Who can help me write a poem about the characteristics of Beijing courtyard houses? There is no restriction on the genre... Just make it longer.

Siheyuan is an inner courtyard-style residence formed by houses on the east, west, south and north sides. As the main architectural form where old Beijingers have lived for generations, Beijing courtyard houses are famous both at home and abroad and are well known to the world. First of all, it has a very long history. Since the Yuan Dynasty when Beijing was formally established as the capital and the capital was planned and constructed on a large scale, courtyard houses have appeared at the same time as Beijing’s palaces, government offices, neighborhoods, alleys and alleys. According to "Analysis of Jin Zhi" written by Xiong Mengxiang in the late Yuan Dynasty: "The street system of most cities is called longitude from south to north, and latitude from east to west. The main street is twenty-four steps wide and there are 384 long lanes. Twenty-nine alleys lead to it.” Secondly, the composition of the courtyard is unique. Its courtyard is wide and spacious, and the houses on all four sides are independent and connected with each other by verandas, making living very convenient. The enclosed residences make the courtyard highly private, and you can see the heaven and earth when you close the door. In the courtyard, the doors on all four sides open to the courtyard. , the family is in harmony and happy; the spacious courtyard can also plant trees and flowers, feed birds and fish, and stack rocks and scenery, so that the residents can enjoy the beauty of nature. In addition, although the courtyard is a residential building, it contains profound cultural connotations and is the carrier of traditional Chinese culture. The construction of quadrangle courtyards pays great attention to Feng Shui. Feng Shui theory is actually ancient Chinese architectural environment science and an important part of traditional Chinese architectural theory. The decoration, carvings and paintings of quadrangle courtyards also reflect folk customs and traditional culture, showing people's respect for the courtyard. The pursuit of happiness, beauty, wealth and auspiciousness, such as the pattern composed of bat and longevity, means "both happiness and longevity"; the pattern of rose flowers placed in a vase means "peace in all seasons"; and the pattern embedded on the door hairpin and door head The auspicious words and auspicious words, the couplets attached to the pillars, and the masterpieces of calligraphy and painting hung indoors are a collection of ancient teachings from sages and famous quotes from ancient and modern times. It is elegant and full of rich cultural atmosphere, just like a palace of traditional Chinese culture.

Many people study Siheyuan and solidify it in Beijing. In fact, the entire Chinese architectural tradition is a Siheyuan culture. If you visit the Qiao Family Courtyard and the ancient city of Pingyao in Shanxi, you will find that even businessmen in Chinese history followed the humanistic philosophy based on Confucian philosophy. In Suzhou gardens, people can experience the architectural philosophy created by the cultural management of China's past dynasties while marveling at the picturesque and dreamlike craftsmanship that moves through the scenery. After accompanying a foreign architect to visit Suzhou gardens, he came to a conclusion that shocked us. He said: truly great buildings are not created by architects, but by philosophers, thinkers, and scholars. Just like the garden you see in front of you, it is essentially a home, a study, or an ancient office. It is also like a garden, and this kind of garden can become a representative of Eastern culture. If you treat it as a home, then people will forget how many living rooms and bedrooms there are in this home, or their sizes and heights. What they can appreciate is the scenery in the garden. If you treat it as a garden, The house hidden in the scenery and the furnishings in the house are the best reflection of the owner's spirit and soul. Qi Baishi, the great prize winner in the Chinese painting world, once said that the beauty of things lies between similarity and dissimilarity, without skills, or as written in Jin Yong's martial arts novels, "There is no sword in the hand, but there is a sword in the heart". This is the best level. and realm.

China has modernized, but the old houses have been demolished. Beijing is becoming more and more like New York, Hong Kong, and Tokyo, but people don’t know why but they miss the life in the courtyard so much. In the past, the courtyard house allowed civilians to The people live and work in peace and contentment.

There is a truth. Now the rich people in the world are converging. Rich people in China and the United States all wear amani and Louis Vuitton. However, unique culture is often passed down by what we call the poor. Yes, this is why so many foreigners like to visit Beijing’s Hutongs, and why Lijiang Old Town has become the Shangri-La of mankind.

