What is the supernormal collocation of sentences?

As the basic means of expression and communication, language should have the characteristics of clear meaning and stable structure. However, in many literary works, many writers often consciously and temporarily break the language conventions, deviate from the language norms, adopt flexible ways to form extraordinary collocation, and receive some unique effects.

The so-called supernormal collocation refers to deliberately breaking the restrictions of words used in conventional collocation and fixed collocation based on the needs of artistic expression, and combining words, sentence components and clauses in an unconventional way, so that the combined words show particularity and produce strange literary effects.

From the pragmatic point of view, this extraordinary collocation has its special expressive force, which is the result of language users' ingenuity and purposeful and selective tempering and processing of language forms. It is different from those irregular individual phenomena. Irregular things often lack purpose and autonomy, and often have blind and simple pursuit of the opposite sex. This extraordinary collocation, in a sense, is a reasonable variation of literary language.

First, the supernormal collocation of parts of speech

Supernormal collocation of parts of speech refers to deliberately breaking through the convention of parts of speech and temporarily changing the parts of speech in collocation. This temporary and creative change of parts of speech can achieve a lively artistic effect.

(1) This company commander is a warlord! Young, not small temper! (Qubo "Mountain Call Tsunami")

(2) You will always be a hero. (He Liwei's "A Town Without Stories")

In the above example, "warlord" and "hero" were nouns, but because of the modification of adverbs of degree "Tai" and "hen", they were temporarily used as adjectives, and their semantics changed from concrete to abstract. ("Too warlord" means "too serious warlord style"; "Very heroic" means "very self-righteous". This usage can increase the vividness and humor of language in pragmatics.

(3) If you are willing to listen to it twice, you can always stand the chanting, not the wine mixed with water. Judging from the needs of the audience in chanting, not only words can't be "water", but also performances can't be "water". (Wang Chaowen "Listening to Books")

(4) Deep down, he seems to be afraid of becoming the second "shop assistant" of Zhang Dage all his life. He didn't dare to belittle himself when he was wronged, just like a bird used to being caged. When he was in danger, he closed his eyes and died, even afraid to scream. (Lao She's Divorce)

In the above example, "water" and "shop assistant" used to be nouns, but as predicates or predicate centers of sentences, they were temporarily used as verbs, and their semantics changed from static to dynamic. ("water" is adulterated; "Clerk" means to be a clerk, which highlights the mediocrity and lowliness of "clerk". This usage can enhance the image color of language in pragmatics.

Her body became stiff in the snowdrift.

Snow melted into water.

The water has frozen again.

She is a frozen fossil.

(Jia Pingwa's The Story of an Old Woman)

There are neon lights here and there, and the streets are red, green and green. (He Liwei's "One Night for Three Days")

The words "stiff" and "red, green and green" in the above example are adjectives, followed by noun phrases, which are temporarily used as verbs and have causative meanings in semantics. This usage makes the expression from static to dynamic in pragmatics and makes the whole sentence more artistic.

Second, the supernormal collocation of grammar.

The supernormal collocation of grammar can refer to the inversion of the position of components in a sentence, the form of a sentence that breaks the conventional arrangement, and the repeated use of some components in a sentence, thus strengthening the expressive force of a work (sentence).

1. translocation

Translocation refers to intentionally changing the arrangement position of sentence components. From the pragmatic point of view, this form is conducive to strengthening and highlighting some plots, States and artistic conception, and enhancing artistic effects.

(7) She likes human life; Working with dad, she likes it; Brother and sister Doby, she likes it; Look at the water flowing in the stream in front of the door, she likes it; She likes listening to the sound of the breeze blowing through the forest. (Cowherd and Weaver Girl)

(8) In this diary, it is not so much a record of Sha Fei's life as a direct record of Sha Fei's tears. From Sha Fei's point of view, this is more practical. (Ding Ling's Diary of Ms. Sha Fei)

Those big eyes seem to have stepped on his life. (Lao She's Divorce)

(10) The tangled leaves interweave into a blue haze. (What is the Pulse of the Earth?)

The above example (7) emphasizes the content of the sentence in which the object comes first and the predicate comes last; (8) The position of the modifier "It's in Sha Fei's heart" moved backward, emphasizing the particularity of tears and diaries. (9) Postposition of adverbial "as if" strengthens the situation and deepens the artistic conception; Sentence (10) translocates "hazy" with "blue", and focuses on "hazy" at the end of the sentence.

2. Collage

Collage refers to the splicing of several language fragments that are grammatically and logically related or unrelated. Literary works often use this form to create a momentum, vent an emotion, or set off an atmosphere, thus accelerating language activities, increasing the thickness of literary language and strengthening the depth of literary language.

