What do letter sounds and letter names mean in English? Can you elaborate on it? What does it have to do with phonetic symbols? And their pronunciation. thank you

The pronunciation of companion English is the standard American English pronunciation.

There are two magic weapons to learn American English pronunciation, one is called KK Phonetic Alphabet, and the other is called Pronunciation Collection. KK phonetic symbol is the phonetic symbol of American English, which is the written form of phonemes. There are fifty * * *, and the pronunciation book is the pronunciation rule of American English, that is, the rules of what letters are pronounced under what circumstances.

American English is different from Chinese. Chinese is a square character. In order to write neatly and beautifully, people draw squares on the writing materials and write in the squares. After the emergence of movable type printing in the Song Dynasty, people used regular block characters to create characters, especially the imitation of Song Dynasty, bold type and Song Dynasty that appeared in modern times. The font is square, clear and easy to recognize, but the words themselves do not represent any sound, that is, the words and pronunciation are completely out of touch. For example, the word "Mi" is not pronounced as "male" or "female". American English is a phonetic symbol composed of letters, and the pronunciation is expressed by letters. American English has 26 letters, of which letters A, E, I, O and U are vowels, and the rest 265,438+0 are consonants, of which letter Y is sometimes used as vowels. Each letter can have one or more pronunciations. Therefore, American English * * * has 50 phonemes, and the writing form of phonemes is phoneme letters, that is, phonetic symbols, and a phoneme letter is a phonetic symbol, indicating a phoneme.

Provowel /i？ /

/i/ The tip of the tongue clings to the lower teeth, the front part of the tongue is lifted up and clings to the hard palate, the mouth is flat, and the upper and lower teeth are slightly separated.

/? /The tongue is in the middle and high position, the mouth is flat, and the little fingertips can be accommodated between the upper and lower teeth.

/? /The tip of the tongue is close to the lower teeth, the front of the tongue is slightly tilted, and the mouth is flat, and a middle finger can be accommodated between the upper and lower teeth.

/? /The front of the tongue is slightly lifted, the tip of the tongue touches the lower teeth, the lips extend horizontally to both sides and open, and an index finger and a middle finger can be accommodated between the upper and lower teeth.

After vowel /u/

/ι/Open your mouth, retract after the tongue body is flat, the tongue surface is slightly concave, and the tip of your tongue leaves the lower teeth.

/ι/Open your mouth, open your mouth, retract your tongue and round your lips.

/? /Open your mouth, flatten your tongue, then retract, and slightly round your lips and protrude forward.

Where/and/? When there is an R letter after the letter/,all the tongue sounds are added. At the end of pronunciation, the tip of the tongue should be rolled up and turned back.

/? /The back of the tongue contracts and the back of the tongue rises to the soft palate. The tongue is in the middle and high position, and the lips are round and slightly protruding forward.

/u/ Retract the root of the tongue, raise the root of the tongue to the soft palate as much as possible, and leave the lower teeth with the tip of the tongue, wrap around the lips and project forward forcefully.

Middle vowel/? /

/? /The tip of the tongue touches the lower teeth, the middle part of the tongue is slightly raised, and the gums are between open and half-open.

/? /Put your tongue flat, roll the tip of your tongue up to your gums as far as possible, lift it in the middle of your tongue, separate your lips and smile.

/? /The tail of the tongue leaves the lower teeth, the middle part of the tongue is raised, the tongue position is low, the gums are half open, and the lips are slightly flat, so relax. It is the easiest of the three vowels and always appears in unstressed syllables.

Hekou diphthongs /e o a? a /

/e/ Hekou diphthongs, by/? /and/? /consists of two monosyllables, with the front heavy and the back light. The shape of the mouth ranges from half-open to half-open. The vowel letter A is pronounced /e/ in the stressed opening syllable.

/o/ Hekou diphthongs, by/? /and/? /consists of two monosyllables, and the pronunciation also has a dynamic process, and the mouth shape changes from half-open to half-closed. The vowel letter o is pronounced as /o/ in stressed open syllables and stressed relative open syllables.

/a？ /diphthongs, by /a/ and/? /is composed of two monosyllables, with heavy front and light back, and the mouth shape is from full open to semi-closed. Is the vowel letter I pronounced in stressed open syllable and stressed relative open syllable /a? /。

/a？ /diphthongs, by /a/ and/? /consists of two tones, with the front heavy and the back light, and the mouth shape is from full open to semi-closed.

