Talk about the intermission of night shift

Football is an ancient sports activity with a long history. It originated from Cuju, an ancient ball game in China, and later spread to Europe through Arabs, and developed into modern football. Therefore, the hometown of football is China. It is said that before the Middle Ages, the Greeks and Romans had already started playing football. On a rectangular court, they put the ball on the white line in the middle and kicked it to the other court with their feet. At that time, they called this game "Baja Storm". By the beginning of19th century, football was quite popular in some countries in Europe and Latin America at that time, especially in capitalist Britain. It was not until 1848 that the first written rule of football, Cambridge Rules, was born.

The so-called "Cambridge Rules" are some rules formulated by three universities in London, Oxford and Cambridge in the early 9th century. At that time, each team had 1 1 people. At that time, there were ten students and a teacher living in each dormitory in the school, so a dormitory-to-dormitory game was played, with each side having 1 1 person. At that time, the current 1 1 football match began. 1863101On October 26th, the British Football Association held a very important meeting in the history of modern English football. The return of the competition was drafted, but some terms are far from today's rules. For example, there was a rule at that time: when the ball entered the space between goalposts or crossed the space above, no matter how high it was, as long as it was not thrown, hit or transported by hand, it was considered as winning. At that time, the position and formation of players were also different from today's: each team had a goalkeeper, a defender, an avant-garde and eight forwards. Soon after the rules were made, the formation changed: one goalkeeper, two defenders, three avant-garde and five forwards. So there are eleven players in the last game.

However, numerous data show that ancient football in China appeared earlier than in Europe and has a longer history. In ancient China, football was called Cuju or Tuju, both of which meant kicking, and Juju was the name of the ball. The word "Cuju" first appeared in Historical Records, Bielu by Liu Xiang in Han Dynasty and Biography of Meicheng by Yan Shizeng in Tang Dynasty. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, "Cuju" was very popular and became an elegant activity in the court. 1958 In July, when Dr. Havelange, the current president of FIFA, came to China, he said: Football originated in China. Of course, due to the limitation of feudal society, the ancient cuju activity in China did not develop into a modern football sport based on the principle of "fair competition". This qualitative leap took place in capitalist Britain.

Cuju in Han dynasty

The Han and Tang Dynasties was the most prosperous period for the development of ancient football in China, and it developed into a direct confrontation game. In the Tang Dynasty (AD 6 18-907), the ball used in Cuju was changed from being filled with hair to being blown with the mouth, and two goals were used instead of the "bow room". In the Song Dynasty (AD 960-1279), Cuju had developed double-goal and single-goal competitions, and a club organization named Yun Qi Club or Round Club appeared. The balls used were blown by people with their mouths and inflated with a pump, which was more and more close to modern football.

Cuju was a means of training soldiers in Han Dynasty, and a relatively complete system was established. If the palace is specially set up, it is defined as a rectangle in the east-west direction, with six symmetrical "bow areas" at each end, also known as "bow rooms", each guarded by one person. There is a fence around the construction site. The game is divided into two teams, each with its own offense and defense, and the outcome is determined by the number of kicks into the opponent's bow room.

After the initial popularity in the Han Dynasty, cuju activities reached a climax in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and even the kicking method according to the position on the field appeared. Cuju has taken many forms in the Tang Dynasty, such as "bowing" based on the number of times of heading the ball, "beating in vain" in the center of the court, "jumping the bow" in which many people participate in fighting, and the game of setting up the goal. In this way, each team has a certain number of people and a fixed position, and it is stipulated that players can only play in their own positions and cannot move.

At the beginning of 2004, FIFA confirmed that football originated in China, and cuju was the earliest recorded football activity. The Warring States Policy and Historical Records are the earliest records of Cuju. The former describes the popularity of cuju in Linzi (now Zibo), the capital of Qi State, more than 2,300 years ago, while the latter records that cuju was a way to train soldiers and assess their physique at that time ("cuju is also a potential weapon, so it is also a way to practice samurai").