Ordinary people are like this. In the past, courtyards were large enough to accommodate palace nobles. In fact, if you think about it carefully, our Forbidden City is just a large courtyard. Our Beijing is a civilized ancient capital made up of numerous courtyard houses and hutongs strung together by golden threads. Therefore, some people say that the cultural essence of courtyard houses is hutong culture.

The ancient Chinese courtyard houses have unparalleled modern significance not only architecturally, but also culturally, philosophically and spiritually.

But now the courtyard houses have really become treasures in the ivory tower. People who can live there have more than just wealth... We have built several sets of foreign courtyard houses in Xingfu Village, or new ones. Siheyuan, in the modern urban center, pursues that kind of feeling in the imagination of foreign architects, that kind of feeling of collision, integration and sublimation of Chinese and Western cultures.

Siheyuan has a long history in China. According to the analysis of existing cultural relics, buildings in the form of Siheyuan appeared as early as more than 2,000 years ago.

In the process of historical development, the Chinese people particularly loved the architectural form of the courtyard. Not only palaces, temples, and government officials used courtyards, but they were also widely used in residential buildings everywhere.

However, whenever people mention courtyard houses, they will naturally think of Beijing courtyard houses. Why is this?

This is the regular form of the Beijing courtyard house, which is very typical. Among all kinds of courtyard houses, the Beijing courtyard house can represent its main characteristics.

First of all, the central courtyard of a Beijing courtyard is basically a square in plan view, while some residential buildings in other areas are not like this.

For example, the courtyards of courtyard houses in Shanxi and Shaanxi are a vertical rectangle that is long from north to south and narrow from east to west. However, the courtyards of courtyard houses in Sichuan and other places are mostly horizontal rectangles that are long from east to west and narrow from north to south.

Secondly, the houses in the east, west, south and north directions of the Beijing courtyard are independent. The east and west wing rooms are not connected to the main house and the reverse building itself, and the main house and side rooms are not connected to each other. , reverse seats, etc. All the houses are one-story, without buildings. The only thing connecting these houses is the verandah at the corner.

In this way, when viewed from the air, Beijing’s courtyard houses look like four small boxes enclosing a courtyard.

As for the courtyard houses in many areas in the south, most of the houses on the four sides are buildings, and the houses are connected at the four corners of the courtyard. The houses on the east, west, north and south sides do not exist independently. Therefore, southerners call courtyards "patio". It can be seen that the courtyards in Jiangnan are as small as a "well", which inevitably reminds people of the idioms of "frog at the bottom of the well" and "sitting in a well and looking at the sky".

Beijing’s quadrangle courtyard is a veritable courtyard, spacious and open, with ample sunlight and a wide view.

In a feudal society where elders and younger ones were organized and distinctions were distinguished between seniority and inferiority, the allocation of residences in the inner houses of Beijing courtyards was very strict. The principal rooms in the inner houses with superior positions and prominent positions were all given to the masters and wives of the older generation. live.

Only the middle one of the three rooms in the north room opens to the outside and is called the main room. The two rooms on both sides only open to the main room, forming suites, forming a pattern of one light and two dark. The main room is a place where family members live, entertain relatives, or worship ancestors during festivals. There are multiple bedrooms on both sides.

The bedrooms on the east and west sides are also distinguished by superiority and inferiority. Under the polygamy system, the east side is the superior and is occupied by the main room, while the west side is the inferior and is occupied by the side room.

The east and west wing rooms can have single doors or can be connected to the main room. They are generally used as bedrooms or studies. The east and west wing rooms are occupied by younger generations. The wing rooms are also light and dark. The middle room is a living room and the two sides are bedrooms.

You can also divide the room on the south side and use it as a kitchen or dining room. Back-house - medium-sized or larger quadrangles often have back military rooms or back-houses, mainly for women or maids who have not left the pavilion.

