Who can talk about the relationship between space technology and mechanics?

Space technology is divided into three parts: launch technology, operation measurement and control, and recovery technology. In recent years, China has manned space flight and Chang 'e plan, which will be more complicated.

The above technology is most closely combined with physics and computer software technology. And because it involves a lot of real-time data processing, it can't be realized without corresponding processing technology.

Space technology is a comprehensive engineering technology to send artificial celestial bodies into space to explore, develop and utilize space and celestial bodies outside the earth, also known as space technology. Next, we will introduce space technology from four aspects:

First, the development of space technology;

Second, the basic knowledge of space technology;

Third, military space technology;

Fourth, China's space technology.

I. Overview of space technology development

This is a sketch of the development of space technology. As can be seen from this picture, the first artificial earth satellite was launched by the former Soviet Union in 1957, and it has been 42 years now. Forty-two years is just a flick of a finger, but space technology (also known as space technology) has advanced by leaps and bounds. By the end of 1998, nearly 5,300 spacecraft had been launched in the world, of which the former Soviet Union, later Russia and the United States accounted for the vast majority. Military satellites account for two-thirds of these spacecraft and play an extremely important role in the military. At present, reconnaissance satellites not only become an important means of large-scale reconnaissance, but also provide reconnaissance services within the scope of campaigns and tactics; Military communication satellites can provide reliable means of communication for the army; Navigation satellites can accurately navigate various attack platforms (attack carriers) and attack means, such as ships, planes and missiles. Geodetic satellites can measure the precise geographical position of various military targets, thus greatly improving the hit accuracy of weapons; Meteorological satellites can provide more accurate global or local meteorological information and provide more sufficient basis for making operational plans. The development of these military satellites has led to the emergence of anti-satellite weapons (also known as intercepting satellites). Therefore, the traditional three-dimensional battlefield of land, sea and air will evolve into a five-dimensional battlefield of land, sea, air, sky and electricity, and a new service-"heavenly army" will soon appear. At present, both the United States and Russia have established space headquarters, and the United States has an astronaut and a space school. Therefore, it can be said that in just 42 years, space technology has made dazzling achievements. Among them, it is worth mentioning the manned landing on the moon, the establishment of a space station, the launch of the space shuttle and the Alpha International Space Station under construction. Manned landing on the moon, only the United States can do it. 1969, the first American astronaut landed on the moon for the first time, and then 12 astronauts landed on the moon for nine times. The space station and the space shuttle will be introduced later.

Second, the basic knowledge of aerospace

(1) Conditions of Satellite Orbiting the Earth

(2) How did the satellite get into the sky?

(1) Conditions of Satellite Orbiting the Earth

Speaking of satellites, what is a satellite? What is an artificial earth satellite? The so-called satellite is a celestial body orbiting the planet, and the moon is the satellite of the earth. This kind of satellite is called natural satellite. Artificial earth satellite refers to an artificial celestial body that orbits the earth in a certain orbit and completes a certain task, also known as artificial satellite. The satellite must have certain conditions to orbit the earth: first, the speed condition; One is the height condition.

1, speed condition

Everyone has studied the law of gravity and the three laws of motion in middle school physics. These theorems tell us that when an object makes uniform circular motion around the earth, it will inevitably produce outward inertial centrifugal force. If the centrifugal force is just equal to the centripetal force (that is, gravity), the object will orbit the earth in a circular orbit without falling back to the ground. In this case, the speed of this object is called the winding speed. It is about 7.9 kilometers per second. This is commonly known as the first cosmic speed. You may feel that the speed is not fast enough, which is calculated in seconds. For example, in terms of hours, the speed is 26,800 km/h, and it takes less than 1.5 hours to circle the earth in outer space.

Here are a few concepts: aviation: generally speaking, flying activities in the dense atmosphere around the earth (such as the flight of planes and balloons) are called aviation;

Aerospace: flight activities outside the dense atmosphere and inside the solar system (such as the flight of satellites and manned spacecraft) are called aerospace;

Space flight: Flight activities outside the solar system are called space flight.

