What are the types of inversion sentences in classical Chinese in senior high school?

Classical Chinese sentence patterns are divided into: ① general sentence patterns (including judgmental sentences, passive sentences, ellipsis sentences and interrogative sentences).

② Special sentence patterns (that is, inverted sentences, mainly including prepositional object, attributive postposition, verb inversion, adverbial postposition, and of course some fixed sentence patterns, which are required by high school).

Let's talk about how to analyze it first:

(The following content comes from Liaoning College Entrance Examination Language Network and is recommended here. That's good. )

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★ General sentence patterns

First of all, the verdict

(1) According to the "Zhe ... Ye" table

"Lian Po, Zhao Zhiliang will also."

(2) At the end of the sentence, use the "this also" table to judge.

"Xu Gong in the north of the city is also the beauty of Qi."

(3) Judging by "zhe" table

"Four people, Lu, Changle Wang's father, Yu's father, your father, An Shangchun's father."

(4) Use the verb "for" or the word "yes" to express judgment.

(1) Financial management is the world, not for profit.

You are a big family.

(5) Use adverbs such as "namely", "nai", "then", "all", "this", "sincerity" and "element" to express positive judgment, and at the same time strengthen the tone, and use "no" to express negative judgment.

I'm in a hurry today. It's the autumn of my service.

This is a crucial autumn.

(3) Liang Jiang Chu Xiangyang.

(4) This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower.

⑤ Minister, this cloth.

6. You are like a bitch.

I want fish and bear's paw.

Today to a non-literary painter.

(6) Unmarked judgment sentences.

Some judgments in classical Chinese are unmarked, and nouns are judged directly.

For example, "Liu Bei is a hero in the world." (Battle of Red Cliffs)

In particular, the word "yes" appearing before the predicate in a judgment sentence is generally not a judgment sentence, but a demonstrative pronoun and the subject of the judgment sentence. However, the word "Shi" in some judgment sentences does not always indicate judgment. "Shi" was rarely used as a judgment word in ancient Chinese before Qin Dynasty, but more used as a judgment word after Han Dynasty.

Second, passive sentences

The so-called passivity means that the relationship between the subject and the predicate is passive, that is, the subject is the passive and victim of the behavior indicated by the verb, not the active and implementer.

& lt 1 & gt； significant

(1) is represented by "for" or "for".

"If you die, you will smile for the world." (... laughed at by everyone)

"(Giants) will be merged in distant counties." (Purple Tongzhi Sword)

(2) passive belt "quilt" table

"If you are loyal and slandered, can you complain?" (loyalty is vilified by others, can you not resent it? )

(3) Use "see" or "see"

"... only see cheating" (... cheated for nothing)

"I am afraid of being bullied by the king and losing Zhao."

(4) Use the words "Yu" or "Bei" to express passivity.

"Can't tolerate distance." (Zhang Pu's "Five Tombs"

"I can't afford the land of Wu Jin, I am subject to people." (Purple Tongzhi Sword)

(5) Use the "quilt" table to be passive.

"I still remember that the arrest of Duke Zhou was in the hope of Ding Mao in March." (Zhang Pu's "Five Tombs"

& lt2> unnoticed

This situation refers to passive sentences without passive verbs. For example, "Jingzhou people attach symbols to force soldiers to take advantage of the situation." (Zi Tongzhi Jian) Here, "forced by military intelligence" means "forced by military intelligence".

note:

"Sword" has a special usage, which is similar to the passive form of "sword", such as "Ji Junshi or sword rage" (reply to Sima Shu), but the "sword" here is not passive, it is placed in front of the verb, indicating that the action and behavior are biased towards one side, and polite expressions such as "how do you treat yourself", such as "forgive me" in modern Chinese.

Three. elliptical sentence

(1) Subject ellipsis

There are different snakes in the wild in Yongzhou, some are black and some are white. ...

(2) the omission of the predicate

"Husband, courage also. High spirits, then (drum) and decline, three (drum) and fatigue. ...

(3) Ellipsis of the verb object

Take Xiang Rugong as a great achievement, and worship (referring to Lin Xiangru) as Shangqing. "(Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru)

(4) Ellipsis of prepositional objects

The man said everything and heard everything.

(5) Ellipsis of prepositions

The generals fought in Hebei and the ministers fought in Henan.

Fourth, interrogative sentences

In interrogative sentences in classical Chinese, there are generally interrogative words, including interrogative pronouns (who, what, who, therefore, an, Yan, who, etc. ), interrogative modal particles (Hu, Zhu, Zai, Yi, Ye, etc. ) and interrogative adverbs (qi, du, qi, etc. Sometimes you don't need interrogative words.

In addition, there are some idioms to express rhetorical questions. There are no examples here.

★ Special sentence patterns

The following are the translations and explanations of some special sentence patterns in ancient Chinese that are different from those in modern Chinese.

I. verb inversion

In order to emphasize the predicate, the predicate is sometimes placed before the subject. This is only because of the need of language expression.

What, you don't benefit (benefit)! Translation: "You are too clever."

