Characteristics of Zheng He's voyages to the West

What are the prerequisites for Zheng He's voyage to the West? And summed up the characteristics of Zheng He's navigation activities.

Prerequisites: strong national strength; Handicrafts such as shipbuilding are developed.

Features: large scale, long duration, many times, long voyage and many countries.

Zheng He's voyage to the Western Ocean means that the Ming Emperor Judy ordered Zheng He, the eunuch of Sanbao, to anchor from Liujiagang, Taicang, and led more than 200 ships and more than 27,000 people to sail to the western Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, visiting more than 30 countries and regions including the Indian Ocean. He has been to Java, Sumatra, Sulu, Pahang, Zhenla, Guri, Siam, Bangra, Adan, Tian Fang, Zofar, Hulu Maugham, the ancient capital of Mu, etc. Zheng He's voyage to the West was the largest and longest voyage in ancient China, with the largest number of ships, the largest number of sailors and the longest time. Decades earlier than European countries, it is a direct embodiment of the prosperity of the Ming Dynasty. Zheng He's voyages to the West far surpassed those of Portugal and Spain for nearly a century, such as Magellan, Columbus, Da Gama and others. He can be regarded as the pioneer of the "Great Navigation Age" and the only Oriental.

Zheng He's voyage to the West was a political act under the feudal system, and it was a tribute trade regardless of economic interests. Its purpose was to publicize national prestige, strengthen ties with overseas countries, and meet the demand of the ruling class for exotic treasures. Western Airlines aims to open up the market and make huge profits, which is the overseas colonial nature of capitalism. It is an unprecedented active diplomacy in China's history; This is a feat in the history of world navigation; Zheng He is a pioneer of world navigation. Zheng He's voyages to the West promoted friendly exchanges and economic and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries.

What are the characteristics of Zheng He's voyages to the West?

First of all, Zheng He's voyages to the Western Seas represented a navigation mode of peaceful exchange. During the Three Kingdoms and the Tang and Song Dynasties, China began to develop maritime trade networks with Southeast Asia, South Asia and West Asia through the South China Sea. In the early Ming Dynasty, pirates were rampant in the South China Sea, which seriously threatened the external security environment and trade of the Ming Dynasty. The main task of Zheng He's voyage to the West is to wipe out maritime bandits, adjust and ease conflicts with other countries, calm conflicts, and maintain stability and maritime security in Southeast Asia and South Asia. During the 28-year voyage of Zheng He's fleet, there were only three short-term self-defense wars, and no one inch of overseas land was occupied, which reflected the humanistic tradition of the Chinese nation of "harmony but difference, great harmony in the world". Another important content of Zheng He's voyage to the West is official trade, which is achieved through bargaining and embodies the principle and spirit of equality, voluntariness and fairness.

Secondly, the feat of Zheng He's voyage to the West is also a cultural exchange and civilized dialogue between China and other countries concerned. When Zheng He's fleet passed through Mount Ceylon, they respected the Buddhist beliefs of the local people, donated money to build temples and offered incense. Its three-language "Giving Monument" is still preserved in the National Museum in Colombo. Zheng He himself was a believer in Islam, and Zheng He's fleet finally completed the pilgrimage to Mecca, which played an important role in developing the friendship between the Ming Dynasty and western Islamic countries at that time.

Who knows the characteristics of Zheng He's voyages to the West? Help! ! ! urgent

1. Large scale, large fleet and large number of people;

2. Many times, up to 7 times before and after;

3. Advanced navigation technology, compass and other inventions and manufacturing applications;

4. For the purpose of showing off national strength;

Talk about the characteristics of Zheng He's voyages to the West and evaluate Zheng He's historical position?

Zheng He's voyage to the West is a national act, and Zheng He's fleet is a powerful strategic force. Obviously, the Ming government set out from the national interests and needs at that time and sent Zheng He's fleet to the Western Ocean. To sum up, the mission and achievements of Zheng He's voyage to the West mainly include four aspects:

1. Carry out peaceful diplomacy and stabilize the international order in Southeast Asia.

Before Zheng He's voyage to the West, the international environment around China was turbulent, which was mainly manifested in mutual suspicion and competition among Southeast Asian countries. At that time, Java and Siam, the two largest countries in Southeast Asia, expanded outward, oppressed some neighboring countries, threatened Malaga, Sumatra, Zhancheng, Zhenla and even Sambucci, and even killed the envoys of the Ming Dynasty and intercepted the missions that paid tribute to China. The other is that pirates in Southeast Asia and South Asia are rampant, and the maritime traffic lines are not guaranteed. These unstable factors, on the one hand, directly affected the security of southern Xinjiang, on the other hand, greatly affected the international image of the Ming Dynasty, which was not conducive to the stability and development of the Ming Dynasty. In this situation, Ming Chengzu adopted a foreign policy of "keeping China at home, treating foreigners equally and enjoying peace". Zheng He was sent to lead a fleet to the Western Ocean to mediate and ease conflicts among countries in various ways, so as to maintain maritime traffic safety, thus linking the stability and development of China with the surrounding areas, trying to establish a long-term stable international environment and enhance the international prestige of the Ming Dynasty. Therefore, it can be seen from the mission of sending Zheng He in the Ming Dynasty that it was to realize the mission of peace.

Zheng He's voyages to the Western Seas to mediate conflicts, calm conflicts and eliminate estrangements were conducive to the stability of surrounding areas, maintained the stability and maritime security of Southeast Asia and South Asia, and enhanced the reputation of the Ming Dynasty. Therefore, it can be seen that Zheng He's fleet has strong military strength, but it is used for peaceful purposes, not for aggression and expansion. In the international environment at that time, peace was difficult to achieve without strong military strength as the backing.

Needham's evaluation: China, an oriental navigator, is calm and docile, does not remember old accounts, is generous and generous, and never threatens the survival of others, although he has benefactors; They are armed to the teeth, but they never conquer foreigners or build forts.

2. Deterre the enemy, contain the Mongolian forces and safeguard national security.

At that time, the threats to the security of the Ming Dynasty mainly came from two directions: pirates in the eastern waters, the remnants of the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty in the north and the Timur Empire in the northwest. Japanese pirates first appeared in the late Yuan Dynasty, and there was a civil war in Japan. Some samurai and ronin robbed the coast of China in order to survive, which was very rampant during the reign of Zhu Yuanzhang in the early Ming Dynasty. At that time, the Ming Dynasty was just established and the country was still unstable, so they concentrated on peace, adopted a passive defense strategy in national defense and set up guards in coastal provinces.

During Judy's period, land and sea posed a serious threat to the security of the Ming Dynasty. He changed his passive defense strategy, took the initiative to leave the plane, moved the capital in the direction of land, and personally conquered Mobei. Zheng He's navy was set in the direction of the sea to deter and attack the Japanese pirates and anti-Ming forces, to implement a strategic encirclement from the sea and to strategically contain the northwest, thus alleviating the pressure on the northern part of the Ming Dynasty.

3. Develop overseas trade and spread Chinese civilization.

Zheng He's mission to the West was mainly for political purposes, but it also had certain economic purposes. There are many considerations for the country to take such a big strategic action. During Zheng He's fleet's voyage to the West, many trade activities were carried out, mainly in three forms:

The first kind of tribute trade. This kind of trade is the basic form of Zheng He's voyage to the West, and it has the nature of a feudal sovereign state. Through this form, these small countries won the recognition of the suzerain status of the Ming Dynasty, which is the political purpose of tribute trade. At that time, all countries actively paid tribute to China and were sheltered and rewarded by the Ming Dynasty. According to statistics, Yongle has been in power for 22 years. Envoys from Asian and African countries related to Zheng He's voyages to the West visited China * * * 3 18 times, with an average of 15 times a year, which is unprecedented. Seven kings of Brunei, Malaga, Sulu and Gumala personally led a delegation. At most 18 countries paid tribute to China at the same time, and three kings died in China during their visit.

The second kind of official trade is an important part of Zheng He's voyage to the West. It traded with local businessmen under the official auspices of both sides, which was an important way to expand overseas trade in the Ming Dynasty. Zheng He's fleet not only carried gifts, but also goods from China, such as copper coins, silk, porcelain, iron and so on. This kind of trade can be bought and sold with copper coins in the Ming dynasty, and many things are bartered. The most influential is the high-five pricing method. In Guri, China's fleet arrived. The local agent is responsible for the transaction and the goods are taken to trading places. The two sides negotiated the price face to face under the auspices of officials. Once an agreement is reached, they will never go back on their word. This friendly way of trade is called beautiful talk in the local area. During Zheng He's voyage to the West, especially after, the scale of trade expanded, following the principles of equality, voluntariness and equal exchange, and possessing some basic principles of international trade.