Theoretically, it is possible to fly out of the solar system with third cosmic velocity. But at this speed, it will take 65,438+million years to sail outside the solar system, even to the nearest star, Centauri 2. Obviously, this has no practical significance. Therefore, in order to realize interstellar navigation, it is necessary to sail at a speed close to the speed of light, that is, 300,000 km/s, which requires a revolutionary leap in carrier technology. This is the first technology. The speed is high enough.

The so-called first cosmic speed refers to the speed that a spacecraft must have to make a circular orbit around the earth without falling back to the ground. When the speed reaches11.2km per second, the object will break away from the earth's gravitational field and become an artificial satellite orbiting the sun. The speed at this time is the second cosmic speed (also known as the detachment speed).

The so-called second cosmic speed is the speed required for a satellite to orbit the sun without the earth's gravitational field. If the speed of an object increases to 16.7 km/s, the gravity of the sun can't pull it, and it becomes an artificial celestial body in the Milky Way. The speed at this time is called third cosmic velocity. The so-called third cosmic velocity is the minimum speed required to launch an object from the ground out of the gravitational field of the solar system.

Generally speaking, flight activities in the dense atmosphere around the earth (such as the flight of planes and balloons) are called aviation; Flight activities outside the dense atmosphere and inside the solar system (such as the flight of satellites and manned spacecraft) are called aerospace or interstellar navigation; The flight activities outside the solar system are called space flight.

2. Height condition

The height is above 100- 120km. Why did the satellite choose an altitude above 100Km? According to the resolution of the 53rd Barcelona International Aviation Congress in 1960, "the space above 100Km on the earth's surface is an international public domain, and the space below 100Km is an aviation domain." This is why satellites should choose an altitude above 100Km. Why does the satellite orbit run above 120Km? Mainly considering meteorological factors, we all know that the earth has an atmosphere, 90% of which is below 30Km and above 30Km, and gradually becomes thinner. With the increase of height, the air density drops sharply. At a height of 100Km from the ground, the air density is one millionth of the sea level. At the height of 120Km, the air density is one ten thousandth of the sea level; At an altitude of 200 kilometers, the air density is only half of the sea level. What will happen if you can't reach the height above 120Km? If you can't reach the height above 120Km, you will fall. 1959, the United States launched a satellite, which was 69 miles from the lowest point of the earth, 1 mile = 1.609 km, and 69 miles = 1 12 km. The satellite was successfully launched, went up and circled the earth, and then fell down. Why? This is because of the influence of air resistance, it didn't really get out of the environment of flying without resistance, so it fell down. Strictly speaking, the orbit of the satellite must be selected in the space above 120Km, so as not to fall.

Because the satellite will encounter great resistance when flying at the speed of 7.9 km/s, the friction with air will produce thousands or even tens of thousands of degrees of high temperature, thus burning the satellite. Therefore, the orbit of the satellite must be chosen outside the dense atmosphere, that is, the height of 120 km, when the air density is only one tenth of that of the ground.

The atmosphere is divided into many layers, and the closer to the earth, the higher the air density. On the contrary, it drops sharply. At an altitude of 120 km, the air density is only tens of millions of times that of the ground.

Therefore, satellites usually fly in space above the ground 120 km.

(2) How did the satellite get into the sky?

The satellite was launched into the sky. At present, there are three ways to launch satellites:

One is to launch with multi-stage rockets; The second is to launch with the space shuttle; The third is to launch by plane.

First, through multi-stage rocket launch

The so-called multi-stage rocket is a carrier rocket composed of several single-stage rockets.

Under the current technical conditions, the final speed of a single-stage rocket can only reach 4-7 km/s, so all countries in the world use multi-stage rockets to launch satellites. Theoretically, the more stages a rocket has, the greater the speed it can reach. But the more stages, the more complicated the structure and the lower the reliability. So in the case of meeting the speed requirements, try to reduce the number of stages. Judging from the current situation, two or three-stage rockets are generally used to launch low-orbit artificial earth satellites, while three or four-stage rockets are mostly used to launch large elliptical orbit satellites and geosynchronous satellites.

Second, use the space shuttle to launch.

