About the cultivation of black-skinned potatoes?

Primary leaves are simple and intact. With the growth of the plant, pinnate compound leaves gradually formed. Cymes are terminal, with white, light blue, purple and red.

Potato cultivation: Solanaceae Solanum panicum miliaceum. The scientific names are potato, potato, yam egg, sweet potato (commonly known as Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao), sweet potato, sweet potato (commonly known as Shandong) and sweet potato (Xuzhou, Jiangsu and other cities and counties from Lianyungang, especially Xinyi in the middle). Tubers are edible and are important food and vegetable crops.

The main breeding approaches are as follows: ① The diploid hybrids producing 2n gametes are crossed with common cultivated species. (2) The new cultivated varieties are crossed with the common cultivated varieties. Potatoes have high nutritional value and medicinal value. Generally, the ingredients in fresh potatoes are: starch 9-20%, protein 1.5-2.3%, fat 0. 1- 1%, and crude fiber 0.6-0.8%. The nutritional components in 100g potato are: heat 66 ~ 1 13j, calcium1~ 60mg, phosphorus 15 ~ 68mg, iron 0.4~4.8mg and thiamine. In addition, potato tubers also contain carotene and ascorbic acid that cereals do not have. From the nutritional point of view, it has more advantages than rice and flour, and can supply a lot of heat energy to the human body, so it can be called "perfect food". People only rely on potatoes and whole milk to maintain their lives and health. Because the nutritional components of potatoes are very comprehensive and the nutritional structure is reasonable, but the contents of protein, calcium and vitamin A are slightly lower; And this is just a supplement to whole milk. Potato tuber is rich in water, low in fat and low in calories per unit volume. It contains 10 times of vitamin C, 4 times of B vitamins and several to several times of various minerals, which makes you feel full after eating. Potatoes Fresh potatoes can be used as food or vegetables. However, fresh potato tubers are bulky and have high water content, so it is difficult to transport and store them for a long time. For this reason, countries all over the world attach great importance to the production of potato processed foods, such as French frozen fried strips, fried chips, instant whole flour, starch and various cakes and egg rolls, reaching more than 100. Fresh stems and leaves of potato can be used as feed through silage, but it contains solanine to prevent livestock poisoning. In some areas of China, potato stems and leaves are used as green manure, and their fertilizer efficiency is similar to that of Chinese milk vetch.

Potato, also known as potato, potato and yam egg, is one of the main food crops in the world. Second only to rice, wheat and corn. In recent years, China's potato planting area is about 45 million mu, ranking first in the world. Potatoes are planted in all provinces (cities) in China, especially in cold areas in the north and mountainous areas in the southwest. Sichuan is the province with the largest potato planting area, which has grown from 2 million mu in the 1950s to 4.5 million mu (including the Spring and Autumn Period, excluding Chongqing), and the yield per mu in a large area is generally around 1 1,000 kg. Potato has comprehensive nutrition, high value and long storage time, and is a good food for rural residents to improve food structure and health care. In recent years, with the development of potato processing industry and the adjustment of agricultural planting structure, the area of potato intercropping, autumn and winter planting and multiple cropping has been expanding, and potato has become an increasingly important food, vegetable, feed and processing raw material crop in Sichuan Province.

Section 1 Relationship between Potato Growth and Environmental Conditions

I. Temperature

The growth and development of potato need cooler climatic conditions, because it is native to the high mountain areas of the Andes in South America, with an annual average temperature of 5- 10 degrees and a maximum average temperature of about 24 degrees. The climatic conditions in the southwest mountainous area, part of the northwest and North China are close to the origin of potatoes. However, after years of artificial selection, there are different varieties of potato in early, middle and late maturity, which can be planted in various climatic conditions. But after all, potato plants and tubers have their natural characteristics in biological response to temperature, so it is very important to understand these conditions when cultivating potatoes.

1, plant response to temperature

Sowed potato tubers can grow when the soil temperature reaches 7 ~8 degrees at the depth of 10 cm below the ground, and the buds grow strong at 10 ~20 degrees, which will soon be unearthed. Early-sown potatoes often encounter late frost after emergence, and seedlings will suffer freezing damage when the temperature drops to -0.8 degrees. When the temperature dropped to -2 degrees, the seedlings were frozen and some stems and leaves died and turned black. However, after the temperature rises, new stems and leaves can be released from the nodes and continue to grow. The optimum temperature for plant growth is about 265438 0℃. At 42℃, the stem and leaf stopped growing. At-1.5, the stems were frozen, and at -3℃, all the stems and leaves died. The optimum flowering temperature is 15℃ to 17℃, and it will not bloom below 5℃ or above 38℃. When the temperature is -0.5 degrees, the flowers will suffer, and-1 degree will freeze them to death. Of course, due to the different cold resistance of varieties, the response to temperature is also different. However, after understanding the relationship between potato plant growth and temperature, it is of great significance to strengthen field management and ensure high potato yield.