The third kind of non-governmental trade. To some extent, this kind of trade was promoted by Zheng He's trade activities in the Western Seas. It was initiated spontaneously by businessmen or people. Zheng He's voyages to the West wiped out pirates, safeguarded maritime safety, opened up navigation channels, and promoted and stimulated non-governmental trade. According to some scholars' research, Zheng He's mission did not prohibit officers and men from bringing some China goods to exchange along the way. Southeast Asians like China's silk, porcelain and tools very much. As soon as Zheng He's fleet arrived, they rushed to row boats or trade at the dock, and some also invited officers and men to set up stalls in the local market. At that time, China mainly exported porcelain, silk, tea, lacquerware, metal products and copper coins, and China exchanged them for jewelry, spices, medicinal materials and rare animals. At that time, China imported pepper 100 Jin from overseas, with a local value of 1 2, and returned to China for sale.

Zheng He's trade activities in the Western Seas include political trade and economic trade.

Wherever Zheng He went to the West, he not only carried out overseas trade, but also spread China's advanced culture. At that time, some countries and regions in Southeast Asia, South Asia and Africa were backward in social development and longed for Chinese civilization. Judy sent Zheng He to the Western Seas, and also shouldered the mission of "educating overseas, guiding etiquette and changing habits". Zheng He spread Chinese civilization overseas. It has written a new chapter in the history of cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries. The contents of Zheng He's voyage to the West to spread Chinese civilization mainly include the following aspects: Chinese etiquette and Confucianism, calendar and weights and measures system, agricultural technology, manufacturing technology, architectural carving technology, medical technology, navigation and shipbuilding technology.

There are still many stories about Zheng He circulating overseas. There are Bukit China and Lihang Baojing in Malaysia, Semarang and Semarang Temple in Indonesia, leaving the remains of Zheng He and expressing the local people's respect for this pioneer in spreading Chinese civilization.

4. Develop marine industry and lay Asian-African routes.

The ocean is the cradle of life, accounting for 70.8% of the earth's surface area and rich in resources. Since ancient times, it has been a space for human production and life, which has had an important impact on human society and is closely related to the survival, development and rise and fall of our Chinese nation. Our ancestors created Longshan and Baiyue marine cultures in the early days. /kloc-At the beginning of the 5th century, Zheng He's voyages to the Western Seas pushed China's ancient marine industry to the peak of development, which was of great significance to mankind.

First, the Asian-African intercontinental route was opened, paving the way for westerners to sail in Asia and Africa. When the Portuguese navigator da Gama bypassed the Cape of Good Hope along the west coast of Africa and reached the coast of East Africa, the locals told us that China people had visited several times decades ago. With the help of Arab navigators, they successfully arrived in India along the route opened by Zheng He's fleet.

Secondly, I made some oceanographic surveys in the western Pacific and Indian Ocean, and collected and mastered a lot of oceanographic data. Zheng He's nautical charts were drawn through a large number of marine surveys. This marine survey is more than 400 years earlier than the British Challenger 1872- 1876, and it is the earliest marine survey record in the world.

Thirdly, the navigation area is strategically laid out. According to his mission and marine knowledge, Zheng He chose Zhancheng, Manlaga, Jiugang, Guli and Hulumos as the key areas for marine development, which is conducive to expanding the scope of overseas transportation and trade.

Zheng He's voyages to the West made many contributions to the marine cause. Zheng He's brilliant achievements belong to China and the world. He has been in the ocean for 28 years since he was in his thirties. He was 60 years old when he went to the Western Ocean for the last time. He resolutely led the fleet out for cultural exchanges and navigation between China and foreign countries. This time, he never came back and died in Guri, India, at the age of 62, buried forever on the road of peace he opened up.

Among the China heroes with bright stars, Zheng He has attracted the attention of the international community not only because he is ahead of westerners in navigation technology, but also because he is superior to westerners in navigation technology. I think the most important aspect that people pay attention to and study about him is probably a cultural spirit represented by Zheng He: a value orientation that China people conquer nature without fear of difficulties and obstacles, and a determination to open their doors to the world for cultural exchanges.

Zheng He's spirit of loving his post and serving the country is eternal, which embodies the excellent qualities of the Chinese nation, such as openness, enterprising, peace and friendship, exchanges and cooperation, ocean management and being the first in the world. It is a valuable spiritual wealth, which is worthy of being inherited and carried forward by future generations and promoting human civilization.