The space shuttle is a vehicle that can carry people back and forth between heaven and earth. It can take off vertically like a rocket, run in orbit like a satellite and land horizontally like an ordinary plane. A space shuttle can be reused more than 100 times, so it can not only greatly reduce the launch cost (10.5 million USD/ton), simplify the satellite design, but also launch, recover and repair all kinds of failed satellites to low earth orbit. For example,1991165438+1October 24th, the space shuttle Atlantis sent a 2335kg missile early warning satellite into space only six hours after takeoff. There used to be five space shuttles in the United States, and the Challenger 1986 exploded shortly after liftoff. Now there are four space shuttles left: the space shuttle Columbia; Space shuttle Discovery; Space shuttle Atlantis; The space shuttle Endeavour.

196 1 On March 23rd, Soviet bondarenko was the first person to give his life for manned space flight. By the end of 2003, mankind had carried out more than 400 manned space flights, including more than 280 in the United States and 0/30 in the Soviet Union (Russia). In these more than 400 manned space activities, * * * 18 people gave their precious lives for manned space activities. The most heroic event was 19861the crash of the American challenger on October 28th. The manned space shuttle just took off for 73 seconds and exploded in the air in less than 1.5 minutes. At that time, the space shuttle carried seven astronauts, including a female astronaut named mcauliffe, who was a teacher. However, she failed to write the history of the first teacher astronaut. At that time, mcauliffe was going to complete the plan of American teachers going into space. She went to space with two tasks: the first was to give a "space experience" to tens of millions of middle school students all over the world through television; The second is to broadcast a lecture on "Why do humans want to go into space" on TV. It's a pity that she dedicated her young life to manned spaceflight before she went into space. You read in the newspaper that NASA also wants to start the teacher space program. Barbara, 54 (54 in 2004)? 1985 Morgan was selected as a candidate for teacher representative to participate in the space flight program. At 54, she is the mother of two children. NASA plans to let Barbara? On June 5438+065438+/KOLOC-0/October/KOLOC-0/3, 2003, Morgan took a space trip of/KOLOC-0//KOLOC-0/day, and realized mcauliffe's career. Regrettably, on February 1 day, 2003, Columbia exploded and died about 60 kilometers away from the Earth on the way back from completing its 16-day mission, killing all seven astronauts. Of these 7 people, 6 are Americans and 1 are Israelis.

Third, launch by plane.

Only the United States can do this. 1990 in April, the United States successfully launched a 200-kilogram satellite from a B-52 bomber with a three-stage Pegasus rocket. Obviously, this is very economical.

Third, military space technology.

The so-called military aerospace technology is the application of aerospace technology in the military field, and its concrete results are various military spacecraft. First, let's look at the classification of military spacecraft: it includes:

(1) distribution system; (2) Manned space system; (3) Military satellite system; (4) Space weapon system

(1) Delivery system refers to a transportation system that can send payloads such as military spacecraft, astronauts or materials from the ground into a predetermined orbit in space or bring them back to the ground.

At present, the available military space transportation systems mainly include:

Disposable transport rocket;

A reusable space shuttle.

(1) American launch vehicle

(2) Russian launch vehicle

(3) European and Japanese launch vehicles

(2) Manned space system;

1, main spacecraft (USA, Russia)

2. Space station (Russia, USA, International Space Station)

3. Space Shuttle (USA, Russia)

4. Space shuttle

(3) Military satellite system

Military satellite systems include reconnaissance satellites, communication satellites, geodesic satellites, navigation satellites and meteorological satellites.

1. Reconnaissance satellite refers to an artificial earth satellite equipped with reconnaissance equipment such as photoelectric remote sensor, radar or radio receiver, which is used to obtain or retrieve enemy military information.

(1) Reconnaissance satellite classification: Reconnaissance satellites have the largest number and the widest application. It mainly includes photographic reconnaissance satellites, electronic reconnaissance satellites, missile early warning satellites, ocean surveillance satellites and nuclear explosion detection satellites.

