On Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China.

Time: 65438+April 0900-19065438+September 7th 0

Reason: China's view is that the cause of the war was that the powers took the opportunity to control China, open the China market and plunder China's wealth under the pretext of the Boxer Movement. The western view is to protect expatriates and diplomats.

Fuse: Clinder event.

After that:

/kloc-during the period of 0/900, the Boxer Rebellion flourished in Zhili (now Hebei Province), with strong xenophobia, attacking churches in rural areas and posing a threat to the diplomatic embassy in Dongjiaominxiang, Beijing.

1900, 13 In March, navies of various countries demonstrated in the Bohai Sea, saying that if the Qing government did not eliminate the Boxer Rebellion, it would "suppress it on its behalf".

On May 28th, the British Empire, the Third Republic of France, the German Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the Italian Kingdom, the Great Japanese Empire, the Russian Empire and the United States of America formally decided to jointly send troops to suppress the Boxer Rebellion at a ministerial meeting in China, and planned to send troops into diplomatic embassies to protect diplomats.

On May 3 1 day, the Qing government replied and agreed to send troops to Beijing. But each embassy can only send twenty or thirty people. As a result, more than 400 people from different countries were sent to Beijing.

On June 10, Seymour formally established Eight-Nation Alliance, and led more than 2,000 allied troops to Beijing from Tianjin Concession. This road was ambushed by the Qing army and the Boxer Rebellion. Large-scale attacks on churches began to break out everywhere.

June 1 1, secretary of the Japanese embassy? Sang Shanshan Bin? Waiting for Seymour Coalition forces at Yongdingmen, Dong Fuxiang led the army behind Wuwei to shoot and kill people.

14 in June, the German minister Cleander led soldiers out and saw the Boxer Rebellion drilling in the sand, shooting for no reason and killing more than 20 people.

/kloc-in June of 0/5, the military department ordered Yuan Shikai, the governor of Shandong Province, and Li Hongzhang, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, to enter Beijing, but both of them were in the future.

/kloc-in June of 0/6, the commander of Dagukou Imperial Fleet issued an ultimatum to garrison commander Luo Rongguang, demanding to hand over Dagu Fort. Empress Dowager Cixi held the first command meeting to discuss and crack down on "communist suppression".

/kloc-in June of 0/7, the invading army attacked and captured Dagu Fort. Prefect Luo Rongguang passed away. The invading army landed.

On June 18, the Boxer Rebellion and some Qing troops attacked Tianjin Laolongtou Railway Station.

On June 20th, when German Minister Cleander went to the Prime Minister's yamen, he met the patrol of Ji Shenying. Cleander saw Zhang Jing Enhai of Ji Shen Camp pointing a gun at the sedan chair, so he shot at Enhai first, but missed. Eun-hae shot and killed Cleander. That is, the Clinder incident.

In June of 2 1 year, the Qing government declared war on Britain, America, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, Austria-Hungary, Spain, Belgium and the Netherlands in the name of Emperor Guangxu. At the same time, the Boxer Rebellion and the Qing army began to attack the East Jiaomin Lane of the Embassy.

On June 26th, Seymour was defeated in Yangcun and fled back to Tianjin. History is called "Langfang triumph".

On July 5, the Qing army and the Boxer Rebellion jointly attacked the Zizhulin Concession in Tianjin.

On July 6th, Russia dispatched 6.5438+0.8 million troops in the Far East, ready to invade China.

On July 9th, the Japanese army attacked Jijiazhuang, defeated the Boxer Rebellion, and then attacked Nie Shicheng with other allies. Nie Shicheng's department failed because it was outnumbered. Nie Shicheng was martyred in Balitai.

On July 1 1, the two sides fought fiercely for the old leading railway station.

/kloc-in July of 0/3, the allied forces attacked Tianjin in three ways. 14, traitors blew up the walls of Tianjin, and Tianjin fell.