2. The reaction of tuber to temperature

The optimum temperature for potato tuber growth and development is 65438 07℃ to 65438 09℃. When the temperature is lower than 2℃ and higher than 29℃, the tuber stops growing. Two abnormal phenomena of tuber growth are often encountered in production practice.

The first phenomenon is that the buds on the fast broadcast stem become tubers, also known as boring potatoes or dream potatoes. This phenomenon is due to poor storage conditions of tubers before sowing and high cellar temperature. When the cellar temperature is higher than 4 degrees, tubers begin to germinate after dormancy. The temperature of some pits is above 10 degrees, and the buds grow very long on the tuber. After the tuber is germinated and sown, the nutrients in the tuber meet low temperature when moving to the bud, and the bud has no growth conditions, so the nutrients are stored to form new small tubers. If the tuber doesn't germinate or grow at the beginning of sowing, it will grow normally after the temperature rises, so it won't bear tuber.

The second phenomenon is that tubers stop growing when they encounter high temperature for a long time. After watering and raining, the soil temperature drops, and tubers start growing again, that is, secondary growth. In this case, some nodules are like dumbbells, some are like beads, and there are many deformities. Of course, this phenomenon has a lot to do with whether the varieties are resistant to high temperature. When the varieties sensitive to high temperature encounter drought and water shortage, when the soil temperature rises, a large number of secondary tubers will appear, while the varieties sensitive to high temperature may not appear or rarely branch, which seriously affects the yield or reduces the tuber quality. This variety should be irrigated in time to reduce the soil temperature.

Second, moisture.

Adequate water must be supplied during potato growth to obtain high yield. The relationship between potato water demand and environmental conditions is close and complicated. In particular, it has a great relationship with photosynthesis and transpiration of potato leaves, climatic conditions, soil types, soil organic matter content, types and quantities of fertilization, field management, planting varieties and so on. The results showed that potato plants consumed about 708 liters of water per 1 kg dry matter. When potatoes are planted in loam, the minimum water requirement for producing 1 kg dry matter is 666 liters, and the maximum water requirement for planting potatoes in sandy soil is 1046~ 1228 liters. Generally, the yield of tuber per mu is 2000 kg, and the water requirement per mu is about 280 tons, based on the weight of aboveground and underground parts 1: 1 and 20% of dry matter. The period of maximum water demand in potato growth is from budding to flowering, and the growth of stems and leaves reaches its peak in full bloom. Water shortage in this period will affect plant development and yield. From flowering to stem and leaf stop growing, during this period, the stem grows the most, and plants need a lot of water. If the water is insufficient, it will hinder the transport of nutrients to tubers.

On the other hand, inorganic elements needed for potato growth must be dissolved in water to be completely absorbed. If the soil is short of water, no matter how many nutrients there are, plants can't use them. Similarly, the photosynthesis and respiration of plants can not be separated from water for a moment. For example, lack of water will not only affect the production and operation of nutrients, but also cause the wilting of stems and leaves and the reduction of tuber production. Therefore, keeping enough water in soil is an important condition for high yield of potato. Generally, it is advisable to keep the soil moisture at 60%-80%. If the soil moisture exceeds 80%, it will also have a negative impact on plant growth, especially if the soil moisture is too much or the water is accumulated for more than 24 hours in the later stage, and the tuber is easy to rot. A large number of tubers will rot after more than 30 hours, and all will rot after more than 42 hours. Therefore, attention should be paid to drainage and high ridge cultivation when planting potatoes in low-lying areas.

Third, soil.

Potatoes adapt to a wide range of soils, and the most suitable soil for potato growth is light loam. Because tubers grow in the soil and there is enough air, breathing can be carried out smoothly. Light loam is fertile, non-sticky and breathable, which is not only beneficial to the growth of tubers and roots, but also increases the starch content. Potatoes planted in this soil generally germinate quickly, emerge neatly, and the growing tubers have smooth skin, normal shape and are easy to harvest.