Introduction of Cuju before Song Dynasty

The word "Cuju" first appeared in Historical Records and Biography of Su Qin. When Su Qin lobbied Qi Xuanwang, he described Lin Miao as "Lin Miao is very rich and practical, and its people are players who can play with poles, drums and bows." "Kick" means "kick", which means kick. "Bow and ball are ancient football. There are records about Cuju in Xijing Miscellany, Salt and Iron Theory, Cuju New Book and Liuxiang Bielu in Han Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the custom of cuju was still prevalent. In the Tang Dynasty, cuju was still a very common sport. Du Fu said in a poem: "Ten years' bird's eye view of the bow will make you far away, and so will Wan Li's swing. However, it has made great progress. There are three main types:

(1) Use inflatable balls: The fact garden in the Song Dynasty contains: "Yan Shigu notes that Huo Qubing kicked a chrysanthemum cloud in the bud field:' Although the bow is covered with fur, it is also a play.' Yan said that the bow was like this, and the late Tang Dynasty was different. Xu Jian's Beginner: "Today Cuju said to play ball. It was made of wool fiber in ancient times, but now it is made of skin, which is realized by cells. "

(2) Set a goal: "General Examination of Literature" "Cuqiu Gai began in the Tang Dynasty, planting two bamboo trees several feet high, netting them, and measuring the ball as the door; The goal is about two points, and the victory or defeat depends on the corner kick. Isn't it another time? "

(3) Various kicking methods: double goal kicking method: recorded in Zhong Wuyan's Balloon Fu in the Tang Dynasty. Kicking with one ball: You can see it in Cuju Atlas. Kicking without a goal: one or several people kick alone, which is called bowing; They both kicked in vain; Three or more people play together to call the field households, such as three-person field households and four-person field households.

The first recorded fan

Xiang Chu was the first recorded model in the Western Han Dynasty, but his experience was unfortunate. According to Records of the Historian Biography of Bian Que and Cang Gong, the famous doctor Chunyu Kun treated Xiang Chu and told him not to be overworked, but Xiang Chu didn't listen and went out to play football. As a result, Xiang Chu vomited blood and died, which also made Xiang Chu the first fanatical "fan" in the world.

The first starting list in history

The Old Story of Wulin in the Southern Song Dynasty once listed the names and positions of the two teams in the "Thirty-two-player Ball Building" competition: "Sixteen people in Zuo Jun: Zhang Jun, Wang Lian, Zhu Xuan, Shi Ze, Ding Quan, Zhang Lin and Chun Hu. ; Sixteen members of the right army: Li Zheng, Zhu Zhen, Zhu Xuan, Zhang Ning, Bin Xu, Wang Yong and Jun Chen. This is probably the first football "starting list" in history.

The history of football

In 307 BC, that is, during the Warring States period, King Wuling of Zhao reformed and practiced "riding and shooting", and Zhao people learned to ride horses and shoot arrows. Wang Zhao often rides out of town with his cronies, which is very spectacular. One day, when I came to a forest, I saw some rabbits in the forest. As soon as the king opened his mouth, he "captured him alive", so the soldiers divided into four ways and caught him together. I don't want to be scared. Rabbits ran around and escaped from the flat seam of the horse, but found nothing. Everyone shook their heads and sighed. A counselor suddenly brightened up and came forward with a suggestion: "Your Majesty, this kind of pigsty is very interesting. We might as well replace a rabbit with a ball and play every day without leaving the palace. " "Good idea" Wang Dajia praised "this matter is in your charge". Thus, football was born in China. But I was still riding a horse, called Cuju.

In the Han Dynasty, there was a football field dedicated to competitions, which was called "Cheng Ju". Cheng Ju is rectangular, with six megalithic chambers at each end, which are in the shape of a moon cave and symmetrical to each other, and there are walls around the venue. The Tang Dynasty was a prosperous period of Cuju activities. During this period, not only has there been great development, but football has also begun to be exported to the outside world. The first place to land is Britain.

