Quantifier, talk about the room.

Predicate is a statement or explanation of the subject's action or state, which means "what to do", "what to be" or "how to do it". The position of the predicate verb is generally after the subject.

Predicates are composed of simple verbs or verb phrases (auxiliary verbs or modal verbs+active words), which can be divided into simple predicates and compound predicates according to their complexity in sentences. No matter what tense, voice and mood, a predicate consisting of a verb (or verb phrase) is a simple predicate.

Predicate verbs are generally expressed in various tenses of verbs. For example:

I like walking. I like walking. (General present tense active voice)

I made your birthday cake last night .. I made your birthday cake last night. (Simple past active voice)

It is used by travelers and enterprises (people all over the world). Travelers and businessmen all over the world use it.

Predicates are used to describe the identity, nature, character, characteristics and state of the subject. Predicates are usually served by nouns, adjectives, adverbs, prepositional phrases, infinitives, verbs -ing and clauses, and are usually located after verbs (be, become, apparent, seem, look, sound, feel, get, small, etc.). ). The predicative of a sentence is acted by a sentence, so the sentence acting as predicative is called predicative clause.

1. noun as predicate

Africa is a continent. (Mainland. Is the predicative in the sentence.)

Africa is a continent.

2. Pronouns as predicates

Who is your best friend?

Who is your best friend?

3. Adjectives as a prediction

I feel much better today.

I feel much better today.

4. Numerals as predicates

She is the first person to know about it.

She is the first person to know.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) infinitive or ing form as predicative.

Her job is selling computers.

Her job is selling computers.

Our next step is to prepare the raw materials.

Our next step is to prepare raw materials.

6. Preposition phrases as predicative expressions

The patient is out of danger.

The patient is out of danger.

I don't trust.

I don't feel well.

7. Adverbs as predictors

The sun is rising.

The sun is rising.

I must go now.

I have to go now.

Eight. Clause as a prediction

This is what he said.

This is what he said.

Nine, infinitive as predicative

An infinitive phrase used as a predicative usually explains the content of the subject, which is usually the following noun:

Hope, idea, work, plan, wish, goal, purpose, thing, business.

Attributive is used to define and modify nouns or pronouns. Attribute is a word, phrase or sentence that modifies and restricts nouns or pronouns. It is often expressed as

Adjectives as attributes:

The little boy needs a blue pen. ) The little boy needs a blue pen.

There is a good boy. /Have a good boy.

Two boys need two pens. /Two boys need two pens.

These two boys are students. The two boys are students.

A pronoun or noun possessive case is used as an attribute:

His boy needs Tom's pen. /His boy needs Tom's pen.

His name is Tom. /His name is Tom.

There are Tom's two boys there. /There are two boys named Tom.

Preposition phrases as attributes:

The boy in the classroom needs your pen. /The boy in the classroom needs your pen.

The boy in blue is Tom. The child in blue is Tom.

Two boys at 9, and three at 10. /There are two 9-year-old boys and three 10 boys.

Nouns as attributes:

The boy needs a ballpoint pen. /The boy needs a ballpoint pen.

This is a ballpoint pen. /This is a ballpoint pen.

There is only a ballpoint pen in the pencil case. There is only a ballpoint pen in this pencil box.

Adverbs as attributes:

The boy there needs a pen. /The boy there needs a pen.

The best boy here is Tom. The best boy here is Tom.

The infinitive is used as an attribute:

The boy who wrote this letter needs a pen. /The boy who wrote this letter needs a pen.

The boy who wrote this letter is Tom. The boy who is going to write this letter is Tom.

There is nothing to do today. There is nothing to do today.

A participle (phrase) as an attribute:

The smiling boy needs his mother to give him a pen. /The smiling boy needs a pen bought by his mother.

The pen she bought is made in China. /The pen she bought is made in China.

There are five boys left. /There are five boys left.

Attributive preposition

In English, the order of general attributive prepositions is: determiner, adjective, participle, gerund and nominal attributive. But when several adjectives appear in front of noun phrases at the same time, we should pay attention to their order. The word order after the adjective is: limited to appearance, age, color and ethnic materials, which refers to: determiners (generally referring to quantity); Appearance (beauty, etc. ); Appearance (size, height, fat); Age; Color; Nationality; Materials; Use. For example:

1 qualifier 2 Appearance 3 Shape 4 Age 5 Color 6 Nationality 7 Material 8 Purpose

A famous American university.

An interesting little red French oil painting.

A new plastic bucket.