Planting potatoes in cohesive soil is most suitable for high ridge cultivation. This kind of soil has poor air permeability, and it is often rotten in the later stage because of poor drainage when planted flat or in small ridges. The soil is sticky and easy to harden, which often causes tuber growth and deformation or irregular tuber shape. However, as long as the drainage of this soil is smooth and the soil retains water and fertility, the yield of planting potatoes is often high. For the management of this kind of soil, it is very important to master the water content of intertillage, weeding and ridging. Once the soil is hardened, field management is very inconvenient, especially ridging and tuber exposure will affect the quality. The starch content of potato tubers produced in this soil is generally low.

Special attention should be paid to increasing fertilizer when planting potatoes on sandy soil. Because this kind of soil has the worst water and fertilizer conservation. Sow deeply when planting, because once the rain washes away a little sand, it is easy to expose stolons and tubers, which is not conducive to potato growth, but increases the difficulty of management. Potato planted in sandy soil has neat tubers, smooth skin, normal potato shape, high starch content and easy harvest.

Potato is a crop that likes acidic soil, and it grows normally under the condition of hydrogen ion concentration of100 ~1580 nm/L (pH 4.8 ~ 7.0). When the hydrogen ion concentration is 897.1~ 2305.2 nm/L (pH 5.64 ~ 6.05), the starch content in tuber tends to increase, but when the hydrogen ion concentration is above 15850 nm/L (below PH4.8), the color change of plant leaves becomes weak and the yield decreases. When the hydrogen ion concentration is lower than 100 nm/L (PH7.0), the yield of most alkali-tolerant varieties will be greatly reduced. The concentration of hydrogen ions in soil below15.58 nm/L (above pH 7.8) is not suitable for potato planting. Potatoes planted in this soil not only have low yield, but also cannot grow or even die after sowing.

In addition, planting potatoes in soil with high calcium content is prone to scab. Because actinomycetes are particularly active in this kind of soil, the epidermis of potato tubers is often seriously damaged. Therefore, in this case, it is necessary to choose disease-resistant varieties and apply acid fertilizers.

Fourth, fertilizer.

Fertilizer is food for crops. Water yields no crops, but more fat yields less. If there is insufficient fertilizer or hunger during the growth period, it is impossible to have high yield. Potatoes are high-yield crops and need more fertilizer. When fertilizer is sufficient, plants can reach the highest growth and the corresponding tuber yield is also the highest. Among the three elements of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, potato needs the most fertilizer, followed by nitrogen fertilizer and phosphorus fertilizer.

1, nitrogen fertilizer

Nitrogen fertilizer plays an important role in the elongation of potato stem and the increase of leaf area. Proper application of nitrogen fertilizer can promote the lush foliage and dark green leaves of potato, which is beneficial to photosynthesis and nutrient accumulation, and plays a great role in increasing tuber yield and protein. Although nitrogen fertilizer is an important fertilizer for the healthy growth and high yield of potatoes, excessive application will cause the plants to grow white, thus delaying the fruiting of potatoes and affecting the yield. Moreover, excessive growth of branches and leaves is also prone to diseases, which will cause greater yield loss. On the contrary, if nitrogen fertilizer is insufficient, potato plants will grow poorly, with short stems, light green or grayish green leaves, few branches, early flowering, early withering of lower leaves, and finally low yield due to weak plant growth potential. Early detection of nitrogen deficiency in plants and timely topdressing can turn low yield into high yield. Practice has proved that too much nitrogen fertilizer is more difficult to control than insufficient nitrogen fertilizer. Because nitrogen fertilizer is insufficient at seedling stage, it can be supplemented by topdressing nitrogen fertilizer, but when nitrogen fertilizer is excessive, it is difficult to achieve the effect by other methods except controlling irrigation. However, controlled irrigation often leads to wilting of stems and leaves, which affects normal growth. So pay attention to the appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer. If you are not sure, you would rather topdressing at seedling stage than excessive base fertilizer.

2. Phosphate fertilizer

Although phosphate fertilizer is less needed during potato growth, it is an indispensable and important fertilizer for the healthy development of plants. In particular, phosphate fertilizer can promote the development of potato root system, so it is a very important fertilizer. The seedlings filled with phosphate fertilizer develop healthily, and also have the functions of promoting early maturity, improving tuber quality and improving storage resistance.