To be precise, in the past, old Beijingers mostly called the various animals they liked to raise and play with as "playthings", and rarely used the most popular word "pets" nowadays.

Speaking of the many pets in old Beijing courtyard houses, they can be roughly divided into four categories: birds, insects, fish, and beasts. Keeping pets is not only a hobby of old Beijingers, but also an important part of courtyard culture. What people get from playing with pets is spiritual pleasure and enjoyment, which makes life in the courtyard more interesting.

Let’s talk about bird pets first. There are more than a dozen kinds of birds and birds that were often raised in old Beijing. Thrush, lark, oriole, jade bird, parrot, starling, lovebird, munia, pigeon, etc. Parrots are divided into three categories: large, medium and small according to their body size. The most common ones are budgerigars, small colorful parrots, Sunflower parrot etc. The most melodious song is the yellow bird, also called the oriole. Although it is small in size, its call is clear and sweet, and it can also imitate the calls of mountain magpies, red beetles, and crickets. Because it is easier to feed, more people keep it in courtyards.

Starlings are often known for their eloquent speech, and are mostly favored by the elderly. Place a starling under the eaves, and it will bark at every person and learn a few sentences from time to time, which is a great way to have fun.

People in courtyards raise birds for fun. Every morning, before people get up, the birds will call early, and their crisp calls make the little ones happy. The courtyard is full of life, so the first thing people do when they get up is to walk the birds. In fact, bird walking is not only about "letting the birds fly", but also about taming the birds and teaching them some small skills for viewing and entertainment. People who like to raise birds pay special attention to the choice of bird cages, whether they are water-milled bamboo cages, purple paint cages, or wicker cages. Some carry one in each hand, and some carry two in each hand, either gently up and down, or slowly left and right. Put it on, be content and leisurely. Many people often get together to compete for "shares": whose bird is more beautiful, whose cage is more original, whose song is more pleasant, and who has more fun things to do.

Among the bird pets, pigeons are often kept in courtyard houses. In the past, when walking on the streets of Beijing, you would often hear the whistle of pigeons. Looking up at the blue sky, you would see flocks of pigeons passing by in the wind, contrasting with ancient trees, red walls, alleys, and old courtyards, forming a beautiful picture. The harmonious and peaceful picture is actually a scene of Beijing city. Raising pigeons is different from raising other birds. Raising other birds is for fun of watching and singing, while raising pigeons is for fun of flying. Old Beijingers used to call raising pigeons "playing with pigeons", and there are many things to pay attention to.

First of all, let’s talk about the types of pigeons. There are as many as thirty or forty types, the most famous ones are Bitian, Huaner, Heier and Winger. Dove pigeons are all white except for a small patch of black or purple on their heads. Ringed pigeons have a ring of other colors around their necks. Heier pigeons are mostly black from head to tail. The winged pigeon has a special color on its wings. The quality of a pigeon, in addition to its coat color, also depends on its endurance when flying and its ability to turn somersaults. Some pigeons can do a series of somersaults in the air, and some are released from hundreds of miles away and can fly back soon. These are truly good pigeons. There is no distinction between high and low in people raising pigeons in courtyard houses. Pigeon fanciers often get together to compete in their skills, and often fly together to places dozens of miles away to see whose pigeons fly back first.

Beijingers like to raise birds not only for fun, but also for mental health and fitness. There is a saying in the past: "Raising birds and walking them, the birds are walking, the people are practicing, the mind will become wider, the body will become stronger, and the life will be brighter." So whether it is a scholar, a famous opera singer, a coachman, or a worker , all have a hobby of raising birds, making birds and birds the most commonly kept pets in the courtyard.

Speaking of playing with insects, it is also a fun for old Beijingers, and everyone has fun regardless of their status. There are many types of insects, including grasshoppers, crickets, golden bells, smacking lips, oil gourds, etc. Among them, the most popular ones are grasshoppers and crickets.