/kloc-in July of 0/7, the Russian army created the Hailanpao massacre and the Jiangdong Sixty-four Tun massacre in the northeast.

On July 30th, the Allied Forces established the "Dutong Yamen" to manage Tianjin.

At the beginning of August, the allied forces continued to advance northward, fighting with the Qing army of the Boxer Rebellion on the way. 13 arrived at the Beijing gate.

/kloc-in August of 0/5, Cixi fled with Guangxu.

/kloc-in August of 0/6, the allied forces captured Beijing.

On August 17, British troops from India landed in Shanghai. The French army also landed in Shanghai the next day.

On August 28th, Russian troops captured Qiqihar, the capital of Heilongjiang Province.

/kloc-in September of 0/8, Germany sent a note to all countries, advocating "punishing the fierce" first and then making peace.

On September 2 1 day, Russian troops invaded Jilin provincial capital, and on September 23, they invaded Fengtian Niuzhuang.

On September 29th, Russian troops occupied Liaoyang.

65438+1 October1,Russian troops invaded Shenyang (Fengtianfu), and all the major towns and traffic lines in the three northeastern provinces fell. On the same day, British troops occupied Shanhaiguan.

10 year 10 4, France put forward six conditions for peace talks. 13, the French army occupied Baoding. 18 occupies positive definite.

10 07 10/7, Allied Supreme Commander Wa went to Beijing and set his headquarters in Yiluan Hall.

165438+1October 19, Germany and Italy occupied Zhangjiakou.

65438+February 10, the "Beijing Management Committee" was established, namely the Alliance Committee.

65438+February 65438+June, the Allies occupied Shulu County in Zhili and met with stubborn resistance.

Results:

On February 22nd, 65438, ministers from eleven countries, including Britain, Russia, Germany, the United States, France, Japan, Italy, Austria, Spain, the Netherlands and Belgium, jointly submitted twelve outlines of peace talks to Yi Chan and Li Hongzhang. The Qing government agreed to accept it on the 27th.

On February 30th, 65438, China and Russia signed the Tianjin Concession Clause.

190 1 year 1 month 65438+5, Yi Kuang and Li Hongzhang formally signed and signed the twelfth outline of peace talks.

In February1year, the Qing government accepted the list of 12 people who were executed by foreign powers, namely, Yi, Zailan, Zaixun, Yingnian, Zhao Shuqiao, Yuxian, Qixiu, Xu Chengyu, Xu Tong, Resolute, Li Bingheng and Dong Fuxiang. By April, as many as 65,438+042 local officials demanded severe punishment from foreign powers.

On May 26th, the Qing government paid compensation of 450 million taels with interest of 4%.

On August 8th, Eight-Nation Alliance completed his retreat from Beijing.

On September 7th, Li Hongzhang and ministers from 1 1 countries formally signed 12 clauses and 19 annexes of the Peace Treaty between Xin and Chou in Beijing.

Consequences:

1, economic aspect:

450 million taels of silver will be paid off in 39 years with an annual interest rate of 4%, totaling 980 million taels. Foreigners "help" to collect tariffs and pay salt taxes, resulting in both being controlled by foreigners. Huge compensation led to a serious economic retrogression in China.

2. Cultural aspects:

Numerous ancient books and antiques were destroyed and robbed, including Yongle Dadian and Sikuquanshu.

3. Sovereignty:

Foreign countries stationed troops on the territory of China at will, and the Qing government almost became a puppet government. China cannot resume the development of military facilities for two years, and the decentralization of the central government has led to the independence of the provinces. Become the embryonic form of the future warlord regime.

4, the international pattern:

It set off a frenzy to carve up China, and the Americans put forward the famous "open door" policy, so that all countries have equal opportunities and share the whole.

Both Japan and Russia extended their hands to the northeast during the war. The Russo-Japanese War broke out in 1904, in order to compete for northeast China and Korea.

Uneven distribution of spoils among countries has become one of the hidden contradictions in World War I in the future.