When phosphorus fertilizer is insufficient, potato plants grow slowly, the area of short leaves is small, photosynthesis is poor and growth potential is weak. There are no special symptoms in the appearance of tubers when phosphorus is deficient, and brown rust spots often appear in the cut potato meat. With the increase of phosphorus deficiency, rust spots expand correspondingly, which seriously affects the quality of potato meat during cooking.

3. Potash fertilizer

Potassium is an important element in the growth and development of potato seedlings. Adequate potassium fertilizer, healthy plant growth, stout stems, thickened leaves, dense tissues and strong disease resistance. Potassium also plays an important role in promoting photosynthesis and starch formation. Potassium fertilizer often prolongs the maturity, but the tuber is large and the yield is high.

When potassium is deficient, the internodes of potato plants become shorter, the development is delayed and the leaves become smaller. In the later stage, bronzed spots appeared on the leaves, the leaves bent downward, the lower leaves of the plant withered early, the roots were underdeveloped, the stolons became shorter, the tubers were small, the yield was low and the quality was poor. When cooking, potato meat is often gray-black.

In addition, potatoes also need trace elements such as calcium, magnesium, sulfur, zinc, molybdenum, iron and manganese. When these elements are deficient, they can also lead to diseases and reduced production. However, these elements are not lacking in most soils, so they are usually not unnecessary.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) lighting

Potato is a light-loving crop, with long sunshine time and high light intensity during its growth.

Conducive to photosynthesis. The cultivated potato varieties are basically long-day type. When the light is sufficient, the branches and leaves flourish, grow healthily, blossom and bear fruit easily, and the tuber yield is high. Especially in the plateau and high latitudes, with strong light and large temperature difference, it is suitable for potato growth and nutrient accumulation, and generally can obtain high yield. On the contrary, in the shade or when intercropping with crops such as corn, if the distance between plants is small and the growth time is long, the corn will be shaded, while the potato with short plants has insufficient light, less nutrient accumulation, tender stems and leaves, no flowering, small tubers and low yield. Even in the case of potato monoculture, if the varieties with tall plants, high density and small spacing between plants are used, they are often crowded with each other, and the lower branches and leaves are staggered, and the ventilation and light transmission are poor, which will also affect photosynthesis and yield.

Light can obviously inhibit the growth of buds on tubers. Tubers stored in the cellar can grow long white buds after dormancy due to the high temperature in the cellar. If the germinated tuber is placed under scattered light, the bud will grow slowly even at the temperature of 15℃ ~ 18℃. Planting seed potato (taro) in the south of China and accelerating germination before sowing in the north all use this point to inhibit the excessive growth of buds. In addition, accelerating seed potato germination under scattered light is also an important yield-increasing measure.

Generally speaking, under the condition of per mu yield 1330 ~ 1650 kg, potato absorbs about 6.65 ~1.65 kg of nitrogen, 2.8 ~ 3.3 kg of phosphoric acid and 9.3 ~ 15.3 kg of potassium oxide. Although potatoes can adapt to a variety of soils, loose black soil (pH 5.5 ~ 6.0) is the most ideal. The density should not be less than 4000 plants per mu.

Experts remind: You must peel potatoes.

Note: The origin of potatoes is Lake Titicaca.

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Planting technique

Due to different geographical and climatic conditions, potato cultivation techniques are different around the world. Tubers are mainly used for asexual reproduction. In order to avoid virus (spindle tuber, X and S mosaic virus) infection and knife ring rot, healthy seed potatoes with a diameter of 3 ~ 3.5 cm should be selected for whole potato sowing. Potato is most susceptible to diseases, including late blight, scab and early blight. Bacterial diseases include ring rot and bacterial wilt. Viral diseases include mosaic, leaf curl, viroid and mycoplasma. Pests include tuber moths, nematodes, cutworms and grubs. Most cultivated varieties are selected through cross breeding. In view of the shortage of common cultivated potato varieties, in recent years, special attention has been paid to the comprehensive genome of potato-related cultivars, including common cultivars and diploid cultivars, in order to facilitate the breeding of new varieties with high yield, high resistance, high starch and high protein content. The main breeding approaches are as follows: ① The diploid hybrids producing 2n gametes are crossed with common cultivated species. (2) The new cultivated varieties are crossed with the common cultivated varieties. Potato has high yield and strong adaptability to the environment. The main potato producing areas in China are southwest mountainous area, northwest, Inner Mongolia and northeast. Among them, the southwest mountainous area has the largest planting area, accounting for about 1/3 of the national total area. Heilongjiang Province is the largest potato planting base in China.