First of all, raising grasshoppers is a hobby of many people in the courtyard. In the past, after the wheat harvest, grasshopper sellers began to appear in the alleys. Most of the vendors put the grasshoppers in cages made of straw or wheat straw. The cages look very fancy, including round, square, octagonal, and triangular. The clear chirping of the grasshoppers can be heard from a distance, attracting many people in the courtyard to come and buy them. There is a record in "The Records of the Years of Yanjing" that "after the fifth month in the capital, there will be hawking children on the street, each with only one or two coins." Most of these grasshoppers come from the Yixian and Laishui areas of Hebei Province. First, they are big, and second, their calls are clear and sweet. When people in courtyard houses bought grasshoppers, they rarely bought one as a child, but mostly bought two. Firstly, old Beijingers have the habit of pairing up, and double is an auspicious number. Secondly, two people can tease each other. The screams are even more joyful. Most of the purchased grasshopper cages are hung on the eaves, lintels, windows or on grape trellises or crabapple trees in the yard. From then on, the chirping of the grasshopper became the most beautiful sound in the courtyard, and it could be heard until the beginning of winter.

Beijing people pay a lot of attention to raising grasshoppers. First, they must choose high-quality grasshoppers, which must have all tails and tails, and have a pleasant cry; second, they must have good color and good appearance, and generally have more Choose three types: black, green, and blue; third, be active and jumpy. The more lively and noisy a grasshopper is, the more popular it will be. According to the seasons, there are summer and autumn. Before the "beginning of autumn", there are summer grasshoppers, and after "beginning of autumn", there are autumn grasshoppers. Those who are good at raising them can keep them until the middle of winter. In the past, some wealthy or well-established people in courtyard houses would travel hundreds of miles to Hebei, Shandong or even Northeast China to buy a high-quality grasshopper at a high price.

The grasshopper cages are also very particular. The best grasshopper cages are made of gourds, with carved, carved and hot flowers on the outside. Most of the patterns are simple mascots, such as pine and crane to prolong life, good fortune and longevity. , plum, orchid, bamboo, chrysanthemum, etc., simple and elegant, it can be regarded as a work of art.

As for the crickets, they are also called crickets or crickets. In the old days, fighting crickets became a common custom in courtyard houses in autumn. From the princes and nobles to the common people, they all had the practice of fighting crickets. good. But in the past, ordinary Beijingers raised crickets for fighting rather than gambling. Fighting was a pleasure. Even if they paid a little "pay", it was just a pack of cigarettes and half a catty of "mixed candies". There were very few big crickets. Gambling. Although Cricket is small, he is also very particular. The same is true for fighting crickets, and there are also three, six or nine grades in the courtyard. The lowest level is just a few children squatting in their own yard or doorway to fight with crickets for fun. The utensils used were nothing more than enamel pots and glass bottles, and all the crickets were not of high quality, but mostly coffin boards and old rice mouths that I caught myself. In the middle level, some literati fight with crickets at home, mainly for entertainment, and use crickets to meet friends. The upper class are dignitaries. They usually set up cases in courtyards and invite distinguished friends and guests to gather together for the sake of elegance and fun. However, when fighting, gambling is often involved.

The crickets played by Beijingers are mostly black-toothed yellow from Dezhou, Shandong, iron-headed green-backed and black-toothed green hemp-headed from Ningyang, as well as the "ground-crouching cricket" from Sujiatuo in the northwest suburbs of Beijing. "Er", "Xiatou Qing" from Heilongtan and "Qing Ma Tou" from Fushou Ridge in Shijingshan Mountain. The fun of raising crickets lies in their fighting and singing. When fighting crickets, it is important to use "tricks" such as clamps, hooks, dodges, dodging, hugs, hoops, bites, pinches, and rolls. Raising crickets requires a basin, and fighting crickets also requires a basin, and they are very particular. Ordinary people in the courtyard often use wooden cages or bamboo cages to raise animals, and when fighting, they often use mud pots or clay pots. The general fighting of Cricket is not fascinating, but the good Cricket is not, and its titles are also beautiful: General Wing Zhen, Marshal Redbeard, Big Mac, Invincible King, Spotted Leopard, etc. Around the Mid-Autumn Festival, it is the climax of cricket fighting in the courtyard. The fight between two small crickets can attract more than a dozen people to watch and cheer. The victorious crickets fluttered their wings and chirped, and the master's face suddenly became brighter. If the score is evenly divided and the outcome remains undecided after several battles, the master will surrender and make peace. The little crickets bring endless fun to the courtyard.