How to evaluate Zheng He's voyage to the West?

How to evaluate Zheng He's voyage to the West?

The evaluation of Zheng He's voyage to the West was large in scale, long in time and wide in scope, reaching the peak of world navigation at that time. Zheng He's voyages to the West enhanced the international prestige of China at that time, and pushed the international trade between China and Asian and African countries to a new level. Zheng He's voyages to the West promoted the economic development and friendly relations of some Asian and African countries to some extent. However, Zheng He's voyages to the Western Seas did not establish a colony in one place like the later capitalist countries, but promoted the strength of "China". In addition, the scale of his voyages to the West is huge, and it costs a lot every time.

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China's national prestige was publicized, most pirates and several small countries that didn't listen to the emperor China were eliminated, and Viet Nam was eliminated by the joint occupation of cities, which opened the way for western countries to pay tribute to China. At the same time, it has broadened China's horizons and laid a solid foundation for pirates, immigrants and smugglers in China to control Southeast Asia after 100. This is a feat that all China people are proud of.

Talk about the characteristics of Zheng He's voyages to the West and evaluate Zheng He's historical position? Features: early time, long duration, many times, large scale, wide range of arrival, advanced equipment and strict organization.

Zheng He is an outstanding navigator in human history. His talent has been vividly reflected in all the great undertakings he has done in his life, and he has shown outstanding wisdom and talent in navigation, diplomacy, military affairs, architecture and many other aspects. From the early years of Yongle, Zheng He turned to sailing under the arrangement of Ming Taizu Judy.

In Zheng He's early sailing activities, he was already studying and analyzing nautical charts, familiar with the navigation skills of leading stars across the ocean, familiar with all kinds of compass books in the East and West, astronomical geography, marine science, ship driving and repair. From the third year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty to the eighth year of Xuande, Zheng He led a huge fleet to the Western Ocean for seven times, passing through Southeast Asia, Indian Ocean, Asia and Africa, reaching the Red Sea and the east coast of Africa as far as possible, and covering more than 30 countries and regions such as Asia and Africa. The scale, number of people, strict organization, advanced navigation technology and long voyage of these seven voyages not only showed the strength of the Ming Dynasty, but also fully proved Zheng He's ability to command thousands of troops.

How to evaluate the historical event of Zheng He's voyage to the West? It shows the national strength of China in the early Ming Dynasty. Strengthened the ties between the Ming government and overseas countries; This is the last worldwide event in the ancient history of China. The political purpose of Zheng He's voyage to the West was greater than the economic purpose, and all expenses were supported by the powerful national strength of the Ming Dynasty, which did not bring any economic benefits to China.

How to evaluate Zheng He's voyage to the West as a maritime voyage in the early Ming Dynasty?

Ming Chengzu ordered Zheng He, the eunuch of Sanbao, to lead more than 200 ships and more than 27,000 people to anchor from Liujiagang, Taicang, and stay in Kaiyang, Taiping Port, Wumen, Changle, Minjiang Estuary, Fuzhou. He sailed to the western Pacific and Indian Ocean and visited more than 30 countries and regions including the Indian Ocean. He has been to Java, Sumatra, Sulu, Pahang, Zhenla, Guri, Siam, Bangra, Adan, Tian Fang, Zuofahe and other places.

Zheng He's voyage to the Western Ocean was the largest and longest voyage in ancient China, with the largest number of ships and sailors. More than half a century earlier than European countries, it is a direct embodiment of the prosperity of the Ming Dynasty. Zheng He's voyages to the West far surpassed those of Portugal and Spain nearly a century later, such as Magellan, Columbus, Da Gama and others. He is the pioneer of the "Great Navigation Age" and the only Oriental. He even put forward the theory of sea power 500 years earlier than Mahan. It is said that Zheng He first discovered America, Australia and Antarctica.

How to treat the controversial evaluation of Zheng He's voyage to the West? Compared with Columbus in Europe, Zheng He, the strongest and largest fleet in the world, set sail. Gamma and Magellan were nearly a hundred years earlier, but in the end, the brilliant sailing achievements of Zheng He's fleet were completely destroyed in a funny way, and China passed by a great turning point in the history of human society. China may have lost a world.