When tuber is used for asexual propagation, seed potato can germinate and grow at soil temperature of 5 ~ 8℃, and the optimum temperature is 15 ~ 20℃. The suitable temperature for the growth and flowering of plant stems and leaves is 16 ~ 22℃. The optimum temperature for tuber formation at night is 10 ~ 13℃ (soil temperature is 16 ~ 18℃), and it forms slowly when it is higher than 20℃. When the temperature drops to -2℃, it will be frozen.

The flowering and potato-bearing period is the period with the largest water demand in the whole growth period. Under drought conditions, irrigation per mu 15 ~ 20 tons is the key technical measure to ensure high and stable yield of potatoes.

Generally speaking, under the condition of per mu yield 1330 ~ 1650 kg, potato absorbs about 6.65 ~1.65 kg of nitrogen, 2.8 ~ 3.3 kg of phosphoric acid and 9.3 ~ 15.3 kg of potassium oxide. Although potatoes can adapt to a variety of soils, loose black soil (pH 5.5 ~ 6.0) is the most ideal. The density should not be less than 4000 plants per mu.

Atlantic potato imported from the United States has high yield, good quality and remarkable benefits. The planting techniques are as follows:

1. Before sowing, prepare to dig the land to a depth of 24 ~ 25cm, and then level it. If the soil moisture is insufficient before sowing, it should be irrigated 10 days in advance.

2. Fertilize about 20 days in advance, evenly add 25-50 kilograms of ammonium bicarbonate according to 300-500 kilograms of manure per mu, seal and pile it in the sunny place, fully decompose and mix it, and apply it into the soil during deep ploughing.

3. Pretreatment of potato seeds before sowing

① disinfection. Use 1.20 kg of seeds per mu, and spray the original seeds with 400-500 times of Thiobacillus solution.

2 cut into pieces. Cut each seed potato into more than 8 pieces. Because of its top advantage, cut as many pieces as possible at the top bud eye, then soak the seeds with 10 mg/kg gibberellin 1 for 5 minutes or spray the seeds with 75 kg water.

③ Promote germination. Spread potato blocks on the pure land suitable for soil moisture, so that the potato buds face upwards, spread 2 cm of soil and then spread a layer of seed potato, repeat 3-4 layers, spread 5 cm of soil again, pile them on the back of the sun, cover them tightly with agricultural film, and sow after 15 days.

Generally, the above work should be done well before the middle of 1 month, because in the potato expansion period, if the outside temperature exceeds 25℃, the tuber will stop growing, while the seedlings and vines will grow vigorously, so there must be a suitable growth period of 90 ~ 100 days, and sowing cannot be postponed.

4. According to the sowing requirements, the row spacing is 70cm, the plant spacing is 20cm, and the ditch depth is 6-8cm. When planting seed potatoes, the potato buds are facing upwards, and then the soil is covered and ridged, and the height is 10- 15cm. After compaction, cover with plastic film. After the film is put on the top of the bud, break the film and cover the soil.

5. Field management Pay attention to the prevention and control of aphids when seedlings grow to 3-5 leaves. Topdressing 1 time at the initial stage of germination and full flowering respectively, and generally adding urea or 1% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and expansion agent to 500 times of Ralstonia solanacearum solution. Pay attention to strengthen field irrigation and increase yield during potato expansion period.

The potato harvested in time in the middle of June is of the best quality and should be harvested in time. From: Rural Practical Science and Technology,No. 1 1 in 2002.

Eliminate pests and diseases

The main disease of potato is late blight, and the prevention and control measures are as follows: first, strict quarantine, no transfer of seeds out of the ward; Second, it is necessary to do a good job in seed potato processing, implement whole potato planting, and pay attention to knife disinfection if it is necessary to cut into pieces; Third, in the growing period, if plants with late blight are found, they should be sprayed with chemicals in time, which can be controlled by 50% mancozeb wettable powder 1000 times or 25% Toxomycete wettable powder 800 times. 65438 +0 times every 7 days, 3-4 times in a row.

