How to manage the land to achieve high yield when preparing to plant sweet potatoes on a large scale?

Sweet potato is called sweet potato in the north. It is a "tuber" agricultural product with fresh and sweet taste.

China has a long history of planting sweet potatoes. Although sweet potato is not native to China, it was introduced and planted in Wanli period of Ming Dynasty, so the planting technology should be said to be very mature.

However, some "new generation" farmers may not be able to grow sweet potatoes. Therefore, it is necessary for us to talk about sweet potato and its high-yield cultivation techniques.

1. Biological characteristics of sweet potato

Sweet potato is native to tropical and subtropical regions, so sweet potato likes warm and cold. Generally speaking, when the temperature drops to 15℃, sweet potato will stop growing; When the temperature is lower than 9℃, tubers will gradually rot due to freezing injury; The stems and leaves on the ground of sweet potatoes will also die because they lose their vitality. Therefore, sweet potato is a kind of "warm and cold-averse" crop.

The optimum growth temperature of sweet potato is 18~32℃. If the temperature is too high (such as above 35℃), it will also inhibit the growth of sweet potato. Therefore, although sweet potatoes are afraid of cold, they are also afraid of heat.

Sweet potato is drought-tolerant, but too much drought will lead to poor growth of sweet potato. According to the determination, it is better to keep the soil relative water content between 70% and 80% during the whole growth period of sweet potato.

Sweet potato likes light, but it is not tolerant to shade. Daily sunshine hours should be within the range of 8~ 10 hour. When the light is insufficient, the leaf color will turn yellow, which will affect the photosynthesis of sweet potato and eventually lead to the decline of sweet potato yield.

Sweet potato has strong adaptability to soil and good acid and alkali resistance. As long as the pH value of the soil is between 4.2 and 8.3, sweet potatoes can grow normally. But in order to make sweet potato yield high, it is best to plant it on sandy loam or loam with deep and loose soil layer and good ventilation.

In the late growth stage of sweet potato, there are certain requirements for the "ventilation conditions" of the plot, and the ventilation conditions of the plot are generally better. If the ventilation condition of the plot is not good, it is not conducive to the breathing of plants, affecting the expansion of tubers, and ultimately causing the reduction of sweet potato production.

Second, high-yield planting techniques of sweet potato

(1) variety selection

In order to obtain high yield of sweet potato, we must first choose excellent sweet potato varieties, because varieties are the basis and necessary conditions for high yield; Secondly, scientific cultivation management methods. If you don't choose a good variety of sweet potato, even if the cultivation management method is scientific, it is difficult to improve the yield of sweet potato. So before planting sweet potatoes, you must know the varieties of sweet potatoes.

1. Nong Xin No.1

Nong Xin No.1 sweet potato has the advantages of lifelong non-turning vines, concentrated tubers and large and tidy tubers. Moreover, the sugar content is as high as 15%, which is very palatable and has been planted in large areas in northern China.

Under normal circumstances, the yield per mu of sweet potato variety Nong Xin 1 sown in spring can reach about 7000 kg; The yield per mu of sweet potato variety Nong Xin 1 planted in summer can reach about 3500 kg.

2. Sushu No.8 (Huangpi)

Sushu 8 has the characteristics of high yield, early maturity and disease resistance. The sugar content can reach about 13.4%, and the tuber has less fiber and tastes sweeter.

Under normal circumstances, the yield per mu of Sushu No.8 sweet potato variety planted in spring can reach about 15000 kg; The yield per mu of summer sowing sweet potato variety Sushu No.8 can reach about 7000 kg.

3. Virus-free Beijing 553

The top leaf of virus-free Beijing 553 is purple, and the other leaves are green. It has the characteristics of early fruiting, rapid tuber expansion and orderly concentration, and is resistant to black spot and stem nematode disease, drought, fertilizer and barren.

Under normal circumstances, the yield per mu of virus-free Beijing 553 sweet potato varieties planted in spring can reach about 6000 kg; The yield per mu of virus-free Beijing 553 sweet potato variety planted in summer can reach about 4000 kg.

4. Japanese golden potato

Japanese sweet potato is a new sweet potato variety introduced from Japan. It is characterized by continuous cropping resistance, strong disease resistance, rich vitamin content and good taste.

Under normal circumstances, the yield per mu of Japanese golden sweet potato varieties planted in spring can reach about 10000 kg; The yield per mu of virus-free Japanese sweet potato varieties planted in summer can reach about 5000 kg.

5. Xinong 43 1

Xinong 43 1 is an early-maturing baked potato variety. Its characteristics are: no turning vines, strong adaptability.

Under normal circumstances, the yield of sweet potato variety Xinong 43 1 mu planted in spring can reach about 8000 kg; Summer sowing Xinong 43 1 sweet potato variety can reach about 4000 kg per mu.