Cuju was originally exported as a complete product, but because the traffic was underdeveloped and the means of transportation was very backward at that time, after several months of long journey, when Cuju arrived in England, the horse was exhausted and only one ball was left. However, it is such a dance that Britain still regards it as a treasure, which is limited to the exclusive activities of the royal family and prohibits people from enjoying this kind of entertainment.

1 1 century, the Danes invaded England. One day, when the British were digging a battlefield, they accidentally dug up the skulls of several Danes. The British people were furious at the thought of the crime of Danish invasion. They lifted their feet and kicked their skulls hard to relieve their anger, and they felt quite happy playing football. As a result, more and more British people who dig the battlefield have joined the ranks of playing "ball". This patriotic act touched the king of England. In order to reward the people, the king of England ordered the royal football to be opened to the people. Soon, football spread among the people and became a popular sports and entertainment activity.

/kloc-At the beginning of the 20th century, there was a football match in England. Competition is an entertainment activity, twice a year, usually held between two cities. The host threw the ball into the air and the game began. The two sides will jump together, shouting, kicking and hugging. Whoever can kick the ball to the downtown area of the other side is the winner. If the ball rushes into a resident's house halfway, the players will rush in and disturb the kicking method, often smashing things in the house, and the owner has to sigh for his bad luck. Pedestrians on the road will encounter unexpected trouble when they touch the ball. So, at that time, when the game came, people had to avoid disasters and close their doors until the game was over. Such a football match was strongly opposed by the public, and the British government issued a ban: it was stipulated that football matches must be played in open spaces, and those who entered downtown areas would be severely punished, so special football fields appeared.

1863,101October 26th, the English Football Association, the first football organization in the world, was established in London with unified rules, and modern football was formally established.

In ancient China, kicking the ball with feet was called "Cuju". As early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period more than 2,000 years ago, there was the Cuju movement. In the Western Han Dynasty, Cheng Ju was built for competitions. The Tang Dynasty was the prosperous period of Cuju activities. The ball filled with air replaced the ball filled with hair in the past, which was called "air blanket", and the goal replaced the bow room. In the west, after 10 century, some countries, such as France, Italy and Britain, had football matches. By the end of 15, it was called "football", and then it gradually developed into a modern football sport. 1863, 10/0 On October 26th, the British established the first football organization in the world, the British Football Association, and unified the rules of football. People call this day the birth day of modern football. The football rules formulated this time are *** 14, which is the basis of today's football rules. Since 1900 2nd Olympic Games, football has been listed as an official Olympic event, but professional athletes are not allowed to participate. 1904 on may 2 1 day, FIFA was established in Paris. Since 1930, the World Football Championship (also known as the World Cup) has been held every four years, and the restrictions on professional athletes have been lifted. Since then, modern football has developed day by day.

Legend has it that there was a war between England and Denmark in the 1 1 century. After the war, the British found the skull of a Danish aggressor while cleaning up the ruins of the war. Out of resentment, they kicked the skull, and a group of children kicked it when they saw it. However, they found that the skull hurts when they kick, so they switched to cow bladder blowing-this is the birth of modern football.

In medieval England, football became a keen activity for many young people. They run after the ball in the narrow street and often kick the ball to the windows of people in the street. So the king of England had to ban playing football. From12nd century to16th century, the king of England issued a "football ban" four times. However, due to the special charm of football, the ban failed to make it die.

1835, the world's first football club was established in Sheffield, England. 1863, the first football association in England was established. Since then, organized football under certain rules has spread from Britain to Europe and the world. /kloc-at the end of 0/9, football was quite popular in western European countries. 1896 In the first Olympic Games, football was listed as one of the events. As a result, Denmark beat Greece 9-0 and became the first champion in the Olympic football match.

1904, the football associations of Britain, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland established the International Football Federation in France, and elected Ge Lan as the first FIFA president.

The whole world or country has joined in the celebration.

20 10 Chinese translation of the ball "Celebrating the World Cup" in South Africa.