(2) Characteristics and uses of reconnaissance satellites

Features of reconnaissance satellites:

(1) Come on. For example, at an altitude of 150 km, it takes only 1 half an hour to circle the earth at a speed of 8 km per second, less than 20 seconds from Beijing to Tianjin and only 5 minutes to Guangzhou;

② High efficiency. Because of the high orbit of reconnaissance satellite, the reconnaissance area is large and wide. If you take pictures of China by plane, you need to take 6.5438+0 million pictures, which takes 654.38+0 years, while the satellite only needs to take 500 pictures (one photo reaches thousands or even tens of thousands of square kilometers), which can be completed in a few days;

③ The effect is good. Because of the high ground resolution, accurate interception, timely information transmission and good effect. Here is a concept, ground resolution. The so-called ground resolution refers to the smallest size of ground objects that satellites can display. Here is an example to illustrate the role of reconnaissance satellites. For example, the death of Russian Chechen armed leader Durayev is a masterpiece of reconnaissance satellites. The thing is this: when Durayev made a satellite phone call, Russian reconnaissance satellites immediately captured the electromagnetic signal sent by the satellite phone, and quickly detected the precise geographical location of Durayev at that time according to the electromagnetic signal, and then informed the Russian Air Force of this information in real time, guiding Russian pilots to carry out an attack, thus killing Durayev.

④ Widely used. Not limited by national boundaries and geographical environment, there is no violation of territorial waters and airspace, and mountains, rivers and seas can't stop it.

The purpose of reconnaissance satellite:

First, spy on each other's strategic goals in detail. For example, missile nuclear weapons bases, naval and air bases, command and control centers, various weapons production bases, airports, ports, transportation hubs, important cities, industrial production bases, etc. are all strategic targets and can be scouted.

During the Gulf War, the United States used various satellites (15 electronic reconnaissance satellites, 5 photographic reconnaissance satellites,/kloc-0 radar imaging satellites and 3 early warning satellites). ) Monitor Iraq's every move around the clock. Before Iraq invaded Kuwait, the United States obtained high-definition photos of Iraq's heavily guarded border through imaging reconnaissance satellites and discovered Iraq's aggressive intentions. After Iraq invaded Kuwait, the United States found that Iraq was trying to attack Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia began to suspect that it agreed to send troops to Saudi Arabia after seeing satellite photos.

Second, accurately survey enemy-occupied areas. In this way, on the one hand, we can provide our commanders with maps for combat use; On the other hand, it also provides accurate locations of various targets for our own strategic missiles and nuclear weapons. For example, before the Gulf War, the terrain of Iraq and Kuwait was unknown in the United States, and the original map was 20-30 years ago, so the centralized reconnaissance and geodesic satellites quickly produced accurate and detailed maps.

Third, reconnaissance of the enemy's strategic missile system.

For example, 196 1, Khrushchev told a big lie, boasting that the Soviet Union had 400 nuclear missiles and a comprehensive nuclear advantage, thus blackmailing the United States and western countries. However, the United States soon discovered through photographic reconnaissance satellites that the number of intercontinental missiles of the Soviet Union was far from 400 in the autumn of 196 1, but only 14, thus turning disadvantages into advantages and in turn implementing nuclear deterrence against each other.

Fourth, reconnaissance of the deployment of enemy ground forces.

Since the 1960s, whenever there is a major international event, the Soviet Union and the United States have launched some special reconnaissance satellites to monitor the relevant areas. For example,

During the Fourth Middle East War, the Soviet Union and the United States used reconnaissance satellites to provide information to Egypt and Israel. 1973 10 cairo time 10/6 pm 14: 05, when the fourth middle east war broke out, the 2nd and 3rd armies of Egypt crossed the canal and conquered the "Palestinian defense line" built by the Israeli army for four years in one fell swoop, and the whole army was wiped out. The Egyptian army is ready to push forward and expand its achievements. At this moment, the American reconnaissance satellite found a gap 7- 12km wide at the junction of the two armies of the Egyptian army, with weak defense and empty rear. After receiving this information, the Israeli army was ecstatic, immediately organized troops, secretly inserted into the intersection, sneaked into the canal, quickly launched a fierce attack on the west and south, and surrounded the Egyptian Third Army, thus turning defeat into victory and grasping the initiative. Finally, due to the intervention of the Soviet Union and the United States, the two sides shook hands and made peace. This situation was unimaginable in the Second World War. Therefore, today's strategic campaign commanders have to consider the important factor of reconnaissance satellites, and the information provided by military satellites can even change the course and outcome of the war.