Purple velvet curtain

An elegant German clock

In addition, some adjectives have a special order:

(1) Adjectives describing physical characteristics are placed before adjectives expressing emotional and personality characteristics.

For example: a lovely little girl, a long queue of patients, a pale and anxious patient;

(2) Adjectives indicating color are placed after adjectives indicating mood and personality characteristics.

For example: a kind black teacher, an inquiring brown dog;

(3) little, old and young can sometimes be regarded as an inseparable part of noun phrases, so they can be placed directly before nouns.

For example, a lovely little girl

(4) Adjectives expressing personality characteristics can be placed before or after the old and young, such as:

An ambitious young man (emphasizing age) and an ambitious young man (emphasizing ambition).

Of course, it is more complicated to use more than three adjectives as attributes, so the above situation is generally rare.

2) Attributive postposition

The phrase (1) is usually used as an attribute.

This is a fruitful meeting. This is a fruitful meeting.

He gave me a basket of eggs. He gave me a basket of eggs.

English is a language that is easy to learn but difficult to master. English is a language that is easy to learn but difficult to master.

The most difficult boys to teach are in his class. The most difficult boys to teach are in his class.

(2) The attributives of indefinite pronouns, which are composed of some, any, no and every, are all postpositioned.

Let's go somewhere quiet. Let's find a quiet place.

There is nothing important in today's newspaper. There is nothing important in today's newspaper.

Do you have anything else to say? Do you have anything else to say?

(3) Adverbs as attributes

People here are very friendly. People here are very friendly.

They live in the room upstairs. They live in the room upstairs.

(4) Adjectives ending in -able and -ible, which are transformed from verbs and nouns, are used as attributes.

He is a reliable man. He is a person who can be relied on.

This is the only available means of transportation. This is the only feasible mode of transportation.

(5) stressed single word segmentation

All relevant personnel should stay here.

The college mentioned.

(6) Special words

Can you tell me something important?

3) Attributive clause

There are many attributive clauses in English, but there are no attributive clauses in Chinese. There may even be attributive clauses in English, that is, multiple attributive clauses. For example, a healthy diet includes enough but not too many kinds of food to provide the body with the nutrients it needs for normal operation. A healthy diet should include enough food, but not too much. These foods provide nutrients necessary for normal activities of the body)

(1) In English compound sentences, clauses are developed layer by layer based on their main clauses, just like big branches grow on tree trunks and small branches grow on big branches. Chinese clauses appear in the order of time occurrence and expand in turn.

For example, "Chairman Mao, the great leader and mentor, led the China * * * production party to carry out arduous struggles, established a new China, and liberated the people and science." This sentence, translated into English, means that the establishment of the new China is based on the Communist Party of China (CPC)'s hard struggle. Under the leadership of our great leader and teacher Chairman Mao, our people and science have been liberated. (Wang Lianglan, 2003).

(2) The information expressed by the non-restrictive attributive clause in English is generally expressed by another clause in Chinese. When using an unrestricted attributive clause, a comma should be placed in front of it. The leading word of the unrestricted attributive clause can only be which, not that.

She asked for his help, and he readily agreed. She asked him for help, and he helped her happily.

Another example is that there has been no war in this country for this century.

A century has passed, during which the country suffered from war.

In English, sentence elements that modify verbs, adjectives and adverbs are called adverbs.

The function of adverbial: adverbial explains the place, time, reason, purpose, result, condition, direction, degree, way, accompanying situation, etc.

Adverbials generally take adverbs, prepositional phrases, participles and participle phrases, infinitives or words or phrases equivalent to adverbs. Its position is usually placed at the end of a sentence, but it can also be placed at the beginning or in a sentence.

Adverbs are words used to modify verbs, adjectives, adverbs or whole sentences, and explain concepts such as time, place, degree and manner.

Adverbs are generally used as adverbials in sentences.

He speaks English very well. He speaks English very well.

He is playing under the tree. Under the tree is an adverbial of place.

2. infinitives can be used as adverbials of purpose in sentences.

I came to see you specially. I came to see you.

3. Preposition phrases

Ten years ago, she started living in Dalian.

The boy was praised for his bravery.

4. Clauses as adverbials

/kloc-When she was 0/2 years old, she began to live in Dalian.

If I am not busy tomorrow, I will play football with you.

5. Participle as adverbial

After quarreling with his wife, he left home in a rage.

Suppressed in one direction, it now seems that the Mississippi River is about to turn in the other direction.

Object is the object of action and behavior and the receiver of action. The object is a noun, pronoun, infinitive or a word or phrase equivalent to a noun. Of course, it can also be used as an object clause by a sentence, so a sentence does not necessarily have only one object.