As the official ball for the 1 1 World Cup released by Adidas, this football design has devoted a lot of efforts to the sponsors and pinned the infinite hope of the host: the special ball is named "Celebrate the whole world", which comes from the Bantu Zulu language, meaning "Celebrate the whole world". . Football represents a passion that can integrate the whole world. As the name of the ball used in the new World Cup, "Celebrate the Whole World" well explains this passion and invites fans from all over the world to enjoy this football feast to be held in South Africa next summer.

The World Cup football match has always attracted the attention of fans. The first black-and-white soccer was born in 1970 World Cup in Mexico, and a series of soccer balls for the World Cup were improved on this basis. Since then, all soccer balls used for the World Cup have shown the characteristics of the host country:1The tricolor flag used for the 1998 World Cup is composed of blue, white and red, which represent the French national flag, and is matched with it. In the "Flying to the Fireball" of the 2002 World Cup in Korea and Japan, the red flame represents enthusiasm, and the turbine pattern in the center of the flame symbolizes the great scientific and technological development of Korea and Japan in recent years. The "team star" of the World Cup in Germany, on the one hand, shows the spirit of football unity and hard work, on the other hand, it is also a magic weapon to inspire the German team to regain unity and victory.

Celebrating the World Cup with a ball reflects the will of the South African people. "Zulu" means "heaven", which itself entrusts this tribe with a beautiful wish. As the largest tribe in South Africa, they are simple and enthusiastic, good at singing and dancing, and can live in harmony with people of all ethnic groups. In this way, South Africa expresses its welcome to people all over the world and its good wishes to make great achievements in the World Cup.

The new game ball celebrated by the whole world has made a historic breakthrough in technology and incorporated South African elements into its design. "Universal Celebration" adopts the newly developed spherical surface of Adidas, so that the ball can maintain a stable flight path in all weather conditions, thus greatly improving the player's control over football. "JABU- Rani" consists of only eight skins. Adidas first adopts the method of spherical molding to make each epidermis realize three-dimensional structure, and then splicing through thermal bonding technology, thus making the new ball more rounded and more accurate than before. As Adidas' 65438th+065438th+0 World Cup ball, "Celebrate the Whole World" adopts different colors of 1 1 in its design. The color 1 1 also means that each football team consists of 1 1 players, and that South Africa has 1 1 tribes and1official languages.

Other related information:

design

As Adidas' 65438th+065438th+0 World Cup ball, "Celebrate the Whole World" adopts different colors of 1 1 in its design. The color 1 1 also means that each football team consists of 1 1 players, and that South Africa has 1 1 tribes and1official languages. South Africa is one of the countries with the largest ethnic groups on the African continent, and its colorful colors explain its diverse and harmonious ethnic characteristics. The four triangular patterns on the white sphere give the celebration a unique appearance full of African spirit, while some personalized designs, such as the pattern on the sphere similar to the shape of Johannesburg Football City Stadium, highlight the beauty of South Africa.

Three-dimensional epidermis

In addition to the appearance, the 20 10 soccer ball for the World Cup in South Africa has achieved a historic breakthrough in technology: the eight skins of the ball are made of EVA and TPU, and the three-dimensional structure is realized by spherical molding, while the soccer ball is made of only eight skins. Therefore, it can perfectly wrap the ball lining and make the football reach an unprecedented roundness, thus making "Celebrating with the World" the "roundest football" in history.

Grasping grooved sphere

Aerodynamic groove: According to the aerodynamic principle, the "Grip'n'Groove" sphere is embedded with a clearly visible aerodynamic groove in a proper position, making "Celebrate the Whole World" the most stable and accurate football in Adidas history. Grip: Following the introduction of the unique textured spherical surface in the European Cup last year, Adidas has innovated the spherical surface of the new World Cup ball. "Universal Celebration" excellent ultra-micro relief skin design further enhances the player's overall control of the ball in different weather conditions.

Large-scale comparative tests at Loughborough University in England and Adidas Laboratory in Germany, as well as numerous wind tunnel tests, have proved that the accuracy and accuracy of "Universal Celebration" on the running line have reached an unprecedented height. At the same time, the aerodynamic grooves and ultra-fine convex surfaces on the ball have high-precision design, which also makes the ball have excellent stable flight trajectory and perfect handling under any weather conditions.