(2) in childe can be anxious. Translation: "Where can you worry about others' worries, Son?" "

Second, the prepositional object

1 pronoun preposition object in negative sentence

Format: The main ten negative words are no, no, no, mo, no, fu, I, Er, Zi, Zhi and Shi.

When I was three years old, I was willing to take care of you (Storytelling).

(2) When people don't agree (Longzhong Dui) translation: "But people at that time didn't agree with him (like this)"

(3) Qin people can't help feeling sorry for themselves (On Qin).

4 Avoid not being confident ("Zou Ji satirizes Wang Qike to teach") Translation: "Zou Ji doesn't believe in himself"

However, if you are not a king, there is nothing (Qi Huan Jinwen Shi).

Another example: if you don't take it from me, you can't take it from yourself.

There is an idiom: I have no deceit, I have no fear (translation: "I don't cheat you, you don't cheat me")

From the above examples, it can be concluded that the preposition of the object pronoun in the negative sentence must meet two conditions: first, the object must be a pronoun; Second, the whole sentence must be negative, that is, there must be negative adverbs such as "bu, Wei, Wu (nothing)" or indefinite pronouns's "Mo". Pronoun objects should be placed before verbs and after negative words.

2 interrogative pronoun prepositional object

(1) The object comes before the verb.

Format: Who are the ten guests, Hu, He, Di, An, Xie and Yan?

(1) Liang asked, "What is your Majesty doing here?" The translation of "The Hongmen Banquet" is: "Sean asked justice:' What did the king take when he came?" "

2 ask the woman what she thinks? Translation: "Ask your daughter what she is thinking?"

Wang Jianzhi said, "What is a cow?" The king saw it and asked, "Where are you taking the cow?" "

(4) What are the hazards? (Qi Huan Jinwen Shi) Translation: "What hinders (what hinders)?"

The king said, "What about those who are bound?" The king asked, "Who is tied up?" "

Who dares to complain? (The snake catcher said): "Who can blame?"

⑦ What about earthwork? (Yugong Yishan) Translation: "Besides, where do you put the mud and stones?"

(2) the object is placed in front of the preposition

Format: Who are the ten guests, Hu, He, Di, An, Xie and Yan?

(1) Otherwise, why at this point? (The Hongmen Banquet) Translation: "If not, why am I (Xiang Yu) here?"

(2) who are the mourners? (Tomb No.5 Monument) Translation: "Who are you crying for?"

(3) Why do you always entrust yourself to Zhao? Translation: "Why do you stand in Zhao?"

4 Guo Hu has compassion? Translation: "What does the country use to help the elderly?"

⑤ ⑤! Wes, who are we going home with? "Yueyang Tower" translation: "Oh! Who else can I be with? "

6. Although born, why should it belong to Han? (Biography of Su Wu) Translation: "Even if I am alive, why should I go back to the Han Dynasty?"

3. Preposition objects in declarative sentences

Form: ten guests, ten introductions and ten actions.

(1) Hook to write dragons, chisel to write dragons (Ye Gong Long Hao) Translation: "Draw dragons with hooks, carve dragons with chisels."

(2) The rest is to remember it ("A Trip to Baochan Mountain") Translation: "That's why I wrote it down."

One-sentence translation: summarize in one sentence.

(4) Chu warriors are all equal to ten ("Goujian Destroys Wu") Translation: There are no warriors in Chu who are desperate to resist ten.

⑤ Idioms include: day and night.

4 Preposition objects marked by "Zhi" and "Shi"

Format: the main ten guests ten (yes) action.

(1) Fu Jin, what's the crime? ("Candle Fires Beat Teacher Qin") Translation: "Jin State, what is the crime?"

② Listening only () Translation: "Teaching only by listening" ("Wei" is translated as "only", the same below)

I don't know what I'm reading, but I'm confused. "If I don't know what I'm reading, I can't answer my doubts."

(4) Just do what you say (answer Yi Lee's book) Translation: "Just be sure to get rid of those old words."

His parents are only worried about his illness.

Follow the horse's clue ("Feng Wanzhen") and translate: "Just look at my horse's head."

⑦ The death of the monarch is not compassionate, and the ministers are worried. Our monarch (King) is not sympathetic to his exile, but worried about our minister.

There is also an idiom: mercenary (translation: "mercenary") meritocracy (translation: "meritocracy")

When the word "Xiang" is interpreted as "action and behavior are biased towards one side", it can be translated as "I, you, him (her)". At this time, "Xiang" as an object is placed in front of the verb predicate, and it is placed behind the verb predicate in translation.

I have lost my kindness and will never promise Xu (Peacock flies southeast).

(2) Be diligent in raising your husband and be good at yourself ("Peacock flies southeast") Translation: "Serve your mother-in-law wholeheartedly and serve her well."

(3) When a child meets a stranger, he smiles and asks where the guest is from (Homecoming Book).

There are also reservations in modern Chinese, such as: please believe.

When the word "see" is interpreted as "action and behavior are biased towards one side", it can be interpreted as "I", in which case "see" is placed as an object in the verb.