6. Shangshu 19

Shangshu 19 sweet potato variety has the characteristics of many and even potato pieces, smooth skin, high potato yield and commodity rate, and the starch content is between 23-25%, which belongs to high starch sweet potato variety.

Under normal circumstances, the yield per mu of commercial sweet potato variety 19 planted in spring can reach about 10000 kg; The yield of summer sowing sweet potato variety Shangshu 19 mu can reach about 6000 kg.

7. Uncle Xu 22

Xu Shu 22 sweet potato variety has the characteristics of high yield and wide adaptability. It is also a high starch sweet potato variety.

Under normal circumstances, the yield per mu of Xu Shu 22 sweet potato varieties in spring sowing can reach about 9000 kg; The yield per mu of sweet potato variety Xu Shu 22 planted in summer can reach about 4000 kg.

8. Tobacco potatoes 25

Yan Shu No.25 sweet potato variety has the characteristics of high quality, high yield, disease resistance and good taste.

Under normal circumstances, the yield per mu of 25 sweet potato varieties planted in spring can reach about 8000 Jin; The yield per mu of 25 sweet potato varieties in summer sowing can reach about 3,500 Jin.

9. Eshu 6

The sweet potato variety Eshu 6 has good resistance to black spot and root rot, and has the characteristics of strong disease resistance.

Under normal circumstances, the yield per mu of spring sweet potato variety Eshu 6 can reach about 6000 kg. The yield per mu of summer sowing sweet potato variety Eshu 6 can reach about 3000 kg.

10. Longshu 9

Longshu 9 sweet potato variety has the characteristics of drought tolerance, waterlogging tolerance, barren tolerance, strong cold tolerance and wide adaptability.

Under normal circumstances, the yield per mu of spring-sown sweet potato variety Longshu 9 can reach about 9000 kg; The yield per mu of summer sowing sweet potato variety Longshu No.9 can reach about 4,500 kg.

Of course, there are many varieties of sweet potatoes with high quality and high yield. You can choose them according to your local planting conditions.

(2) Soil preparation and fertilization

In order to obtain high yield of sweet potato, it is very important to apply base fertilizer. According to experience, generally 3000 kg of "grass fertilizer" should be applied per mu; 2000 kg of manure; 30 kg of ternary compound fertilizer. After fertilization, deep ploughing and harrowing. If the local water conservancy conditions are good, you should also make a bed in case the land is watered during the drought.

(3) Seedbed seedling raising

1. Seedbed construction

There are three ways of sweet potato seedling, namely hotbed seedling, film seedling and open field seedling. Generally speaking, film seedling is the most convenient, so the seedbed can be built according to the way of film seedling.

Before building the seedbed, level the ground first, then water the ground first, and then spread "grass fertilizer" on the ground to make the seedbed. The thickness of grass fertilizer is about 25-30 cm, and the width and length depend on the needs of seedling raising.

After the grass fertilizer is laid, it must be watered enough to prepare for seedling raising.

Cultivate seedlings

If sweet potatoes are planted in spring, they should be raised in the middle and late February; If you plant sweet potatoes in summer, you should raise seedlings in early May.

(1) Selection of seed potato

The selection of potato seeds is very important. Because the quality of seed potatoes directly affects the quality of sweet potato seedlings, seed potatoes should be carefully selected. In general, sweet potato with bright skin, moderate size, no disease, no damage, no cold damage and no wet damage should be selected as seed potato, and the weight of seed potato should be controlled at about 1- 1.5 kg.

(2) seed potato treatment

In order to reduce diseases, seed potatoes should be treated before breeding. In general, seed potatoes can be soaked in a solution of 50% carbendazim and 500 times of water for 8 minutes and then taken out; Or put the seed potato into the solution of 70% tetramethyl thiophanate and 700 times of water, soak it for 10 minute, and then take it out.

(3) Seeding in seedbed

There are three ways to grow sweet potatoes, oblique, horizontal and straight. According to experience, oblique line is the best way, so the seed potato should be propagated obliquely. The oblique row method is very simple, that is, the potato head presses the potato tail 1/3. This kind of discharge of seed potatoes can make the seed potatoes evenly exposed to light, which is conducive to cultivating strong seedlings.

(4) Water and buckle the shed

After the seed potato is discharged, it must be watered enough, thermometers should be inserted at both ends and in the middle of the seedbed, and then the plastic shed should be buckled to keep warm and raise seedlings.

(5) Temperature control

The seedling temperature of sweet potato seedlings is 18-22℃. If the temperature is too high, it should be ventilated and cooled in the shed, otherwise it will cause serious consequences of "burning seedlings"; If the temperature is too low, double-layer plastic film should be buckled to raise the temperature, otherwise the growth rate of sweet potato seedlings will be very slow.