Official data

Sphere circumference test: FIFA recognized qualification standard: 68.5cm–69.5cm. "Celebrate the whole world": 69.0cm (+/-0.2cm).

Durable sphere test: FIFA-recognized qualification standard: the maximum difference does not exceed 1.5%. "Celebrate the whole world": the maximum difference shall not exceed 1.0%.

Water absorption test: FIFA-recognized qualification standard: the weight of the sphere does not increase by more than 10%. "Celebrate the whole world": the weight of the sphere increased by 0.

Weight test: FIFA-recognized eligibility criteria: the weight of football is between 420 and 445 grams. "Celebrate the whole world": weight 440 grams (+/-2 grams)

Ball shape and size retention ability test: FIFA approved eligibility criteria: 2000 impacts at a speed of 50 km/h to celebrate the whole world; 3500 impacts at 50 km/h.

Springback performance test: Fifa's qualified standard: no more than 10 cm.

Ball pressure test: FIFA-recognized qualification standard: the drop of ball pressure shall not exceed 20%. "Celebrate the whole world": the drop of ball pressure shall not exceed 10%.

The earliest football rule was 1. Course length 150 yards and width 100 yards. On each sideline, 25 yards from the finish line, there are two sign posts respectively. 2. The goal consists of two vertical pillars, which are 10 feet apart. 3. Choose the target or tee off with coins. 4. After the first half of the game, change the venue. 5. When a player kicks the ball, when any player on the same team stands in front of the ball and is closer to the opponent's end line than the other team, he shall not take part in the game to touch the ball, nor shall he hinder other players from touching the ball in any way. 6. When the ball kicked out of the sideline, it was a dead ball, and the opponent kicked the ball directly into the court at the out-of-bounds place to resume the game. 7. When a team kicks the ball out of the opponent's end line, any player who gets the ball first can serve a free kick 25 yards from the vertical end line. 8. When kicking off, players should not touch the ball behind the opponent's end line. 9. If the ball falls behind the end line and exceeds the sideline mark, the free kick should be served 25 yards from the end line. 10. When a player kicks a free kick, the player on the same team shall not be between him and the opposing end line, and the opposing player shall not stand within his 10 yard. Players can kick free kicks in any way. 12. If the ball passes between the poles, or passes infinitely high above the poles, you win a goal. 13. In the game, you can touch the ball with any part of your body, but you are not allowed to hold the ball or hit the ball with your hands, arms or shoulders. 14. All impacts are fair and legal, but it is forbidden to hug, push, trip or make noise with your feet. This set of formal original rules was published by the president of the English Football Association in BELIS LIFE magazine. Three years later, the Football Association increased the goal height by 6 yards and the width by 8 yards, and pulled a rope between the two columns as the goal height. 1 1 football rules football field introduction (1) stadium 1, the stadium area must abide by the rules. According to FIFA, the venue of the World Cup finals is105m long and 68m wide. The venue of domestic grass-roots competitions can be adapted to local conditions, but in any case, the length of sideline must be greater than the length of goal line, and the area of each area in the venue shall not be changed. 2. The ground of the court must be flat and soft, with the principle of not hurting athletes and not affecting the normal operation of the ball. The FIFA World Cup Organizing Committee has instructed that the World Cup should not be held on artificial turf. (2) Boundary line 1. All the lines of the stadium must be flush with the ground, and there are no V-shaped grooves or convex lines above the ground. The color of the lines should be clear. It is better to use lime powder or mortar to mark the land layer and hydrated lime powder to mark the natural turf layer instead of quicklime powder or mortar. In order to prevent the rain from washing away, you can also draw lines with white paint, but it is not allowed to use grooves filled with wooden strips, bricks or broken tiles as boundaries. 2. The width of each line in the site shall not exceed 12 cm (generally 12 cm is appropriate). The width of sideline and goal line should be included in the field area, and the width of other lines should also be included in the area. The goal area and penalty area should be measured from the inside of the goal post and the outside of the goal line. The width of the goal line must be equal to the width of the goal post. (3) The football field defined by sideline and goal line 1 and sideline and goal line is the basic activity area of players in football match. After the game starts, players and other personnel are not allowed to enter the stadium without the permission of the referee. 