Before the predicate, the translation is put after the verb predicate.

(1) For officials, see Ding Ning's translation of Peacock Flying Southeast: "The officials told me (when I came back)".

(2) When I gave birth to a child in June, my loving father met my back (Ji Xiang Xuanzhi).

This situation is also reserved in modern Chinese, such as: I hope you will forgive me; What will you teach (what will you teach me)? Make you laugh (make you laugh at me); I hope you can forgive me.

When locative words and time words are used as objects, they are sometimes prepositioned.

(1) Father sits south (hongmen banquet translation: "Father Fan Zeng sits south".

As for the North Sea, there is endless water in the east.

Third, adverbial postposition.

As we know, in modern Chinese, adverbials are placed before predicates, and if they are placed after predicates, they are complements. However, in classical Chinese, the components in the complement are often understood as adverbials, that is, most of the time the predicate is mentioned before translation.

(1) format: Move ten or ten objects.

(1) The seal script is decorated with the shapes of turtles, birds and beasts (Zhang Hengchuan) Translation: "The seal script is decorated with the shapes of turtles, birds and beasts"

(2) Return the arrow to the former king and tell him that it was successful (Biography of Lingguan) Translation: "Before returning the arrow to the throne of the former king, tell him that you are finished."

(3) Ask the arrows and fill in a kit (Biography of Lingguan): "Please take out those three arrows and put them in the kit."

(4) It is a group of Yan and his son. The translation of Lingguan Biography: "When tying Yan and his son with ropes."

⑤ Shen Xiaoyi (The Story of Qi Huan Jinwen) translated: "Tell them repeatedly that they should honor their parents and brothers."

Cover (a cricket) with the palm of your hand.

(2) Format: move ten to (almost, equivalent to "Yu") ten passengers.

(1) Let him go home and ask General Sun for help (Battle of Red Cliffs).

(2) Can slander the market ("Zou Ji satirizes mediocrity and Qi Wang") Translation: "Someone in the market can point out my fault"

(3) And set up a stone tablet at their graves (five-person tomb inscription): "And set up a stone tablet in front of their graves."

Born in front of me (Shi Shuo) Translation: Born in front of me

The wind is blowing on the stage.

(3) Format: The shape is more than ten passengers.

(1) Yu (Hongmen Banquet) Translation: "(He, referring to Xiang Bo) is older than me."

(2) Although I am superior to the world, I am not proud ("Zhang Hengchuan") Translation: "Although I am superior to the world, I am not proud."

Fourthly, attributive postposition.

In modern Chinese, attributive modifiers and restrictive nouns are usually placed before the head word. This word order is consistent from ancient times to the present. In classical Chinese, in addition, it can be placed after the head word. Attribute is placed after the head word and ends with "zhe", forming the form of attribute postposition. Then when translating, we should pay attention to putting the post-attribute before the head word for translation.

1 format: ten attributes of the head word.

(1) Help can be reported to the Qin Dynasty. (Biographies of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) Translation: "Find someone who can send Qin back to me."

(2) The Chu people have waded across the river. (Carving a boat for a sword) Translation: "Chu has a man crossing the river."

③ Jingzhou people are attached to operators. (Battle of Red Cliffs) Translation: "Jingzhou is attached to the people of Cao Cao."

People from all directions came. ("Goujian Destroys Wu") Translation: "Scholars from all directions came to the State of Wu"

⑤ Young busybodies in the village. There is a nosy young man in the village.

2 Format: Headword+Zhi+Attribute+Zhe

(1) ma xingqian Li (Ma Shuo) translation: "ma xingqian Li"

Rich monks are out of reach.

(3) The obedient wanderer of the country ("Goujian Destroys Wu") is translated as "Juvenile Wandering Wu"

(4) The stone is loud and clear. ("The Story of Shi Zhongshan" translation: "A loud stone"

3 format: header+logo+attribute

(1) Earthworms don't have the advantages of minions, and their bones and muscles are strong. "Earthworms have no sharp claws and strong bones and muscles."

(2) If you live in a temple, you will worry about the people, and if you live in the rivers and lakes, you will worry about the king. (Yueyang Tower) Translation: "Being an official in the imperial court (or a high temple) worries about the sufferings of the people, retiring from the rivers and lakes, and being far away from the imperial court (or in the rivers and lakes) worries about the monarch."

4 format: center+and+attribute+zhe

How many people in the world can't easily realize their ambitions? Tombstone No.5 translation: "How many senses in the world don't change their minds?"

Quantifiers as attributes are often placed after the head word. Format: ten quantitative attributes of prefix

(1) than to Chen, six or seven hundred by car, riding a horse, tens of thousands of people. By the time we get to Chen, there will be six or seven hundred cars, more than a thousand cavalry and tens of thousands of soldiers.

(2) Eat all the corn and stones at once (Ma Shuo) Translation: "Sometimes you can eat one stone of grain."

(The following content comes from Liaoning College Entrance Examination Language Network and is recommended here. That's good. )