The main pests of potatoes are aphids, ladybugs and underground pests. The main control methods are as follows: using 40% omethoate 800 times solution or 10% imidacloprid wettable powder 1000 times solution to control aphids; Spraying 80% trichlorfon 500 times solution or dimethoate 1000 times solution on 28-star ladybug, control will be started as soon as adults are found; The underground pests are mainly grubs, grubs and cutworms. Dissolve 500g of 80% trichlorfon wettable powder in water, mix it with 20kg of fried cottonseed cake or vegetable seed cake or wheat bran as poison bait, and sprinkle it on the ground near the roots of seedlings in the evening to trap and kill, or apply phoxim granule 8 12 powder to the soil with sowing.

Potatoes, also known as potatoes and sweet beans, are native to Peru and Chile in the Andes of South America. /kloc-In the middle of the 6th century, a Spaniard brought potatoes from South America to Europe. At that time, people always appreciated the beauty of its flowers and used it as an ornament. Later, a French agronomist, Ann Obamanqi, discovered through long-term observation and personal practice that potatoes can not only be eaten, but also be made into bread. Since then, French farmers have begun to grow potatoes on a large scale. /kloc-At the beginning of the 0/9th century, when Peter the Great traveled in Europe, he bought a bag of potatoes with a large sum of money and planted them in the palace garden, which gradually developed into folk cultivation.

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Potatoes can be stored until the following autumn after harvest. Generally speaking, they should be covered with straw and stored in dark, cold and dry conditions. They should be antifreeze in winter and avoid germination in spring. If they want to germinate, they must be dried or exposed to the sun.

Applying peppermint oil to the outside of potatoes can prolong the germination time of potatoes.

Potato processing

Potatoes can not only be eaten directly, but also be the main raw material for starch processing. The production process of large-scale potato starch is basically similar to the small-scale production process, and its process flow is potato-hydraulic transportation-cleaning transportation-secondary cleaning-cleaning, stone removal and lifting-crushing, separation-sand removal-concentration and refining-vacuum dehydration-airflow drying-finished product packaging.

1, cleaning process and equipment

The main purpose is to remove the sediment on the surface of the material and wash off the epidermis at the root of the material. The stone-removing cleaning machine is used to remove hard impurities from materials. Cleaning the raw materials used to produce starch is the basis to ensure the quality of starch. The cleaner the cleaning, the better the starch quality. Conveying is to transfer materials to the next working procedure, which often has cleaning function at the same time. Commonly used conveying, cleaning and stone removal equipment include: hydraulic launder, spiral pulp washer, inclined squirrel cage pulp washer, paddle pulp washer, stone removal feed pulp washer, (flat) squirrel cage pulp washer, drum pulp washer, scraper conveyor, etc. According to the characteristics of soil and materials, some of them can be combined to meet the requirements of high cleanliness and convenient transportation.

2, raw material crushing and equipment

The purpose of crushing is to destroy the tissue structure of the material, so that the tiny starch particles can be disintegrated and separated from the root tuber smoothly. The requirements for crushing are:

1. Crush the cells of the material as much as possible and release more free starch particles;

2. Easy to separate. We don't want the skin residue to be too fine, which is not conducive to the separation of starch from other ingredients and increases the difficulty of separating fine residue.

3, screening process and equipment

Starch extraction, also known as pulp residue separation or separation, is a key link in starch processing, which directly affects starch extraction rate and starch quality. The crushed material is fine fiber, with larger volume, larger expansion coefficient and lighter specific gravity than starch particles.

4, washing process and equipment

The washing and concentration of starch depend on starch cyclones, which are divided into concentration cyclones and washing and refining cyclones. After screening, the starch slurry first passes through the concentration cyclone, and the underflow enters the washing and refining cyclone, finally reaching the product quality requirements. The equipment is equipped with a complete set of automatic control system, adopts high-quality cyclone tube and optimized exhaust scheme, which can make the concentration of starch milk discharged from the last cyclone separator reach 23Be', making it an ideal choice for starch washing equipment.

5, starch dehydration

Potato starch is commonly used in vacuum suction and dewatering machine. Automatic feeding, automatic dehydration and automatic cleaning can be realized.

6, starch drying

The air dryer suspends wet starch in it by high-speed hot air and dries it in the process of air flow. It has the characteristics of high heat transfer coefficient, large heat transfer area and short drying time.

7. The starch is cooled, sieved and packaged.

After drying, the temperature of starch is high. In order to ensure the viscosity of starch, it is necessary to quickly cool the starch after drying. The cooled starch enters the finished product screen and enters the final packaging process on the premise of ensuring the fineness and output of the product.

Coiling method

There are many ways to classify potatoes. According to the use, potatoes can be divided into four categories: baked potatoes, boiled potatoes, universal potatoes and new potatoes.