English transitive verbs must be followed by an object. The object is usually placed after the transitive verb, which together with the transitive verb explains what the subject does.

It shows that English prepositions should be followed by objects besides transitive verbs. In addition, some adjectives, such as worthy and careful, can also be followed by objects.

Objects can be divided into direct objects and indirect objects. That is, the indirect object of people and the direct object of things are collectively called "double objects".

My parents bought me a computer. My parents bought me a computer. Me is an indirect object and computer is a direct object.

Supplementary explanation of Modern Chinese Dictionary;

An object is a combination of verbs, usually after verbs, and is used to answer "Who?" Or "what?" For example, I asked the director, he drove a tractor, he accepted criticism, and he said he didn't know. Sometimes a verb can take two objects, such as "we" and "chemistry" that teach us chemistry.

Non-predicate verbs mainly include infinitive-gerund-participle (present participle and past participle), that is, the non-predicate form of verbs can carry any component of a sentence except that it can not act as a predicate independently.

It has three forms: infinitive, participle (present participle, past participle) and gerund.

1. The similarities between non-predicate verbs and predicate verbs are:

(1) If it is a transitive verb, it can be used with the object, for example:

They built a garden.

They suggested building a garden.

(2) Both can be modified by adverbials:

This suit suits him very well.

This suit used to suit him well.

(3) There are both active and passive types, as well as "body" type (general type; Progressive; Perfect) changes. For example:

He was punished by his parents. (passive voice of predicate verb)

He avoided being punished by his parents. (gerund passive)

We have written the composition. (When the predicate verb is complete)

After writing the composition, we handed it in. (Perfect form of present participle)

(4) Both can have logical subjects.

They began to work at once. (Logical subject of predicate verb)

The boss ordered them to start work. (Logical subject of infinitive)

We are league members. (Subject of predicate verb)

As we are league members, we have done a good job.

(Logical subject of present participle)

2. The differences between non-predicate verbs and predicate verbs are as follows:

(1) Non-predicate verbs can act as nouns (such as infinitive and gerund), and act as subject, object and predicative in sentences.

(2) Non-predicate verbs can be used as adjectives (such as infinitives and participles) and can be used as attributes, predicates or object complements in sentences.

(3) Non-predicate verbs can act as adverbs (such as infinitives and participles) and adverbials in sentences.

(4) Predicate verbs are used as predicates in sentences, which are limited by the person and number of the subject; Non-predicate verbs cannot be used as predicates alone in a sentence, and are not limited by the person and number of the subject.

(5) You can't be the predicate of a sentence alone in English.

(1) infinitive: (to)+do, which has the characteristics of nouns, adjectives and adverbs.

No: don't do it

(1) general formula: the action indicated by the infinitive general formula occurs at the same time or after the verb action.

For example:

I'm glad to meet you.

He seems to know a lot.

We plan to visit.

He wants to be an artist.

The patient asked for an operation at once.

The teacher ordered the work to be finished.

(2) Progressive aspect: the action expressed by the infinitive progressive aspect occurs at the same time as the predicate verb action, for example:

The boy pretended to be working hard.

He seems to be reading in his room.

(3) Completion: The action indicated by the completion infinitive occurs before the verb action, for example:

I regret lying.

I happened to see this film.

He was glad to meet his friend.

2. The syntactic function of infinitive:

(1) as the theme:

It is difficult to finish the work in ten minutes.

Losing confidence means failure.

When an infinitive phrase is used as the subject, it is often used as the formal subject, and the real subject infinitive is placed after the sentence. For example, the above two sentences can take the following forms:

It is difficult to finish the work in ten minutes.

It means the failure of losing confidence.

Common sentence patterns are: 1, It+be+ noun +to do. It needs someone. Take some time to do something. 3. It is +be+ adjective+for someone to do something. It is +be+ adjective+for someone. +to do。 Adjectives such as careless, clever, good, stupid, honest, kind, lazy, good, right, stupid, stupid and wise are often used to express praise or criticism, and the sb before the infinitive can be used as its logical subject.

(2) As a predicative:

Her job is to clean the hall.

He seems to have caught a cold.

(3) As an object:

Verbs often used with infinitives as objects are: want, hope, desire, offer, failure, plan, study, delay, refund, management, help, consent, commitment and preference. If the infinitive (object) is followed by the object complement, it is regarded as the formal object, and the real object (infinitive) is put behind.

Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.