Fifth, spy on each other's battlefield information.

Through reconnaissance and surveillance, explore and collect unknown information, so as to know yourself and your opponent, thus defeating your opponent. This is a general military principle.

For example, in the Falklands War, at the beginning of the war, the Argentines fought several beautiful battles and ate several meals of jiaozi. One of the important reasons is that the reconnaissance satellites of the former Soviet Union played a great role. Among them, a famous war example is the sinking of the British destroyer Sheffield by the Argentine Air Force. On May 4th, 1982, the destroyer "Sheffield", the ace warship of the British Empire, was fully armed and leisurely shuttled through the waters of the Falklands to carry out blockade operations. Unexpectedly, the former Soviet Union's "Lightning" reconnaissance satellite quietly stared at it in the depths of space. In this way, thanks to the help of the former Soviet Union, Sheffield's every move has always been in the hands of Argentina. As soon as the "Sheffield" entered the attack range of the Argentine Air Force, the "Super Flag" bomber took off, stuck to the waves and flew to the target at ultra-low altitude. When it was 48 kilometers away from Sheffield, Chaoqi immediately climbed and jumped, so the flying fish came out of its sheath and flew at a height of 2 meters above the waves. It soon hit Sheffield and immediately ignited a thick flame. Sheffield suffered a fatal wound, and the hull was stabbed through a big hole. Soon, the Sheffield sank into the vast sea. And a "flying fish" missile worth only $200,000 sank the destroyer "Sheffield" worth as much as $200 million. It can be seen that the strike effect of various offensive weapons can be greatly amplified under the action of reconnaissance satellites.

This example tells us that when we conduct military operations on the surface of the earth, don't forget that there are reconnaissance satellites staring at us overhead. Otherwise, we will pay a heavy price.

2. Military communication satellites

Military communication satellite refers to a communication satellite designed for military service.

Communication satellite is a new technology that appeared in the early 1960s, and it is the product of the combination of space technology and communication technology. It is like a microwave relay station hanging in the sky, which receives radio signals from the ground or other satellites, amplifies them through a transponder, and then sends them back to another place on the ground or other satellites at another frequency.

It has the following characteristics:

(1) The communication distance is long. A geosynchronous satellite can cover one third of the earth's surface, and it can provide direct communication for two ground stations, which are 19000 km apart. If three synchronous satellites are equally spaced over the equator, global communication can basically be realized.

Second, the communication capacity is large. The working frequency band of satellite communication is microwave, the wavelength is between 1 m and 1 mm, and the frequency is between 300 MHz and 300 GHz, so there are many communication channels. At present, a communication satellite can transmit tens of thousands of telephone channels, plus several TV channels, and can also transmit high-resolution images and other data.

Third, the transmission quality is high, because satellite communication is not blocked by mountains and seas, rain or shine, around the clock, unlike ground microwave communication, and is not affected by geographical and meteorological conditions and communication distance. So that information transmission is stable and reliable.

Fourth, it has good operability. Satellite communication can not only provide long-distance communication between large ground stations, but also provide communication for small mobile terminal stations of airborne, shipboard and ground forces. In this way, communication terminals can be established anytime and anywhere, which provides conditions for the rapid establishment of communication lines in wartime emergencies. This emergency communication capability is extremely important in the military.

Fifth, strong viability. Generally speaking, geosynchronous satellites are not vulnerable to nuclear explosions and other means of attack.

It is precisely because of these advantages that military communication satellites have been widely used.

3. Meteorological satellites

It is a satellite dedicated to observing the weather changes of the earth and the atmosphere. It is equivalent to an unmanned high-altitude weather station. Compared with previous ground observation methods, it is global, active and accurate.

Meteorological satellite originated from reconnaissance satellite, and its basic principle is similar to photographic reconnaissance satellite. The difference is that the objects it observes are clouds, air, fog, rain, wind, waves, tide and temperature.