(4) planting sweet potatoes

The sweet potato seedlings can be planted in the field when they grow to 12- 15 cm. Before planting, dig a pit with a row spacing of 22-25 cm and a pit depth of about 10 cm. After digging the hole, the sweet potato seedlings should be inserted into the soil obliquely, and the seedlings should be left about 2 cm on the hole surface (not too long, otherwise it will be easily blown off by the wind). After planting the sweet potato seedlings, water them. After the water is completely "soaked", cover them with soil and stamp them slightly.

(5) Site management

1. Surface treatment

Sweet potato should be topdressing three times. The first topdressing should be carried out after planting for one month. This topdressing is called "seedling fertilizer". Generally, 30 kg of ternary compound fertilizer is chased per mu.

The second topdressing is carried out two months after planting. This topdressing is called "seedling-promoting fertilizer" to promote the rapid growth of sweet potato seedlings. Generally, 40 kilograms of ternary compound fertilizer is applied per mu.

The third topdressing was carried out at the tuber expansion stage of sweet potato. This topdressing should use foliar fertilizer, and a certain amount of potassium dihydrogen phosphate can be sprayed.

2. intertillage weeding

Sweet potatoes generally need to be cultivated twice. The first intertillage should be carried out after the first topdressing 10; The second intertillage should be carried out after the second topdressing 10. No matter what kind of intertillage, it should be "shallow intertillage", and the depth of intertillage should not exceed 8 cm.

Weeding should be carried out at any time, as long as weeds appear in the field, they should be pulled out immediately. In order to prevent weeds and sweet potatoes from competing for nutrients and water.

water

If it is not particularly dry, sweet potatoes can be watered, especially after the sweet potato seedlings are "covered". But before the sweet potato seedlings are "covered" on the ground, they should be watered according to the degree of drought.

Flip seedlings

Whether the sweet potato needs to be turned over depends on the variety. Under normal circumstances, short-vine sweet potato varieties do not need to turn over seedlings; But for the long vine sweet potato, it is necessary to turn over the seedlings.

The seedling turning time can be determined according to the growth of sweet potato vines. Generally, after the sweet potato seedlings are "covered" on the ground, they should be turned over.

Third, sweet potato pest control

The main diseases of sweet potato are virus disease, leaf spot disease and scab disease. The main pests are moths, leaf rollers, leaf beetles, Spodoptera litura, mole rats, cutworms and so on.

(1) viral diseases

Virus disease will lead to short sweet potato plants and obvious defoliation.

Control method: Rhizopus Phytophthora and 32% bromomorpholine can be used for spray control. Prevention and treatment are generally needed twice, with an interval of 5 days.

(2) Leaf spot disease

Leaf spot mainly infects sweet potato leaves, which can reduce the photosynthesis of leaves.

Control methods: 20% 1000 times of silazane prochloraz, 38% 800- 1000 times of famoxabin, 4% 1000 times of flusilazole, 50% 1000 times of thiophanate, 70%. Generally, it needs to be prevented 3 times, with an interval of 5 days.

(3) scab

Scab mainly harms the tender leaves and underground tubers of sweet potato.

Control method: 0.3-0.5% Bordeaux solution, 500-600 times solution of 30% copper oxychloride, 500 times solution of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder or 500 times solution of 50% triamcinolone acetonide wettable powder can be used for spray control. Generally, prevention and treatment are needed twice with an interval of 7 days.

(4) moths and leaf rollers

These two pests mainly harm the leaves of sweet potatoes.

Control method: 1% avermectin EC 1000 times solution and 2.5% mirex EC 3000 times solution can be used for spray control. Generally, it needs to be prevented 3 times, with an interval of 7 days.

(5) Leaf beetle

It mainly harms the tuber of sweet potato, and can cause scars of different shades on the surface of sweet potato pieces, thus losing commercial value.

Control method: 90% trichlorfon can be sprayed 800 times in larval stage for control. Generally, prevention and treatment are needed twice with an interval of 7 days.

(6) Spodoptera litura

Spodoptera litura mainly harms sweet potato leaves.

Control method: 20% mirex EC 3000 times, 80% dichlorvos or 2.5% mirex or 25% malathion 1000 times, or 5% chlorhexidine or 5% chlorhexidine 2000-3000 times can be used for spray control. Generally, it needs to be prevented 3 times, with an interval of 7 days.

(7) the mole cricket and the cutworm

Grub, the main tuber of sweet potato.

Control method: Using 2.5% trichlorfon powder, the dosage is per mu 1.5-2 kg, and the fine soil per mu 10 kg, to make toxic soil and sprinkle it on sweet potato roots.

To sum up, sweet potato is a very easy crop to grow. Moreover, it has strong geographical adaptability and can be planted almost all over the country. Under normal circumstances, as long as you follow the planting method mentioned above, you can get a good yield. it wont hurt you to try it