(1 1) exotic music. An exotic cafe. Green palm. Golden curtains. The black velvet cheongsam came face to face. Scarlet lips slightly open. ..... sugar cubes, milk. A shiny little jar. Nestle coffee. It is delicious. (Li Xiao's gossip about rules and regulations)

(12) ... It's too big. The sea is too wide. People are too old. Swimming posture and movements are too single. Too little courage and strength. The tongue coating is too thick. The vocabulary is too poor. Too much cholesterol. The dream is too long. The bed is too soft. The air is too humid. Complain too much. This book is too thick. ..... (Wang Meng's Dream of the Sea)

The above examples are composed of a large number of nouns, noun phrases or clauses, and the sentences are novel and neat. The sentence (1 1) succinctly and vividly outlines a amorous feelings painting with rich western colors; The sentence (12) strengthens the protagonist's irritability, disorder and dissatisfaction.

Reproduction is to repeat a certain part or parts of a sentence, and at the same time catalyze the rich connotation of the sentence, render the atmosphere and improve the expressive force of the language. It is different from rhetorical repetition. Repeated pursuit is the extravagance of writing and the enhancement of language potential.

(13) "I, I naturally laughed!"

"I, can I tell you what my real needs are?" (Ding Ling's Diary of Ms. Sha Fei)

(14) The big boat behind comes fast. That's obviously a devil. These young women gritted their teeth and stopped their hearts. The paddlers don't panic, the water swishes, swishes, and swishes on both sides. (Lotus Lake in Sun Li)

(15) "Auntie, Auntie, Auntie." (Wang Shuo's "Stubborn Master")

In the above example, the repetition and pause of the subject component "I" in the sentence (13) vividly shows Sha Fei's emotional changes and unspeakable psychological activities; (14) The sentence "Huahua" uses onomatopoeia, which shows the tension and urgency of the characters. Sentence (15) is a very colloquial language form, without any phonetic pause in the middle, rendering a lively atmosphere in which several young people say hello to the old lady.

Third, the supernormal collocation of semantics

Semantic supernormal collocation refers to breaking the limitation of semantic conditions and making the meaning of words change from real to empty and from concrete to abstract through certain collocation. This kind of supernormal collocation often makes collocation items have obvious rhetorical color through certain rhetorical devices.

1.

Metaphor is a figure of speech, which uses words to describe other things to describe the object of expression and make the expression emotional.

(16) The autumn wind stirs incense in her house. (Xili "Listening to Autumn Rain")

(17) The driver ... ran back to his car in tears, turned into the driver's building and slammed the door to stop his grief. (Han Jingting's Triumph at Midnight)

In the above example, the sentence (16) is anthropomorphic. On the surface, "autumn wind" and "stirring incense" are not semantically matched, but they give people a sense of beauty and activate the tension and expressiveness of language; The sentence (17) is parody. The semantic collocation of "Zhazhu" and "Sorrow" seems incongruous, but it shows the author's subjective hard control and reveals its deep meaning.

Remove it

Shifting is an unconventional linguistic phenomenon in grammar and logic, that is, moving the word A describing the nature and state of things to modify the rhetorical way of describing things B. This extraordinary collocation can make sentences gain new semantic content in pragmatics and receive good expression results.

(18) The butterfly left its wings with a bitter feeling and flew away, taking away the green heart. (Yao Huanji's butterfly pine)

"Green" modifies "heart", transforms the intangible into the tangible, enhances the acceptability of language, and describes the speaker's sense of change.

The third step: repeatedly

Connection refers to the use of contextual semantic relevance to skillfully connect words used in other things with this thing. This supernormal collocation can enhance the vividness of language in pragmatics.

(19) It is true that the face is very hot, and so is the whole sentence. (He Liwei's "Autumn Yao")

"Sentence" cannot be "hot". By the way, "Lian" comes from the world, which makes "heat" and "sentence" skillfully connected and set off each other, making the expression lively and unique.

4. contradiction

Contradiction is a rhetorical way that deliberately uses antonym structure to form seemingly contradictory language phenomena. This unusual collocation can arouse readers' imagination and thinking in pragmatics, and understand the author's profound intention in imagination and thinking, thus improving the expression effect.

(20) Take a notebook and register solemnly and stealthily like a grown-up. ("Caigenxiang")

"Magnificent" and "sneaky" are antonyms. This unusual collocation shows the serious and naughty behavior mentality of primary school students on duty and shows a sense of humor.

