Specifically, congenital genetic tendency is immoral tendency. What are the acquired environments and immoral ones?

"At the beginning of life, human nature is good." "The beginning of life, the inherent sin." This is a topic handed down from history, and the debate has not reached a unified conclusion so far. Therefore, I only provide my personal views here for reference.

The perceptual growth model accepted Piaget's cognitive development theory, and based on Pavlov's conditioned reflex theory and modern physiological research results, studied the brain shape, function, feeling and ability of fetus and newborn. The results are as follows:

Present situation of brain morphology and function in newborns (0 ~ 1 month)

(A) brain morphology

The brain of newborn babies develops rapidly, and the weight at birth has reached 350 ~ 400 grams, which is 25% of that of adults. At this time, the weight only accounts for 5% of adults. After that, the brain weight increased the fastest in the first year, reaching 700-800g at 6 months, accounting for 50% of the adult brain weight, while the child's weight did not reach 50% of the adult until 10 years old. It can be seen that the baby's brain development greatly exceeds the speed of physical development. The development of infant brain weight reflects the development and maturity of its internal brain structure to a certain extent, which is closely related to the development of cerebral cortex. The surface area of the two hemispheres of the newborn brain has reached 42% of that of the adult brain. Among them, the neonate's combined cortex-the lower parietal lobe and the frontal lobe are equivalent to 4% and 1% of that of adults, respectively, and the projection area of the cortex has been differentiated. Its contact system with subcortical structures is also the first to mature. In addition, the basic sensory motor pathways in the brain of newborn babies are mature, but the white matter is not yet mature, so the boundary between white matter and gray matter is not clear.

(2) Brain function

The reticular activation system and function of newborn baby's cerebral cortex were his brain functions at that time.

1, reticular activation system: reticular activation system can make newborn babies wake up in a short time, it can spread stimulation information from hearing, vision, touch or any other sensory organs to the whole cortex instead of a sensory center, and it also participates in regulating all movements of the baby's body and internal organs.

2. Cerebral cortex: The baby's brain develops in the order of its genetic structure. That is, according to the head-tail principle and the far-near principle, those parts of the cerebral cortex that control the movement of the head and trunk develop first, while those parts related to limb control develop later. Among them, controlling the cortical part of the upper limb develops earlier than controlling the cortical part of the lower limb. Therefore, babies always move their heads first and can look up, then they can sit up and climb, and finally they can walk upright. After the age of 3, the baby's cerebral cortex is connected with the cerebellum to realize the control of fine movements.

The cerebral hemisphere and its cortex of newborn babies can't function normally, and at the same time, because most of their nerve fibers have no myelin sheath, they can't conduct and distinguish nerve excitement well, and the excitement in the cortex is in a diffuse state. So as long as it touches any part of the newborn's body, it will cause the movement of the head, hands and feet. In addition, his brain cells are weak and easy to get tired. Many stimuli are too strong for them, so he has to be in a protective sleep state. He only wakes up for an average of four hours every day and night.

After the baby is born, the brain stem and midbrain are the fastest growing areas in the brain. Their main function is to control unconditional reflexes, such as digestion, respiration and excretion. Therefore, the behavior of newborn babies is mainly controlled by the cortex, not the cortex. Under the control of spinal cord and subcortical center, his behavior is mainly manifested as unconditional reflex. It is found that newborns have more than 40 kinds of unconditional reflexes. There are generally 20 kinds.

(1) Pupil reflex: After 5 minutes of birth, when strong light shines on him, his pupils will shrink.

(2) Blink reflex: Blink when encountering strong light to protect eyes from irritation. If you touch his eyelids, you will blink.

(3) Corneal reflex: Touch his cornea and his eyelids will close.

(4) Sucking reflex: touching his lips or even touching some parts of his face can cause sucking action. This reflection gradually disappeared later.

(5) Babinsky reflex: Stimulate the soles of feet with blunt needles, toes will be separated and thumbs will be raised. This reflex did not disappear until 6 months after birth.

(6) Romantic reflex: Touching his palm will cause his grasping action. This grip is so firm that you can even lift the baby. It was not until the second month after birth that this reflex disappeared.