2. When the whole ball crosses the sideline or goal line outside the goal from the ground or in the air, it is a dead ball, and the game is restarted by throwing a foul ball, kicking a goal ball or a corner kick. 3. The goal line between goals is the standard line to judge whether the ball enters the door. Only when the whole ball crosses the line in the goal from the ground or the air can the ball enter the door. 4. When penalty kick is executed, the defending goalkeeper should stand on the goal line between goals. 5. When kicking an indirect free kick in the opponent's penalty area, if the distance between the goals is less than 9.15m, the defender is allowed to stand on the goal line. (4) centerline 1. The center line divides the whole stadium into two equal halves, and the width of the center line should be included in the area of each half. 2. At the kick-off, both players must stand in their own half (defenders are not allowed to enter the middle circle). When the referee blows the whistle, the ball is kicked forward and the game begins. At this time, players from both sides can enter the other half. 3. The player didn't foul offside in his own half. (5) Goal area 1. You can kick the gateball and your own free kick anywhere in the goal area. When the ball is in the goal area, the referee orders the game to stop. If the game is resumed by dropping the ball, the ball should be dropped on the goal line closest to the position where the ball was when the game stopped, and parallel to the goal line. 3. When kicking an indirect free kick in the opponent's goal area, it should be executed on the goal area line closest to the foul place and equal to the goal line. (6) Forbidden area 1, the goalkeeper can touch the ball with his hand in his own restricted area. 2. When a player violates any of the ten fouls that can be judged as direct free kicks in his own restricted area, he shall be awarded a penalty. 3. When kicking a goal or a free kick in the penalty area: (1) The opponent should quit the penalty area. (2) The ball must be kicked out of the penalty area directly before the game can be resumed. 4. When a penalty is awarded, all players must be in the penalty area, outside the penalty arc and behind the penalty spot except the referee and the opposing goalkeeper; When the ball is kicked out and moves forward, the game starts again, and then the player can enter the penalty area. (7) When kicking a corner kick, the ball must be placed in the corner arc. (8) When taking a penalty at the penalty spot, the ball must be placed at the penalty spot. When the penalty spot is blurred due to heavy rain, the referee will determine the position of the penalty spot. Accurate location: on the vertical line of the goal line, the distance is 1 1 m (12 yards). The midpoint of the midline is usually called the tee point. When kicking off, the ball must be placed at this point. (10) When the middle circle kicks off, the defender must stand on his own half outside the middle circle. This is the same as when kicking a free kick, the defender must stand at least 9. 15 meters away from the ball, and its role is to ensure that the attacker is not hindered by the other side when kicking the ball. (1 1) When a penalty is awarded, all players must be in the penalty area, outside the penalty arc and behind the penalty spot, except the penalty player and the opposing goalkeeper; When the ball is kicked out and moves forward, the game starts again, and then the player can enter the free throw arc. (12) corner flag 1, which is a sign around the field and should be perpendicular to the intersection of the sideline and the outer edge of the goal line. 2. The height of the corner flagpole (from the top of the pole to the ground) shall not be less than 1.50m, and the top of the pole shall be flat to avoid stabbing the players. The color of the corner flag should be obviously different from that of the flag and venue used by the assistant referee. When the lights are used in the game at night, you can use the white flag. Corner flags can be made of cloth or silk, and the specifications are generally 30cm× 40cm. (13) The centerline flag shall be at least 1 m away from the boundary lines at both ends of the centerline, and a centerline flag with the same size as the corner flag may be erected as the centerline symbol. Conducive to judging offside. (14) The goal of the goal competition field should be fixed, and the width and thickness of the post and beam should be consistent. The target color must be white. The specific specifications are: the goal is 7.32m× 2.44m. The goal net 1. The goal net is used to help the referee see if there is a goal, so the goal net can only be hung behind the goal, firmly attached to the goal beam and column, and the lower end is nailed to the ground, so the ball cannot pass through. Hooks shall not be nailed to the side of the doorpost or the lower edge of the beam. 2, the goal net should be properly propped up, so that the goalkeeper has sufficient room for activities, and