/? /diphthongs, by/? /and/? /It is composed of two tones, the front is heavy and the back is light, the lips are round to flat, and the mouth is half open and half closed.

Focus on diphthongs:/? r？ r？ R or/

/? R/ concentrated in diphthongs, by/? /and tongue rolling /r/, lips half closed and half open.

/? R/ concentrated in diphthongs, by/? /and rolling tongue sound /r/, the tip of the tongue is against the lower teeth, and the lips are slightly smaller than half-open,/? /This sound is between/? /and/? /between.

/? R/ concentrated in diphthongs, by/? /and the rolling tongue sound /r/ are composed of two tones, and the lips are round to flat and half closed to half open, which is natural.

/or/concentrated diphthongs, which is composed of two monosyllabic sounds, namely the back vowel and the rolled tongue /r/, has a round to flat lip.

Blasting sound /p b t d k g/

/p/ Close your lips tightly, and then suddenly open them to let air rush out of your mouth, so that the vocal cords will not vibrate.

/b/ Close your lips tightly, and then suddenly open them to let the air flow out of your mouth. The vocal cords need to vibrate, but the blasting force is not strong.

/t/ The tip of the tongue clings to the upper gum, forming an obstruction, and then suddenly drops, so that the airflow rushes out of the mouth, the vocal cords do not vibrate, and the exhalation is extremely strong.

/d/ The tip of the tongue clings to the upper gum, forming a blockage, and then suddenly drops, allowing air to rush out of the mouth. The vocal cords need to vibrate and exhale weakly.

/k/ The back of the tongue rises close to the maxilla, forming an obstacle, and then suddenly drops, so that the airflow rushes out of the mouth, the vocal cords do not vibrate, and the exhalation is powerful.

/g/ The back of the tongue rises close to the maxilla, forming an obstruction, and then suddenly drops, so that the airflow rushes out of the mouth, the vocal cords need to vibrate, and the exhalation is weak.

Fricative sound /f v s z θ? r h/

/f/ The lower lip touches the upper teeth lightly, and the airflow passes through the gap between the lips and the teeth, forming friction and coming out of the mouth. The vocal cords do not vibrate, and the exhalation is not strong.

/v/ The lower lip touches the upper teeth lightly, and the airflow passes through the gap between the lips and the teeth, forming friction and coming out of the mouth. The vocal cords need to vibrate and the breath is weak.

/s/ The lips are slightly open, the tip of the tongue is close to the upper gum, and the airflow is sent out from between the gums of the tip of the tongue, and the vocal cords do not vibrate and the exhalation is not strong.

/z/ The lips are slightly open, the tip of the tongue is close to the upper gum, and the airflow is sent out from between the gums of the tip of the tongue, so the vocal cords need to vibrate and the exhalation is weak.

/θ/The tip of the tongue touches the back of the upper teeth and is placed between the upper and lower teeth, slightly exposing the teeth. The air flow is sent between the tongue and teeth, and the vocal cords do not vibrate. Exhale hard.

/? /The tip of the tongue touches the back of the upper teeth and is placed between the upper and lower teeth, slightly exposing the teeth. The airflow is emitted between the tongue and teeth, which requires vocal cord vibration and weak exhalation.

/? /The tip of the tongue is behind the upper gum, and both sides of the tongue are in contact with both sides of the upper teeth. There is a big gap between the tongue and the hard palate, and the lips are slightly trumpet-shaped. The airflow from the large gap between the tongue and the hard palate forms friction and comes out of the mouth. The vocal cords do not vibrate, and the exhalation is not strong.

/? /The end of the tongue is behind the upper gum, and both sides of the tongue are in contact with both sides of the upper teeth. There is a big gap between the tongue and the hard palate, and the lips are slightly trumpet-shaped. The airflow from the large gap between the tongue and the hard palate forms friction and comes out of the mouth. The vocal cords need to vibrate and exhale weakly.

/r/ Lift the tip of the tongue, close to the back of the upper gum, and retract the tongue body. The airflow forms friction between the tip of the tongue and the back of the upper gum and comes out of the mouth. The lips are round and slightly convex, and the vocal cords need to vibrate.

/h/ When the airflow passes through the glottis, slight friction occurs and it comes out of the mouth. The mouth shape is uncertain, which changes with the vowels spelled with it, and the vocal cords do not vibrate. This sound only appears before vowels.

Friction sound /t? d？ ts dz tr dr//t？ /The tip of the tongue is close to the back of the upper gum, which forms an obstacle. After the airflow breaks through the obstacle, there is friction between the tongue and gums, and the vocal cords do not vibrate.