(7) Stiff neck reflex: also known as "fencing reflex". It means that when the newborn's head turns to one side, the arm on the turning side is extended and the other arm is bent, just like fencing. The side he likes to turn can generally indicate his habit of using his hands in the future. This reflex can make the baby get a better breastfeeding posture.

(8) Moro reflex: Also known as "jumping reflex", it is a newborn baby's response to sudden stimulation (such as noise or putting him in a crib). At this time, the newborn baby's arms are straight, his fingers are open, his back is stretched or bent, his head is tilted back and his legs are straight. This reflection will gradually disappear in the future.

(9) Walking reflex: Hold the armpit of the newborn, let him stand upright, gently press the instep of one of his feet, and he will successfully lift his left and right feet successively, as if walking. Then the walking reflex will gradually disappear.

(10) Swimming reflex: The fetus has this reflex in the mother's womb. When it is put into water after birth, it is not afraid of water. It can spit out the water that has entered its mouth, and it will not be choked by water when it is instantly immersed in water.

(1 1) Rooting reflex: Touching his cheek or around his lips with your finger will make you look for it with your mouth. Rooting reflex is strong before lactation, and then gradually disappears.

(12) Elbow reflex: If you hit the tendon of biceps brachii, his hand will bend and his elbow will bend slightly.

(13) Knee bounce reflex: His calf will straighten when it touches the quadriceps tendon.

(14) Achilles tendon reflex: If you hit the achilles tendon, his foot will bend to the plantar side.

(15) Abdominal skin reflex: When the abdominal skin above the navel is scratched, the upper abdominal muscles will contract; Scratching the belly skin at the umbilical level will make the muscles of the abdomen contract; Wipe the abdominal skin below the navel, and the muscles of the lower abdomen contract.

(16) Testicular pull-up reflex: Scratch the skin on the inner thigh and pull up the testicles.

(17) Balanced reflex: Help him sit up straight, his neck will shake, but he won't get hurt. Once seated, when his big head stands upright, if his head falls forward, he will correct it and become backward; On the contrary, it will correct the forward tilt.

(18) Avoidance reflex: He will shrink his head or lean back, blink or sideways to avoid oncoming objects or images.

(19) Body movement reflex: Most newborn babies suck their hands. In addition, they showed various forms of exercise in the first few days. For example, he has a lot of facial movements, can make a lot of strange expressions, and his eyes turn around, but his rotation is very uncoordinated. In the first few days, he often squinted and sometimes closed one eye. After three weeks, the uncoordinated eye movements will disappear. When he is free from the shackles of infancy and lies in bed, he will stretch, his feet will move like a bicycle, and his upper limbs will also move.

(20) Directional reflex: Newborn babies can hear sounds at birth. It will respond by showing eye movements, which are the direction of noise on both sides of the ears.

(2 1) crying reflex: A newborn baby cries as soon as he is born. This is his first breath. Since then, crying has become a signal for him to communicate with the outside world. Hunger, humidity, cold, pain, disease and other physiological factors will cause him to cry. With the growth, in addition to physiological factors, the need to ask others to accompany, amuse and move is expressed by crying.

(22) Multiple defensive reflexes: Newborn babies also have multiple defensive reflexes, such as curled-up reflexes; When dust enters the eyes, it will shed tears; Stimulating the nasal cavity can cause sneezing; Laryngotracheal stimulation will cough; Too much air in the stomach will overflow milk and burp; Dyspepsia and some diseases can cause vomiting; Put an irritating smell next to his nose, and he will turn his head to the other side, showing his ability to avoid; Put him on his stomach, he will try his best to raise his head and then turn his face to one side; Pat one of his legs and it will retract. If he can't earn it, his other foot will come to help, and so on.

Newborn babies also have a variety of nutritional reflexes aimed at seeking, digesting and absorbing food: for example, food intake can cause saliva secretion, chewing, swallowing movement, gastrointestinal secretion and movement; When the rectum is full, the stool will be discharged; Urination reflex when the urine in the bladder is full.

