Who knows the history and practice of potatoes? What are the names of different places?

The discovery and spread of potato is closely related to human activities. Because of its abundant production, strong ecological adaptability, high economic benefit and rich nutritional value, potato has been praised by scholars as "transforming Europe" and "filling the Irish belly" since it was discovered, which has a "revolutionary" influence. At present, the world potato harvest area is 270-280 million mu, and the total output is 285-290 billion kg, ranking fourth in the world grain output after wheat, rice and corn. Potatoes are cultivated all over the north and south of China, with rapid development and various varieties. At present, it has become the second potato producer in the world. This development trend is consistent with the trend of potato production in the world, which reflects the urgent demand of China people for potato products and the strong vitality of potato production.

Spaniards and "Barbasi"

Potatoes are called "Babasi" by local Indians in South America. According to various records, before the discovery of the New World, that is, before A.D. 1492, potatoes were not planted in North and Central America, and cultivated potatoes were gradually introduced from South America until the discovery of the Northern Zhou Dynasty in America.

The early aborigines had no writing. According to the textual research of several human village sites found in South America from 6000 BC to 12000 BC, primitive people should have seen potatoes in South America before 14000 BC, perhaps earlier. According to the data unearthed in Lima, Peru, potatoes have been domesticated by Indians and cultivated for about 8000 years.

Later generations verified that the pottery with the image of potato tuber and dried potato was found in the ruins of human villages on the northwest coast of Peru-"Tuda", that is, the archaeological remains of the so-called "wisdom mother" culture in BC 1000. 1887, potato-like red clay was also found in the ancient curtain on the northern coast of Chile. Darwin said that during his round-the-world trip in A.D. 1835, he found a large number of potatoes growing on the shellfish sand of Quirrell Island on the west coast of Chile. Because of the warm and humid climate in this area, the plants are as high as 1 m. After being cooked, it becomes tasteless and is judged as a wild potato. It can be inferred that local residents domesticated and cultivated wild species and evolved into potatoes widely planted around the world today.

In modern times, a large number of pottery with potato patterns, as well as dried potatoes and residual branches of potato plants have been found in the ancient scenes of Peruvian Indians. Pottery is symbolically painted with potato tuber residual eyes, and some pots paint potatoes as human figures, with secondary roots representing limbs and head, bud eyes representing mouth, bud eyes representing teeth, and protrusions around bud eyes representing lips. Inferred from the style of painting art on pottery, the cultivation history of potato in South America can be traced back to at least 2000-2800 BC.

Potatoes played an important role in the lives of ancient South American Indians, and their richness directly affected their lives. Therefore, Indians regard potatoes as "the god of harvest" and believe that potatoes have "souls". If the potato harvest is not good or the yield is seriously reduced in a certain year, it is considered as a "snub" to the potato god. We must hold a grand sacrifice ceremony, slaughter livestock and boys and girls as sacrifices, and pray for the potato god to bless the harvest. This cruel ritual of offering sacrifices to God lasted for a long time. A Spaniard who visited Peru in A.D. 1547 witnessed and described the ceremony. He said that in Riyolamba, many Indians marched in small steps with drums and gongs. The leader of the tribe walked in front, wearing new clothes and embroidered cloaks; Behind them are rows of neatly dressed, gorgeous clothes and potato bags in hand; Behind them are rows of girls dressed in colorful clothes, dragging long skirts, wearing rings and holding gold and silver utensils; Then there are neat rows of people with wooden plows, hoes and other agricultural tools on their shoulders and potatoes in their hands; Finally, a fat mule, wearing colorful ornaments, Huang Chengcheng's gold, as white as silver, dazzling, bizarre and colorful, dressed up as a magical monster. After the parade, everyone sang and danced around this solemn monster under the command of the team leader. Then the first leader stabbed the mule, and the sacrificial ceremony took out the viscera of the mule and presented it to the potato statue. Others dipped potato bags in the remaining blood of mules. The ceremony is over. But this ritual sacrifice is limited to livestock, not killing. In modern times, this kind of sacrifice has developed into a series of programs for Indian tribes to celebrate the harvest.

In these wild potato areas, when primitive humans began to use potato tubers as food, they put them in mountain streams for freezing and cleaning, and then dried them to make "potatoes", which removed the astringency of many wild potato species. Around 1 100 BC, Indians created a more complicated technology for making dried potatoes. This kind of dried potato called "potato" comes in black and white. White-dried potatoes are made by placing tubers outdoors for four or five times in cold winter, covering them with a layer of reed grass before sunrise, then moving them into shallow pools for soaking for two months and drying them in the sun. Black dried potatoes are frozen and dried. They are made by women stepping barefoot, squeezing out water and drying in the sun. These two kinds of dehydrated dried potatoes are very light and keep the original shape of the tuber, which is the main food for Indians to overwinter. After European colonists entered South America, they suffered from famine for years. This kind of dried potato used to be an important food for their survival!