As for fish pets, Beijingers have been keeping goldfish for hundreds of years. Because "fish" and "yu" are homophones, which means "more than enough every year", it is regarded as an auspicious thing. Fish farming is not only a kind of fun, but also a good way to nourish one's leisure. In summer, "ceiling, fish tank, and pomegranate tree" are the most harmonious scenery in the courtyard. From the princes and nobles, to the officials of the court and to the common people, they all like to have fish basins in their yards and fish tanks in their homes, and they may raise a few, dozens, or even hundreds of goldfish. In the words of a Beijinger: Fish farming is a form of slow work, and what is required is the process of tempering one's temper, in order to cultivate one's mind and spirit.

The goldfish commonly raised by Beijingers are divided into two categories: "grass carp" and "dragon eye fish". "Grass carp" are small goldfish sold by vendors along the street. They are small in size, ranging from one to five inches in size, and are relatively cheap. Most ordinary families buy a few of them and put them in small round fish tanks for viewing. Owners who raise "dragon eye fish" are mostly very particular people. There are many types of "dragon eyes". According to color, they are red dragon eyes, red dragon eyes, black dragon eyes, blue dragon eyes, purple dragon eyes, etc. They are mostly raised in wooden basins with a diameter of more than three feet. The fish basins are usually placed under the ceiling of the courtyard or next to the aisle. The fish basins are supported by special shelves, and some water plants are also placed in some basins. There are three things you must do when raising fish: change the water, catch fish insects, and feed the fish. Before changing the water, let the water dry out for three to five days, then use a scoop to transfer the fish in the fish basin to another fish basin, and then drain the water in the fish basin, especially the fish feces and dirt. , then put in the dried water, and then pour the fish in. Fishing for fish worms means going to nearby ponds and reed ditches every day to fish for fish food. A fastidious fish farmer rarely feeds dry food to his fish, but feeds them more live food, so that the fish likes to eat, grows quickly, and looks fresh. Feeding fish is the most enjoyable time for fish keepers. Spreading a handful of fish food and watching the fish looking for food is very interesting.

Among animal pets, old Beijingers used to keep more cats and dogs. I won’t say much more about the cats in the courtyard houses. The "Siheyuan" edition once published an article "Cats in the Siheyuan of Old Beijing", which clearly described the story of Beijingers raising cats. Here I’m just talking about raising a dog. In the past, Beijingers never kept as many dogs as they do today, and dogs were not as favored as they are today.

Even if you raise a dog, you will never enjoy the "treatment" like today. A grooming session costs six to seven hundred, and no one calls it a "son." At that time, dogs were mostly kept to look after homes and homes, or to be companions when going out, and to act as "bodyguards".

Today, the types of dogs raised by Beijingers include almost all famous dogs from all over the world. The price of a more expensive dog ranges from hundreds to tens of thousands of yuan. This is what old Beijingers thought about in the past. I dare not think about it. In the old days, there were many small Jingba dogs and small Shiba Inu dogs in courtyard houses, while only wealthy families kept big wolfdogs and the like. The number of dogs is far less than the number of cats, so in various books introducing old Beijing, there is very little talk about raising dogs. In the early years, people's lives were not rich. Dog food was mostly leftover meals from their owners. They often went out to hunt for wild food when they were hungry and full. They had no idea what "dog food" was. The kennels are mostly located in the doorways of courtyards, so that they can respond to any movement. It is too rare to keep a dog in the house where the owner lives or treat it as a member of the family.

In addition, the pets kept by old Beijingers include eagles, turtles, monkeys, chickens, geese, falcons, etc., but the number is not very large. Only those who are particularly fond of them will keep them.