Direct use

There are many idioms directly used, especially idioms and idioms, whose meanings are fixed. But in a specific context, for a specific purpose, the author puts aside the fixed meaning of the whole word and uses its literal meaning, thus creating a humorous expression effect.

(2 1) White buckwheat is unkempt, and there is a button on the double-breasted coat, which hangs obliquely when the hem of the coat is high. (Mo Yan's road construction)

The common meaning of "climbing high" refers to making friends or forming relatives with people with higher social status than oneself, which is often used as etiquette. Here, the author makes the word express a literal meaning through the prompt of context, showing that a woman has put the button in the wrong position, which is very clever and creates a humorous effect at the same time.

Disconnect

Dating refers to a word, especially a phrase, whose meaning is a whole. If only part of the meaning of a word works logically in a specific context, then the rest of the meaning is logically redundant. The redundant part of logic plays a humorous rhetorical role.

(22) When crossing the body of a robber, grandma looked at it from the side and it was filthy. A million fat maggots ate this man to death. (Mo Yan's Red Sorghum)

"Remaining evil" is defined as a metaphor for the remaining bad guys in modern Chinese dictionaries. "Residual" fits the context and works semantically, while "residual" doesn't fit the context and doesn't work logically. However, from the rhetorical point of view, the use of "can" plays down the ugliness and horror in sentence description and creates a teasing effect.

Fourth, the extraordinary collocation of colors.

The supernormal collocation of colors refers to the collocation that can temporarily change the color meaning of a word in a specific context, and this collocation can also produce some rhetorical effects.

1. Simple color

Emotional color is the color that expresses people's subjective evaluation in the meaning of words. It can be divided into positive words, negative words and neutral words. These words have their own applicable objects and scopes. But sometimes, through the unconventional collocation between words, the emotional color of a word is deliberately changed to meet the specific needs of expression.

(23) ... Today there is a man and a woman, all cunning and satisfactory. (Autobiography of Lao She)

(24) One of my cousins (menstruation's daughter) had a feat of holding a memorial tablet to get married in the early years of the Republic of China. (Ba Jin's Talk)

A monster was wrapped in silk and satin. (Cao Yu's Sunrise)

In the above example, (23) the derogatory term of "cunning" is positive, which is very funny to express the father's deep love for his children; (24) The derogatory term of "feat" refers to a sad, ridiculous and pitiful practice with humorous expression effect; (25) The sentence quantifier "Kuai" has no praise or derogatory color, but it has obvious derogatory color when collocated with "behemoth", which shows that the author hates this character.

2. Physical changes

(1) Extraordinary collocation of style and color.

Stylistic color refers to the stylistic meaning of words. Generally, it can be divided into two categories: spoken language color and written language color. The former is lively, the latter is solemn and elegant, and the use environment is different. But uncoordinated collocation often produces exaggerated humorous expression effect.

He sat down at the first table, ate a lot, and told the waiter to add soup to the rice. (Lao She's Lao Zhang Philosophy)

The "broad sky" here is the colloquial written words that are eaten up and empty, which temporarily changes the stylistic color of the words and appears relaxed, humorous and humorous.

(2) Extraordinary collocation of stylistic categories

Style is the style of verbal communication function, which mainly includes four categories: thing style, science and technology style, political style and literature style. The use of language should conform to the characteristics of style. However, in order to render the atmosphere and cause special effects, a professional word is sometimes used in another field.

(27) During the twelve days from June 2 1 day to July 2, I pleaded with Ding Yi about Ding Gong 199.5 times (the former actress didn't call the roll, but she wanted to, so it was counted as 0.5 times). Number of callers: 33. Number of letters: 27. I really love Ding Yi for fear that he will make mistakes: 53, accounting for 27%. Entrusted by Ding Gong: 20 persons, accounting for 10%. Directly entrusted by Secretary Li: 1, accounting for 0.5%. ..... The remaining 4% is unknown. (Wang Meng's "Lobbyist")

"199.5 person-times", "33 person-times" and "27%" ... Is digital statistics an application form of science and technology? Through this offside speech combination, the author makes fun of some unhealthy trends by sketching and accurate figures.

3. Time shift

Many words have obvious color of the times. It is absurd to combine words used in different times from a rational analysis, but from an artistic point of view, it is permeated with humorous aesthetic information.

(28) Emperor Chongzhen, in all fairness, was really a very sought-after expert. (Guo Moruo's "Three Hundred Years Festival of Shen Jia")

"Become an expert" is a noun phrase. The author chose this modern word to describe the feudal emperor 300 years ago, which contained bitter satire, mocked Chongzhen's futile dying struggle and exposed its hypocritical and reactionary nature.