/d？ /The tip of the tongue is close to the back of the upper gum, which forms an obstacle. After the airflow breaks through the obstacle, there is friction between the tongue and gums, and the vocal cords need to vibrate.

/ts/ The tip of the tongue sticks to the upper gum to block the airflow, then drops slightly, and then the airflow leaks out of the mouth, and the vocal cords do not vibrate.

/dz/ The tip of the tongue sticks to the upper gum, blocking the airflow, then dropping slightly, then the airflow leaks out of the mouth, and the vocal cords need to vibrate.

/tr/ The tip of the tongue extends upward to the back of the upper gum, forming an obstacle. The tongue is similar to /r/, air rushes out between the tip of the tongue and the gum, and the vocal cords do not vibrate.

/dr/ The tip of the tongue sticks up behind the upper gum, forming an obstacle. The tongue is similar to /r/, and air rushes out between the tip of the tongue and the gums, so the vocal cords need to vibrate.

Nasal sounds /m n //m/ Lips close to form obstruction, air flows out of nasal cavity, and vocal cords need to vibrate.

/n/ The tip of the tongue sticks to the upper gum, forming an obstruction. Air flows from the nasal cavity, and the vocal cords need to vibrate.

/? /Lift the back of the tongue upward, stick to the drooping soft palate, block the oral passage, the air flow comes out of the nasal cavity, and the vocal cords need to vibrate.

Tongue sound /l/

/l/ The tip of the tongue clings to the upper gum, forming an obstruction. Air flows out from both sides of the tongue, and the vocal cords need to vibrate.

Semi-vowel /hw w j/

/hw/ Lift the back of the tongue to the soft palate, the lips are slightly round, the airflow passes through the gap between the mouth and lips, and the vocal cords do not vibrate.

/w/ Lift the back of the tongue to the soft palate, and the lips are slightly rounded and protruding. Air flows through the mouth and through the gap between the lips, and the vocal cords need to vibrate.

/j/ The tongue is lifted forward to the hard palate, the lips are flat to both sides, and the vocal cords need to vibrate.

Pronunciation book is the pronunciation rule of American English. The biggest feature of American English is the consistency of spelling and pronunciation. For example, brother has a letter R when spelling, so it should pronounce the letter R. For example, fast is a stressed closed syllable word, so the letter A should pronounce its short sound. Another example is clerk. American English is pronounced according to the pronunciation law of er in stressed R syllables, so we should pay attention to tongue rolling. Another example is American English, where the word theater is written as theater instead of theater because its original spelling and pronunciation are inconsistent.

English syllables are divided into three types: open syllable, closed syllable and R syllable. Open syllables can be divided into absolute open syllables and relative open syllables. Absolutely open syllables-vowels are the last letters in syllables. If this syllable is stressed, this vowel letter will become a vowel.

E me I be he she she ye this, that (old English definite article) we.

Me, me, me, Pai, dead, lying down, tied up.

Oh, go, no, no.

U mu Greek letter μ nu Greek letter v Sue Su Blue Blue Glue

Y sky sky flies dry. Spy spy is shy and crying my mine.

A relatively open syllable-a vowel letter followed by a consonant letter and a silent vowel letter E. If the syllable is stressed, the vowel letter will grow into a vowel.

Cape cloak, cape name tape tape era sage

these

I am a kite that bites five kites.

O-e rose rising nasal cord note note note note

U-e tube cube June (note that the long sound of U is /ju/, but U should be read after the alto on the tip of your tongue /u/).

Y type typing

Closed syllables-a vowel letter followed by one or more consonants. If this syllable is stressed, vowels are pronounced as short vowels.

A mat map map package cat fan hat bat racket apple

Egg egg well red hen pen pen bed Rinrin

I licked the six-necked pig and sold it to kiss Moshan Moshan

Oh, Bull Bull ... Octopus socks deal in octopus box socks, and ostriches deal in ostriches.

U sun umbrella bus gun nut walnut uncle, uncle, uncle is down …

R syllable-a vowel letter is followed by a letter R. When this syllable is stressed, this vowel letter will grow into a vowel.

Or porches, pork, Ma Jiao Bao breakwater, corn fork in the morning.

Armrest armchair armchair car card trolley two-wheeled carriage farm park garden garden

Ur Turtle Turtle Surfing Turkey Turkey Turkey Fur Fur Injury Pain Wallet Nurse

Mermaid mermaid

Birthday Birthday Circus Circus Dirty Dust Bird Circle Girl, Daughter

Vowel letters should be weakened in unstressed syllables, but O is not weakened in unstressed syllables at the end of the word, and /o/ is still read.

