sentences
What the Tao keeps, what the teacher keeps:
Han Yu claimed to be the successor of Taoism. In order to restore the lost Taoism since Mencius, he "called for later learning" and "endured humiliation as a teacher". Because of this, he regards "preaching" as the most important and basic task of teachers, and "entering the profession" and "dispelling doubts" are all related to this. "karma" means "the text of Tao", which refers to the Confucian classics represented by "six arts classics"; And "dispelling doubts" is also for "Ming Dow". It can be seen that "learning from Tao" is the main thread running through the whole paper, and "the existence of Tao is also the existence of teacher", which is a high summary of the above contents.
"Witch doctor is a skilled musician, and the gentleman is dismissive. Today, his wisdom is beyond his reach, which is very strange and embarrassing. "
Some people think that this sentence reflects Han Yu's contempt for the prejudice of the working class, but others think that it cannot be seen this way, because the second paragraph of this sentence condemns the "scholar-officials" of the upper class and praises "people who are good at witchcraft and musicians" and "ancient saints". The subject "gentleman" of this sentence refers to the upper class "scholar-bureaucrat" despised by Han Yu, not Han Yu himself. In his articles, Han Yu has repeatedly compared "gentleman" and "scholar-bureaucrat's house" with "witch doctor musicians do everything they can" and "ancient saints", belittling the former and praising the latter, but certainly not including himself among the so-called gentlemen. Therefore, "Despise of a Gentleman" is only a satire on the gentleman who is ashamed to follow the teacher, not a contempt for "witch doctor musicians do everything they can".
"Ancient scholars have teachers. Teacher, answer the question like this ":
Put forward the conclusion that "ancient scholars must have teachers", and then summarize the role of teachers as the starting point and basis of the whole paper. Then connect the sentences and deduce the view that "there is a Tao and there is a teacher". At the same time, the beginning solemnly put forward that "ancient scholars must have teachers", which implicitly contained the criticism that "today's scholars" did not follow teachers, which naturally laid the groundwork for the second paragraph.
"So, disciples don't have to be second to teachers, and teachers don't have to be better than disciples. He is proficient in Taoism and specializes in art, that's all ";
This sentence is a logical conclusion after theoretical argumentation with the teacher's role and factual argumentation with Confucius' words and deeds. This conclusion is a deepening of "the existence of Tao, the existence of teacher" and a further criticism of literati's shame in following the teacher. It shows that the relationship between teachers and students is relative and that teaching and learning can learn from each other. This sentence is derived from "exactly so" and ends with "exactly so", which simplifies the complex and shows profound insight and foresight. Demonstration method
1, define and draw a conclusion.
The concept of Shi Shuo is clear and the argument is rigorous. For example, at the beginning of the article, it is asserted that "ancient scholars must have teachers", and the responsibility of teachers is defined as "teachers, so they are taught in their careers". Then from this definition, from "dispelling doubts" to "learning from teachers". After some inference, the conclusion that "there is a Tao, there is a teacher" is drawn. In the meantime, layers are connected, without redundancy, powerful and convincing.
2. Comparative demonstration
In the second paragraph, the article uses three groups of comparisons to "be ashamed to follow the teacher". First, by comparing ancient sages with modern people, it is clarified that a shameful teacher who violates the way of sages can only be more ignorant. Second, the same person realized the necessity of choosing teachers and teaching children, but did not realize the necessity of learning from teachers. Compare these two completely contradictory practices and attack a child's shield with a child's spear to reveal the irrationality of those people. Thirdly, the comparison between "the musician of witch doctor is a skilled worker" and "the home of scholar-officials" further reveals the wrong psychology of scholar-officials and points out the contrast between their status and intelligence, which is even more thought-provoking.
Through the comparison between the two sides, it caused a strong contrast effect, revealed the common sense of "scholar-officials" not following the teacher, and criticized the social fashion of not following the teacher. The author's point of view is self-evident.