Verb infinitives can also act as prepositional objects, for example:

I have no choice but to stay here.

He did nothing but repair his bike last Sunday.

Verb infinitives can sometimes be used with interrogative words, such as:

He gave us some advice on how to learn English.

(4) as an object complement:

In a compound object, the infinitive can act as the complement of the object, and the following verbs often follow this compound object: want, wish, quest, tell, order, beginning, permit, help, advise, advise, and, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait, invite.

In addition, prepositions are sometimes used with such compound objects, such as:

He didn't go to the movies because there was a lot of work to do.

Some verbs, such as make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have, etc. , used with infinitive, without to, but changed to passive voice, to should be added to infinitive, such as:

I saw him cross the road.

He was seen crossing the road.

(5) As an attribute:

The infinitive of a verb is used as an attribute after the noun or pronoun it modifies. Has the following relationship with the modified noun:

① Verb-object relationship:

I have to attend a meeting.

Note: when the infinitive is an intransitive verb, if the noun to be modified is a place or a tool, there must be necessary prepositions, such as:

He found a good house to live in.

The child has nothing to worry about.

What did you open it with?

If infinitives modify time, place and way, prepositions can be omitted:

He has no place to live.

This is the best way to solve this problem.

If the noun modified by the infinitive is the infinitive action receiver, the infinitive can be active or passive:

Do you have anything to send?

Do you have anything to send?

(2) Explain the content of the modified noun:

We have made a plan to finish the work.

③ The modified noun is the infinitive logical subject:

He was the first person to arrive here.

(6) as an adverbial:

① Table purpose:

He works day and night to make money.

She sold her hair to buy a watch chain.

Note that when the infinitive is placed at the beginning of a sentence, the logical subject should be consistent with the subject of the sentence:

Wrong: In order to save money, all means have been tried.

In order to save money, he tried every means.

Error: To learn English well, you need a dictionary.

To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.

② Table results:

He was late and found that the train had left.

Usually only before infinitives to emphasize:

I called on him and found him out.

③ Table reason:

They were very sad to hear the news.

④ Table degree:

It's so dark that we can't see anything.

This question is easy for him to answer.

(7) As an independent component:

To tell the truth, I don't like the way he talks.

(8) Ellipsis infinitive: the reserved verb omits do.

If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.

(9) The juxtaposition of infinitives: The second infinitive can omit to.

He hopes to study medicine and become a doctor.

(2) Gerund:

Gerund not only has some characteristics of verbs, but also has the syntactic function of nouns.

1. Gerund form: Ving

Negative: not+ gerund

(1) general formula:

I'll believe that when I see it. I'll believe that when I see it.

(2) passive:

He came to the party without being invited. He came to the party uninvited.

(3) Perfect:

We remember seeing the film. We remember seeing the film.

(4) completely passive:

He forgot that he was taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.

He forgot that he was taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.

(5) Negative: not+ gerund

I regret not following his advice. I regret not taking his advice.

(6) Compound structure: possessive pronoun (or noun possessive case)+gerund

He suggested that we try again. He suggested that we try again.

He doesn't know English, which gives him great trouble.

His ignorance of English caused him a lot of trouble.

2. The syntactic function of gerund:

(1) as the theme:

Reading aloud is very helpful. Reading aloud is very beneficial.

Collecting stamps is very interesting. Collecting stamps is very interesting.

Gerund phrases are often used as formal subjects when they are used as subjects.

It's no use arguing. It's no use arguing.

(2) As a predicative:

In Ant City, the queen's job is to lay eggs.

In the ant kingdom, the queen's job is to lay eggs.

(3) As an object:

They haven't built the dam yet. They haven't built the dam yet.

We must prevent the air from being polluted.

We must stop the air from being polluted.

Note that gerund can be used as both a verb object and a preposition object, as shown in the above two examples. In addition, when a gerund is used as an object, it is often used as a formal object if it is followed by an object complement, for example:

We find it no good making fun of others. We find it bad to make fun of others.

Remember that the following verbs and phrases only take gerunds as objects:

Enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid, excuse, delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit, deny, mind, allow, taboo, practice, take risks, appreciate, be busy, be worthy, feel like, can't stand, can't help but think, dream, like, stop … (from), keep … from.

(4) As an attribute:

He can't walk without a cane. He can't walk without crutches.

Is there a swimming pool in your school? Is there a swimming pool in your school?

(5) As appositive:

The cave, his hiding place is secret. The cave where he is hiding is very secret.

His habit of listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged.

His habit of listening to radio news programs has not changed.