There is no doubt that when humans dig potato tubers, the fields where wild potatoes grow are loosened, which helps the potential tuber growth. The unconscious action of human beings wrote the first chapter of potato agricultural technology. Around the ruins of human villages, where food residues and human excreta are applied, there are regenerated vines of wild potatoes, which obviously shows the high yield and large volume of potatoes. The directional variation culture of fertilizer has made mankind move towards the history of potato cultivation. Of course, all this has taken a long time, but after all, it is the progress of potato from wild to cultivated history. In South America, although the initial migration of human beings (mainly hunters) is from north to south, it is impossible for wild or semi-cultivated potatoes to migrate with human migration. Because these hunters are not used to carrying all kinds of materials. After the rise of human agriculture, the great migration of human beings in South America stopped, so the modern natural distribution areas of potato varieties and types in South America were well isolated from each other, forming two potato cultivation centers in South America and Chile.

According to the investigation data of Soviet scientist Buchosov 1925 in South America, there are two distribution centers of cultivated potato and wild potato in South America. One is southern Chile, mainly zhiluo island and its vicinity; One is the Peru-Bolivia Plateau. There are many kinds of potatoes in these two centers, but only two of them are similar to modern cultivated varieties. One is Chilean species, which is a common cultivated species and distributed in southern Chile. One is Peru-Bolivia, distributed in Peru-Bolivia Plateau. According to the research of scientists, these two species are two closely related subspecies from the same system.

Through the investigation of many scientists, there are three places in South America where Solanum plants are closely related to the origin of potatoes: one is Mexico, because there are wild species of potatoes there; The second is the Andes in Bolivia and Peru, because there are still various primitive types of cultivated potatoes there; Third, Chile and the nearby coastal mountainous areas, because there are all kinds of cultivated potatoes and wild varieties. Now it can be concluded that the origin of potato is the central Andes, including northern Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador and Colombia. However, the distribution of wild species is beyond South America, distributed in Central America, Mexico and the southwestern United States.

"Babasi" was first known to the old world in 1536. The Spanish expedition reached the upper reaches of the Magdale River, near the village of Rocota in Vallez, Colombia, at 7 degrees north latitude. They were surprised to find that the local people ate an ugly food, which was the underground fruit of a plant called Babasi. A bit like radish or carrot eaten by Europeans, cooked with mutton; It can also be used as feed for raising poultry. When talking about this plant, Castor Abbott, a member of this expedition, wrote that it is a plant with pale yellow flowers and delicious starch in its roots, which is very popular among Indians and even becomes a favorite vegetable of Spain.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum) is also called potato, potato and yam egg. (See the right) belongs to Solanaceae, a perennial herb, but it is cultivated once or twice a year. Underground tubers are round, oval and oval with bud eyes; The aboveground stems are triangular and hairy; Odd pinnate compound leaves, terminal corymb, white, red or purple; The seeds are oblate and yellow, mostly propagated by tubers. Tubers are edible and are important food and vegetable crops. Because of its rich nutrition, it is called "underground apple" and is one of the five major food crops in the world (the five major food crops refer to rice, wheat, corn, sorghum and potato). As a food crop, it is widely planted in many countries in Europe and America. This product is native to the Andes of Peru and the coastal areas of Chile in South America. /kloc-was introduced to Europe at the beginning of the 0/5th century, and then spread rapidly all over the world. /kloc-was introduced to China in the middle of the 6th century.

Potatoes are low in calories, 90 calories per100g, while the same amount of rice or flour reaches 350 calories. The carbohydrates it contains are easily assimilated by blood, which can resist hunger without hurting the stomach.

Potato has high yield and strong adaptability to the environment. The main potato producing areas in China are southwest mountainous area, northwest, Inner Mongolia and northeast. Among them, the southwest mountainous area has the largest planting area, accounting for about 1/3 of the national total area. Heilongjiang Province is the largest potato planting base in China.

When tuber is used for asexual propagation, seed potato can germinate and grow at soil temperature of 5 ~ 8℃, and the optimum temperature is 15 ~ 20℃. The suitable temperature for the growth and flowering of plant stems and leaves is 16 ~ 22℃. The optimum temperature for tuber formation at night is 10 ~ 13℃ (soil temperature is 16 ~ 18℃), and it forms slowly when it is higher than 20℃. When the temperature drops to -2℃, it will be frozen.

The flowering and potato-bearing period is the period with the largest water demand in the whole growth period. Under drought conditions, irrigation per mu 15 ~ 20 tons is the key technical measure to ensure high and stable yield of potatoes.

Generally speaking, under the condition of per mu yield 1330 ~ 1650 kg, potato absorbs about 6.65 ~1.65 kg of nitrogen, 2.8 ~ 3.3 kg of phosphoric acid and 9.3 ~ 15.3 kg of potassium oxide. Although potatoes can adapt to a variety of soils, loose black soil (pH 5.5 ~ 6.0) is the most ideal. The density should not be less than 4000 plants per mu.

Potatoes, potatoes, taro, potatoes, sweet potatoes, taro eggs, clods.