3. Quote arguments
Citation is a common argument method in argumentative writing. In the third paragraph of this article, the author cites the examples of ancient people learning from teachers, and quotes Confucius' words and deeds to further clarify and demonstrate his point of view, which is more practical and credible than saying "ancient saints" in general, and enhances the persuasiveness of the article. In the citation argument, the introduction of the story is concise and lively, which shows the author's extraordinary language ability.
language feature
1, parallelism and duality
Han Yu's prose is famous for its grandeur and bold brushwork, which is reflected in its multi-purpose parallelism and antithesis. His style is also fully reflected in this article. For example, "before I was born, my understanding of Tao was solid before me, so I learned from it;" After I was born, I learned Tao first, so I learned it "and" the sage of ancient times, far away people are still asking; " "Today's people are far from saints and are ashamed of their teachers." The use of these two sentence patterns makes the article neat, powerful and expressive.
2. thimble sentence
The thimble, also called the thimble truth and Julian, uses the last word of the previous sentence as the beginning of the next sentence, which is connected end to end. In this paper, thimble rhetoric is used in many places, such as "ancient scholars must have teachers." Teacher, so preach and teach to solve doubts. People are not born knowing, who can have no doubt? Confused not to follow the teacher "and" so disciples don't have to be inferior to teachers, and teachers don't have to be superior to disciples ". The use of this sentence pattern strengthens the connection between sentences and makes the article coherent, interlocking and compact.
3. Rich tone expression
Rich tone expression can enhance the vividness of the article, and this paper has done quite successfully in this respect. For example, exclamations are strengthened with modal particles such as "Hehe" and "Alas", descriptions use "He is almost the same as in previous years and in the same way" to vividly describe the demeanor of "scholar-bureaucrat", and it is beyond doubt to limit the use of "just like that" to express conclusions. In the second paragraph of the article, three groups of comparisons are used to reveal the rashness of "being ashamed to follow the teacher". The conclusion is the same, but the tone is different. "That's why saints are holy and fools are stupid" is an interrogative tone; "I left a legacy in primary school and didn't see it clearly" is the tone of judgment; "Witch doctor is a skilled musician, and the gentleman is dismissive. Today, its wisdom is beyond reach and it can be blamed. " This is an exclamation tone. This complicated statement makes the discussion more vivid and the reasoning more profound.
Summary of writing
Shi Shuo has clear arguments, rigorous structure, positive and negative contrast, full facts, thorough reasoning, great momentum and strong persuasiveness and appeal. Firstly, this paper demonstrates the necessity and importance of a teacher from three aspects: the historical fact that "ancient scholars must have a teacher", the ability of a teacher to "gain knowledge from his career" and "people who are not born with knowledge cannot be confused". With regard to the seniority of teachers, the author thinks that "there is no price, no base, no length, no short, and there is a teacher", which clarifies the criteria for selecting teachers. Then it makes a comparison from three aspects, criticizes those who are ashamed to learn from teachers, and points out two results of learning from teachers and not learning from teachers through ancient and modern comparison; Secondly, it compares people's different demands on themselves and their sons, and points out the self-contradiction of "scholar-officials" behavior; Finally, through the comparison between "scholar-bureaucrat family" and "witch doctor musicians with various skills", this paper reveals the wrong concept of "scholar-bureaucrat family" and points out that this is the real reason for "self-learning without teachers". From the aspects of consequences, behavior and psychology, this paper points out their different attitudes on the issue of "learning from teachers" and the importance of learning from teachers. Based on the criteria for selecting teachers, the author concludes that "disciples need not be inferior to teachers, and teachers need not be superior to disciples." He is proficient in Taoism and has a skill, that's all. " In order to prove this assertion, the author chose Confucius' words and deeds to testify. In people's minds at that time, Confucius was a saint, and saints were still like this, let alone ordinary people. Moreover, although the author only used a few words, he made Confucius' words and deeds concrete and convincing. In this way, the article fully embodies the rigor of logical thinking with its clear center, clear hierarchy and reasoning. Several exclamations have the effect of strengthening appeal. The sentence pattern has also changed. "It all comes from this" is judged in a speculative tone; "I didn't see it clearly" is judged in a positive tone; "It's very strange and embarrassing" is judged in a surprised tone. There is "change" in "similarity", and feelings are getting stronger and stronger. This article, like other famous articles, also reflects the author's class limitations. He not only affirmed that "witch doctors", "musicians" and "all kinds of capable people" were better than "literati", but also lamented: "How strange and embarrassing!" In addition, the article unanimously affirmed that the "ancient sage" was far away from people, which essentially denied the wisdom of the working people and showed the class limitations of the author.
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