Yrain rainy sunny sunny puppy pony baby happy.

The vowels in unstressed R syllables are weakened into weak vowels.

Sister, sister, brother, brother is under the rooster, rooster in winter, rooster in winter, marker, mother.

If there is a consonant between a vowel letter (combination) representing one syllable and another vowel letter (combination), and the consonant letter belongs to the latter syllable, the first syllable is stressed and the vowel letter reads its long sound. As a student, open it.

If the consonant letter between two vowels (combinations) representing a syllable is V, V is generally classified as the first syllable, the first syllable is a stressed closed syllable, and vowels are short. The same is true of some monosyllabic words ending in vowel letter +ve. Seven Qiao gives something alive and gives something.

Vowels in stressed syllables ending in -dy, -ty or -ry are also short. Such as: study, city, body, extraordinary, etc. If there are two or more consonants between vowels (combinations) representing syllables, the first consonant is classified as a stressed syllable, so this syllable is a closed syllable, and the vowels are pronounced short: yellow yellow under. ...

The stressed syllable of a polysyllabic word is generally the third from the bottom. No matter how many consonants are between the stressed syllable and the unstressed syllable, the stressed syllable must have at least one consonant, so the stressed syllable of a polysyllabic word is generally a closed syllable, and the vowel is read short. For example: Americans, holidays, family, family, fun.

Some disyllabic words have secondary stressed syllables besides stressed syllables, which are generally classified as closed syllables. Generally speaking, the vowel pronunciation in the sub-stressed closed syllable is weaker than that in the reading syllable, but louder than that in the unstressed syllable, which is the second strongest sound in this word. Such as: competition TV

U in stressed syllables, long vowels are usually pronounced to open syllables for stress: funeral funeral for college students.

Words ending in -ion are preceded by stressed syllables, such as: mention refers to information.

There are some special pronunciations:

Watch the swamp wetland. What is the quantity and quality?

Any Mary Mary change.

Next is the pronunciation of some vowel combinations.

Ai Wei, the rain, the rain, the paint, the pain, the iron maid.

Ai chair, a pair of chairs, a pair of talk.

Taiwan Province, Taiwan Province, Taiwan Province.

Ai's presence in the mountain curtain fountain pool curtain is certain

Ay bay Bay ray Ray road said hay Hay Hay pay paid May lay placed.

Aisai said

Friday Friday Sunday Sunday

Ee reed reed eel bee peeling jeep jeep feel feel see teeth.

Coffee Committee

Ee fiancee fiancee

Ea sea meat peanut walnut peach eagle leaf pea pea

Ey bond

Oa Road Toast Toast Toad Toad Coal Goat Boat Coat Soap Soap

Ow Rainbow Pillow Yellow Window Pillow Window Hollow Bowl Row Low

Ui suit is suitable for fruit juice.

Au August August Sausage Sausage Sausage Naughty Naughty Naughty Clap

Aw paw paw draws saws and saws on straw straw strawberry lawns.

Oo moon moon zoo roof rooster rooster boots boots food spoon medicine spoon roof

Oo book Books cookies Cookies woods Wool Wool Hook look See foot Cook Chef

Oo blood blood flooding

Oo brooch brooch

Ea Pullover Sweater Pullover Sweater Yali Sweater Lead Bear Leather

Eau beauty is beautiful

Eau beau Midea (France) Wardrobe, Wardrobe

Ei88 Rule Neighbors pretend to be venous vessels.

Ei receive accepts the reception, and captures either (not) or.

They, they, they, they hey hey obey it.

Eo leopard jeopardy is jealous of eo people (plural)

Oujia's house is outside ... Mouth, mouth, mouse, fountain, fountain mountain, shouting.

Owl Tower Crown Clown Cow Towel Cow Towel Flower Brown Brown Brown

Oi coin COINS oil OIL point means boiling soil poison around the noise coil.

Oy oyster boy cowboy cowboy soybean toy

Al huhu high autumn ball wall wall.

Semi-calf salmon

Al Palpal calmed down.

There is hardly any scenery. He cut the newspaper of his new nephew.

The pronunciation of English consonants is more regular than vowels, and it is basically fixed. Some consonant combinations also have some fixed pronunciations, such as ch, sh, th, ph and wh. Some consonant combinations are silent, such as:

B bed book book bench box box banana body boy boy

B Thumb Thumb Lamb, Lamb Comb Bomb Bread Bread Bread Bread Numbness

D desk desk doctor deer duck female duck doll watchdog male dog dancer dancer dancer.