The method is to use 2-3 geosynchronous orbits and near-earth sun synchronous orbits to continuously send data to the ground. After comprehensive analysis and processing, accurate weather forecast is obtained to serve the military operations.

4. Geodetic satellite

Artificial earth satellites used to measure the gravity distribution, shape and precise geographical coordinates of the earth from space are called geodesic satellites. Compared with the conventional survey method, it has the characteristics of short period and high precision, and is an important and effective means of geodetic survey.

Working principle: The orbit of the satellite becomes irregular due to the non-circular earth and the uneven distribution of gravity. The satellite is constantly fluctuating up and down. Through the measurement of the ground tracking station, the shape and gravity of the earth and the precise coordinates of various points on the surface of the earth can be accurately deduced, thus providing accurate target data for strategic weapons. Objects on the surface can be obtained by remote sensing and telemetry.

5. Navigation satellites

Imagine ships sailing on the vast sea, vehicles running on the vast land, planes flying in the blue sky of Wan Li, satellites and missiles roaming for nine days, and other moving objects. What will happen if you can't know your position accurately? It's really hard to imagine, maybe it will be a disaster.

For example, in the early 1990s, Peng, a scientist with great influence in China, lost his way while exploring the desert. Although he also brought some navigation instruments, he lost his way because of the limitations of these instruments. Despite many attempts to find him, he disappeared and died. If Peng's exploration is today and the global satellite navigation and positioning technology is developing vigorously, this tragedy may never happen again.

This is because navigation satellites, like navigation lights, send navigation signals to the ground at a fixed frequency and at a specified time interval every day. When the ground users receive and process these signals, they can determine their position. So, its purpose is navigation. At present, all countries in the world are vigorously developing this technology.

For example, in 1994, the United States built a "navigation star"-a global satellite navigation and positioning system. It consists of 24 satellites, running on 6 orbital planes, with 4 satellites distributed on each plane, and its positioning accuracy is about16m.

So, what is the military use of global satellite navigation and positioning system? In a word, it can not only accurately navigate and locate airplanes, ships and tanks, but also reduce navigation errors. It can also be used for weapon guidance, which greatly improves the hit accuracy of weapons. For example, on May 8 last year, the United States dispatched a B-2 stealth bomber and brutally attacked our embassy in Yugoslavia. The main technology it uses is global satellite navigation and positioning technology.

This man is the murderer who blew up my embassy, a B-2 bomber. Its range is 1 15000 km, and it is a joint direct attack ammunition used in air strikes. Although strategically speaking, the United States is our main enemy, the technology used by its B-2 bombers is advanced. Thanks to the use of global satellite navigation and positioning technology, the B-2 bomber can carry out global bombing and strike accurately. The strike accuracy of joint direct attack ammunition has also been improved from the original 30 meters to 3 meters. During the air raid, the US military * * * launched five joint direct attack bombs, which penetrated through five different parts, causing serious damage to our military buildings and serious casualties.

What is mentioned above is the military role played by the global satellite navigation and positioning system of the United States. In addition to the United States, Russia built a global satellite navigation and positioning system at 1995, which is also composed of 24 satellites. The difference is that the satellites run in three orbital planes, with 8 satellites distributed in each plane, and the positioning accuracy is slightly poor, about 30- 100 meters.

(3) Space weapon system

The wide application of space technology in the military is causing fundamental changes in the mode of operations. It not only makes the near real-time transmission and control of information become a reality, but also provides technical support for the approaching space war. The embryonic form of space warfare is anti-satellite warfare and missile attack and defense warfare. Here is a concept of "real-time", which is more popular. Just like live television, people hear and see information at the same time as what is happening. This is called real time. Next, we will introduce the space weapon system from two aspects: one is the anti-satellite system; The second is the anti-missile system. First, let's look at the anti-satellite system.