the ball will not pop up after entering the net. Generally, the method of pulling up the net with a rope from behind the goal is adopted. Around the venue 1. According to the requirements of the competition organization, a photographer's limit line can be drawn outside the goal line (generally 2 meters outside the corner flag, 3.5 meters outside the intersection of the sixth zone line and the goal line, and 6 meters outside the goal post), and the photographer should be behind this line. If there is a billboard in the back. 2. The seat of the fourth official is located on the extension line near the center line outside the venue; The seats of the substitute players are located about 10 meters on both sides of the seat of the fourth official. The coach, substitutes and staff of each team should be on the bench. The number of substitute seats is determined according to the requirements of the competition organization. At present, it is determined to be 14 in China. 3. Technical field. The word "technical area" has been mentioned in Article 2 of the Resolution of the International Football Council in Chapter 3 of the Rules of Football Competition, and there are seats for team technicians and substitutes in this area. The size and location of the technical area can be adjusted according to the site conditions. The following is a general guide to the setting of the technical area: (1) The technical area refers to the area where both sides of the bench are outward 1 m and the sideline is within 1 m.. (2) It is suggested to use a marker line to define this area. (3) The number of people in the technical area shall be stipulated by the competition rules. (4) According to the competition regulations, the technical personnel should confirm before the competition. (5) Only one person is allowed to conduct tactical command in the technical area at a time, and should return to the bench immediately after the command is completed. (6) Coaches and other officials must be in the limited technical area, unless there are special circumstances, such as when physiotherapists or team doctors get permission from the referee to visit injured players. (7) Coaches and other personnel in the technical area must be responsible for their own actions. (seventeen) check the venue referee should carefully check the venue. Before the start of the game and during the intermission, the blurred boundaries (especially those close to the goal) should be redrawn by the relevant personnel. If the site is muddy and the boundary is unclear due to rain and snow, 10 flags can be inserted at the designated position around the site, and the distance between the flags and the boundary is 1 m. The specifications of the flag are the same as those of the corner flag, so as to help the referee make a judgment. According to the resolution of the Rules Group of the International Football Association (1), the maximum area of an international competition venue is 1 10m long and 64m wide. (2) Football associations in various countries must arrange stadiums in strict accordance with the prescribed areas. When holding an international competition, the national football association of the visiting team must be informed of the venue and stadium area before the competition. (3) The Rules Group of the International Football Association has agreed that the width of the end line used in the rules should be the same as the thickness of the doorpost and the cross beam, so the width of the line inside and outside the doorpost should be the same. (5) In order to draw the goal area and penalty area, the distance between six yards and eighteen yards measured on the end line must be measured from the inside of the goal post. (6) The area of the stadium, including the width of the boundaries of various areas in the stadium. Football materials and standard balls are round and made of leather or other suitable materials. Generally, it consists of 12 black regular pentagonal fabrics and 20 regular hexagonal fabrics. The circumference of a sphere shall not exceed 70 cm (28 inches) and shall not be less than 68 cm (27 inches). At the beginning of the game, the weight of the ball shall not exceed 450g (16 oz) and shall not be less than 4 10/0g (14 oz). The pressure of the ball is 0.6 to 1. 1 atmospheric pressure at sea level (600g to1100g per square centimeter = 8.5 lbs to 15.6 lbs per square inch). Replace the substandard ball if the ball is broken or substandard during the game: stop the game. Replace the standard ball, throw the ball where it broke, and start the game again. If the ball was in the goal area at that time, then the place where the ball fell was on the goal area line parallel to the goal line, which was closest to the position of the ball when the game stopped. If the ball is not broken or not up to standard during the game, such as kick-off, goal kick, corner kick, free kick, penalty or throwing ball, restart the game according to the rules. During the match, the match ball shall not be changed without the consent of the referee.