Food family food family four feet five fence fork father

H hat hat hen hen head home hammer hammer house horse

J jewel Jewel Jewel jam Jam Jam Jam Jacket Jacket Juice pop rocks Jewel Jewel Jewel Jeep Jars

K kite kite kiss key, kangaroo king kangaroo kitchen kettle kick.

K knob door handle knee knife knife knife knock knitting

L-legged lake leaf leaves lion lion lemon live lips gently

Monkey Monkey Moon Moon Milk Map Mask Mom Mask Mom Mouth Mouth Man Man

N net nose nest bird's nest number nail nail neck napkin napkin

P pants pants park pig pencil pencil pink path pear flower pen pear flower pen

Song question question quarrel quarrel quilt quiet after a quarter of an hour.

Rope rope rock rainbow rose rose, rising ring ring, ringing carpet cock

Rabbit rabbit

S sun sofa sofa silver sink, sink logo marked soap soap 67.

Tower towel teacher tie table table toe toe tea tea two twenty-one

V Vase Veil Veil Veil Violin Fan Fan Vomiting Vest Village

W wall window Windows operating system Walkman Listen to the wind and read the words and wash the women.

Wrist wrinkles, wrinkles, wrinkles, garlands, writing

X ax ax X ray X-ray box (X is at the beginning of the word, sometimes pronounced as /z/, such as Xerox xerography, xylophone xylophone, sometimes pronounced as /gz/ in the word, such as Examexam, accurate).

Y as consonant: yard yacht yacht year yam yam yellow yo-yo.

Z Lingling Zoo Zebra Zipper Zipper

Ch Beach Lunch Lunch Cheese Bench Bench Church Cock Chair Cherry Cherry

Sh sheep shirt boat boat fish dish shoe spatula

Wh Whale Whale White Wheelchair Wheelchair Wheat Wheat Whip Whistle Whisper Whisper Whisper Whisper Whisper Whisper Whisper Whisper Whisper.

Th brothers, brothers, feathers, feather leather, father, mother

Th Thumb Thumb Three Bathroom Non-slip Cushions Bathroom Bath Thirst Thief Thirst Thief Bathtub Mouth Teeth

Ph photo photo phone phone trophy pharmacy alphabet

Gh's right and right eyes saw the tight lights at night, sighing lightly and sighing high.

The letters c and g have the difference between hard and soft sounds: c cap hat count car coffee cat cow cake cup.

C circle center one-minute cycle period

G Garden Gate Garden Goat Goose Goose Golf Gold

Gentle giant gymnasium

However, the etymology of English words is complex, and the pronunciation sometimes retains the pronunciation of the original etymology, which cannot be solved by simple rules. For example, the following word o is pronounced as a long vowel in stressed closed syllables.

Only curly and non-curly hair can't be combed.

The following word o should be pronounced with short vowels in stressed closed syllables or stressed relatively open syllables. /。

Others include mother, brother, brother, nothing, son, son, ton, won, ton won, Korean monk, monk, China and Gai.

Pigeons become sponges.

C sometimes has irregular pronunciation, such as suing Sue, football, Celtic, cello, tobacco, appendicitis and facade.

Learn pronunciation, and then start learning grammar. English belongs to the West Germanic branch of Indo-European language family, with open vocabulary, some Germanic words, some Roman words, some imported from French, German, Spanish, Italian, Latin, Greek, Arabic and other languages. English belongs to inflectional language, but there are relatively few inflectional forms. Except nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs, numerals, articles, prepositions, conjunctions and exclamation marks remain unchanged, and there are only three sentence structures: simple sentence, complex sentence and complex sentence, and the word order is relatively fixed.

Key grammars include:

Nouns and articles.

Pronouns.

Numbers.

Verbs (tense, passive voice, auxiliary verb, infinitive, gerund, participle, subjunctive mood).

Adjective, adverb, comparison.

Prepositions, conjunctions and interjections.

Five sentence patterns.

Negation and doubt.

Types of sentences (usage of conjunctions and related words).

Special sentences (stressed sentences, ellipsis sentences, inverted sentences).

The best way to learn English is to accompany students in pedagogy, instead of using the methods of some teachers in China. Because some teachers in China are inaccurate in pronunciation and grammar, the more they learn, the more mistakes they make, which will mislead their children. As long as you study hard, you can learn English well. I hope I can help you.