Universal potato: between the first two, it is also the most common potato we usually eat. Long and round, all year round. Ordinary potatoes have higher water content than baked potatoes, and they can still be boiled into pieces. As the name implies, universal potatoes can be used for cooking, frying, baking, casserole, soup and other purposes. They can also be used for baking, mashing potatoes and frying, but the effect is not as good as baking potatoes.

New potatoes: New potatoes don't refer to newly dug potatoes, but refer to potatoes that are not fully mature and are relatively small, and are usually harvested before the potato skins are ripe. Because it is not yet mature, new potatoes often peel off or thin skin becomes warped during processing.

Many kinds of potatoes have new potatoes, especially red potatoes. New potatoes are suitable for soup, stew, casserole and so on. It is normal for "new potatoes" to be peeled a little. In addition, dry sweet potatoes have more water and less starch, which is suitable for cooking and easy to cook.

Baked potatoes: Generally, they are long and rough in appearance. Like a cork, they are usually sold in bags, and are sold in some supermarkets selling new vegetables and imported food in China. This is also a potato variety mainly used for potato chips and baked potatoes. This kind of potato has high starch content, dry and powdery texture, light and fluffy after baking, and light and creamy after mashing, so it is a special potato for French fries.

Boiled potatoes: Boiled potatoes, also known as waxy potatoes, have different shapes, thin and smooth skin and waxy meat. Boiled potatoes are high in water and sugar, low in starch and amylopectin. It is precisely because of this amylopectin structure.

This kind of potato has good gum, and it can still agglomerate when boiled. It is suitable for making soup and stew, as well as casserole, potato salad, barbecue and so on. Of course, it can also be mashed to make mashed potatoes, but it will be thick and hard.

Skinning skill

1. Skillfully peel potatoes: When the annual output of new potatoes is thin and soft, it takes a lot of time to cut or scrape with a knife, and the potatoes will be peeled off together. The simpler method is to put the potatoes in a cotton bag and tie them tightly, rub them with your hands like washing clothes, then simply remove the skin of the potatoes, and finally remove the sprouted parts with a knife.

Don't peel potatoes too thick, the thinner the better, because potato skins are rich in nutrients. After peeling potatoes, if you don't use them for a while, you can put them in cold water, and then drop a few drops of vinegar in the water to make them white.

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Nutritional analysis

1. Regulating stomach, invigorating spleen and promoting diuresis: Potatoes contain a lot of starch, protein, B vitamins and vitamin C, which can promote the digestive function of the spleen and stomach.

2. Relaxation: Potatoes contain a lot of dietary fiber, which can moisten the intestines and relax the bowels, help the body excrete metabolic toxins in time, prevent constipation and prevent intestinal diseases;

3. Lowering blood sugar and blood lipid, beauty beauty: Potatoes can supply a large amount of mucin with special protective function. It can promote the lubrication of digestive tract, respiratory tract, joint cavity and serous cavity, prevent the fat deposition of cardiovascular system, maintain the elasticity of blood vessels, and help prevent atherosclerosis. Potato is also an alkaline vegetable, which is beneficial to the acid-base balance in the body and neutralizes the acidic substances produced after metabolism in the body, so it has certain beauty and anti-aging effects;

4. Supplement nutrition, promote diuresis and reduce swelling: potatoes are rich in vitamins, calcium, potassium and other trace elements, which are easy to digest and absorb and rich in nutrition. In Europe and America, especially in North America, potatoes have long been the second staple food. Potatoes are beneficial to the rehabilitation of patients with hypertension and nephritis edema.

5, antihypertensive effect: potatoes have the effects of losing weight, maintaining vascular elasticity, discharging sodium, and preserving potassium, which is beneficial to patients with hypertension. How to eat: Wash potatoes in the morning, peel them, knead them into juice with a chopping board, then add yogurt and drink them on an empty stomach. Reminder: Don't choose potatoes with green belt buds.

The balance of potassium and calcium in potatoes has a significant effect on myocardial contraction, which can prevent hypertension and maintain myocardial health. Potatoes can supply a large amount of mucin with special protective function to human body, prevent fat deposition in cardiovascular system, maintain vascular elasticity and help prevent atherosclerosis. Potatoes contain potassium, which can replace sodium in the body and excrete sodium, which is beneficial to the rehabilitation of patients with hypertension and nephritis edema. [ 1]