1, anti-satellite system

Anti-satellite system is a weapon system that attacks satellites. By attacking the enemy's satellite, we can seize the control of information, and at the same time protect our ears and eyes, so that the enemy can become deaf and blind. At present, there are three main methods to attack satellites:

First, use ground weapon systems, such as laser cannons and kinetic energy weapon systems, to destroy enemy satellites;

The second is to intercept satellites with satellites. This kind of satellite is different from ordinary satellites. It is an offensive weapon in itself. It can track and approach the target by maneuvering orbit change, and then destroy the enemy satellite by self-explosion or impact, and it can also use the laser, particle beam weapons and rockets loaded on the satellite to destroy the enemy target.

The third is to use the space station or space shuttle to capture enemy satellites and serve themselves.

The international research on anti-satellite system is still ahead of the United States and the former Soviet Union. The former Soviet Union conducted an anti-satellite interception test at 1968, and successfully conducted two comprehensive exercises in the early 1980s. It is ahead of the United States and becomes the first country in the world with anti-satellite combat capability. The laser technology of the former Soviet Union started earlier than that of the United States. It is said that in the late 1970s, the Soviet Union used a strong ground-based laser to interfere with the early warning satellite of the US Air Force in geosynchronous orbit over the Marshall Islands in the Pacific Ocean, resulting in a false alarm. In addition, the former Soviet Union developed space station technology, which can completely establish a space-based anti-satellite system. According to the estimation of western countries, the former Soviet Union has not only high-energy ground-based anti-satellite lasers, but also the embryonic form of space-based anti-satellite lasers.

American anti-satellite technology research is relatively late, but it has made rapid progress. 1978 development of anti-satellite missiles. 1985, they were used to shoot down an invalid American satellite. At present, more than 100 missiles have been officially deployed. The American space shuttle has developed rapidly. It can deploy, recover and repair satellites in orbit, and naturally capture enemy satellites.

2. Anti-missile system

The so-called anti-missile system is a system that counteracts missile attacks and makes missile penetration ineffective.

Regarding this content, I will make two points:

(1) anti-missile mode;

(2) American anti-missile system.

Let's look at the first point of anti-missile method. So, what kinds of anti-missile methods are there at present?

There are two anti-missile methods:

One is to intercept missiles with missiles, which are Russian C-300 missiles and have been successfully intercepted many times;

The second is to destroy missiles with new concept weapons such as lasers. The United States has conducted many experiments.

Now, the United States is vigorously developing the anti-missile system and making rapid progress. Let me first introduce the anti-missile system of the United States.

There are two kinds of anti-missile systems in the United States, one is the national missile defense system; One is the theater missile defense system. The two systems are basically similar in structure, and the theater missile defense system is introduced below. So, what kind of structure does the theater missile defense system have? How is anti-missile

Theater missile defense system, abbreviated as "TMD" in English, consists of command automation system and anti-missile missile. Both are indispensable, otherwise the TMD is invalid. Let me introduce the command automation system first.

Command automation system is a man-machine system integrating command, control, communication, computer, intelligence, reconnaissance and monitoring. The English abbreviation is C4ISR, which is the product of the combination of satellite communication, satellite reconnaissance, satellite navigation and computer technology. Relying on advanced satellite technology and computer technology, the United States established a global command automation system.

Let's look at anti-missile missiles. The United States has now developed three kinds of anti-missile missiles.

One is the theater high-altitude interceptor. On June 2 this year 10, the United States launched a theater high-altitude interceptor and intercepted a militia-3 intercontinental missile that simulated the attack of the other side.

The second is the Arrow -2 anti-missile missile jointly developed by the United States and Israel. It has been successfully tested six times, with an interception distance of 150 km and an interception height of 48 km.

The third is the Patriot missile. In the Gulf War, patriots made a splash by playing scud. Let's take the interception of Scud by patriots as an example to talk about how TMD is anti-missile.

This is the schematic diagram of its operation.

First, launch Scud, early warning satellite detection, and calculate the general trajectory and landing point of Scud. Then the information is transmitted to the ground data center, which calculates the accurate trajectory and impact point, and then transmits the information to the theater command center through communication satellites, and the command center sends instructions to guide patriots to intercept and destroy Scud. This is the general anti-missile process of TMD. What needs special vigilance here is that the United States is trying to incorporate Taiwan Province Province into TMD and obstruct the process of China's reunification. Of course, their plot won't.