Why do some people say that Zheng He's voyage to the West is a swan song in China's ancient maritime history? Zheng He, the most outstanding navigator in China's history, led a huge fleet of more than 100 sailboats and more than 27,000 sailors and officers to the Western Ocean for seven times, covering more than 30 countries in Asia and Africa. This is the first time in human history that the country has organized the largest and unprecedented feat of going to the ocean. Its scale of navigation, the number of ships and people sailing, and its wide footprint can be called the eternal swan song of the world's ocean navigation.

In fact, it's a fucking show-off effect that made China a colony. This is also a reason!

The positive significance of evaluating the historical position of Zheng He's voyage to the West.

Zheng He has been to more than 30 countries, including Java, Sumatra, Sulu, Xiang Peng, Zhenwax, Guri, Siam, Adan, Tian Fang, Zoufal, Hume, Mugushu, as far away as the east coast of Africa, the Red Sea, Mecca and possibly Australia. These records all represent the pinnacle of China's maritime exploration, more than 80 years earlier than the western explorer Da Gama Columbus and others. At that time, the Ming dynasty was ahead of the west in navigation technology, fleet size, sailing distance, duration and related fields.

In the historical significance of Zheng He's voyage to the Western Seas, there are many overseas interpretations. "In Zheng He's era, China really assumed the responsibility of a civilized country: be strong but not hegemonic, spread goodwill to friendly countries, publicize rewards, and be generous. It has greatly promoted the cultural and economic exchanges between the East and the West. At the beginning of Ming Dynasty, China's national strength was strong, and China's navy crossed the ocean. Although its land area was much smaller than that of the Yuan Dynasty, it at least achieved universal tribute, which strengthened the ties between the Ming government in China and overseas countries. The act of dispersing wealth brought economic benefits to the south and western countries, which was the last worldwide event in the ancient history of China. Since then, there has been no Zheng He.

Negative meaning

Zheng He's voyages to the West may not be for the purpose of profiting from trade, but the cost cannot be ignored. Seven voyages to the West caused a huge economic burden to the finance of the Ming Dynasty. With the decline of national strength, the feat of sailing is doomed to end quietly. The political purpose of Zheng He's voyage to the West is greater than the economic purpose. He did not engage in private commercial trade, and all his expenses were supported by the powerful national strength of the Ming Dynasty, which did not bring any economic benefits to China. Therefore, after the heyday of the Ming Dynasty, his voyage to the West stopped without strong economic strength to support this huge project.

Evaluate Zheng He's voyages to the Western Seas in two or three sentences combined with textbooks, saying that in the early Ming Dynasty, China's national strength was strong, and China's navy crossed the ocean to realize tributes from various countries, and the prosperity dates back to the Han and Tang Dynasties; It strengthened the ties between the Ming government of China and overseas countries, spread advanced Chinese civilization to overseas countries, and strengthened the exchanges between eastern and western civilizations. This was the last world event in the ancient history of China, and there was no such feat since then. It changed the sea ban policy since Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming emperor, and opened up overseas trade.

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What are the characteristics of Zheng He's voyages to the West?

Zheng He's voyages to the West have two outstanding features:

First of all, Zheng He's voyages to the Western Seas represented a navigation mode of peaceful exchange. During the Three Kingdoms and the Tang and Song Dynasties, China began to develop maritime trade networks with Southeast Asia, South Asia and West Asia through the South China Sea. In the early Ming Dynasty, pirates were rampant in the South China Sea, which seriously threatened the external security environment and trade of the Ming Dynasty. The main task of Zheng He's voyage to the West is to wipe out maritime bandits, adjust and ease conflicts with other countries, calm conflicts, and maintain stability and maritime security in Southeast Asia and South Asia. During the 28-year voyage of Zheng He's fleet, there were only three short-term self-defense wars, and no one inch of overseas land was occupied, which reflected the humanistic tradition of the Chinese nation of "harmony but difference, great harmony in the world". Another important content of Zheng He's voyage to the West is official trade, which is achieved through bargaining and embodies the principle and spirit of equality, voluntariness and fairness.

Secondly, the feat of Zheng He's voyage to the West is also a cultural exchange and civilized dialogue between China and other countries concerned. When Zheng He's fleet passed through Mount Ceylon, they respected the Buddhist beliefs of the local people, donated money to build temples and offered incense. Its three-language "Giving Monument" is still preserved in the National Museum in Colombo. Zheng He himself was a believer in Islam, and Zheng He's fleet finally completed the pilgrimage to Mecca, which played an important role in developing the friendship between the Ming Dynasty and western Islamic countries at that time.