Newborn babies also have "pre-sufficient behavior" (also known as "visually induced sufficient behavior"). When they see an object, they will reach out accordingly. However, due to the lack of coordination ability, he will not adjust his reaching action according to the feedback of grasping the object, and he can not always reach the object successfully.

In addition, newborn babies have the ability to "synchronously imitate" their mothers' tongue extension, and by the end of the newborn, they can imitate adult facial expressions.

Unconditional reflex has the functions of maintaining survival, defending against danger and exploring external stimulus information in the early stage of newborn babies. With the development of neonate's cerebral cortex, it controls the further development of body's movement, perception, thinking and speech. Three-month-old babies have 73 kinds of unconditional reflexes. Conditional reflex is also formed on the basis of unconditional reflex.

3. Unilateral brain: The left and right hemispheres of the human brain have different functions, and the left hemisphere has advantages in language and writing, and logical thinking is better than the right hemisphere; The right hemisphere has the advantages of graphic materials, visual thinking and emotional information processing functions. It is found that in the neonatal stage, a certain degree of brain unilateralism can be observed, indicating that there may be quantitative differences between the two hemispheres in function, rather than qualitative differences. Later, with the gradual development and maturity of the baby's brain, this unilateralism tendency gradually became obvious, which eventually led to a qualitative difference in the functions of the two hemispheres.

The emotional status of newborn babies (0 ~ 1 month)

The present situation of various senses of newborn babies (0 ~ 1 month) is described in detail below.

1, hearing: newborn babies can hear sounds at birth, locate the sounds in space, distinguish the nuances of various sounds, and make a "synchronous" response: babies born one or two days ago show corresponding movements of body parts such as hands, arms or lips as adults speak, and they can learn and remember their names within one week of birth (of course, most babies only call their mothers by their names. However, because his ears are full of amniotic fluid, Euclid tube is not full of air, and the diaphragm of tympanic membrane is almost completely covered by swollen mucosa, the baby's sensitivity to sound is not high within two to three days after birth, which weakens the massive impact of external stimulus information on the newborn baby's brain in a short time. With the development of knowledge structure in his brain, his ability to deal with external stimulus information has been strengthened. After about two months, the amniotic fluid disappeared completely, which no longer hindered the input of sound information.

2, vision: a few hours after birth, the newborn baby began to respond to light when he opened his eyes for the first time. He likes to see bright and bright things, and can distinguish between light and dark and simple and bright colors. Moreover, all moving objects can attract his unintentional attention. In the first few days of life, newborn babies' eye movements are very uncoordinated, their eyeballs turn left and right, they often squint, and sometimes they close one eye. It will take two or three weeks for the uncoordinated eye movements to disappear naturally. After nearly a month, his eyes can focus and gradually pay attention. He likes to choose bright colors and moving objects. At the same time, he can distinguish between three-dimensional and plane objects, even when watching with one eye. Babies born to two months ago can only look at objects 20 cm away because of their low visual adjustment ability, and they can't see clearly if they are too far or too close. This hinders the entry of a large amount of information, because it is unfavorable for a large amount of information to quickly enter a brain with fragile processing ability. Therefore, the development of newborn babies' visual ability meets the needs of human brain for information processing.

3, touch: newborn babies are highly sensitive to skin and touch, the most sensitive are lips, palms, soles, forehead, eyelids and so on. Most newborn babies have the action of sucking their little fingers and toes, and the tactile feeling is very wonderful. He will suck with relish. For a newborn baby, he can clearly distinguish the difference between the mother's chest, nipple and other skin; A tiny wrinkle on a baby's body, or a thick seam on his clothes, will cause his reaction; He can also tell the hardness of mother's nipple and bottle rubber head; Rich tactile stimulation information such as water, basin, towel and adult's hand can be accepted and distinguished by him one by one.

4. Temperature perception: Newborn babies are not sensitive to temperature stimuli, but they still exceed their visual sensitivity. He is not sensitive to temperature, so take a bath to prevent the water temperature from being too high to hurt him; Pay attention to keep warm when the weather turns cold.

5. Taste: The fetus' taste has matured at six months, and the most developed taste is at birth. Studies have confirmed that the taste buds of newborns and children are much wider than those of adults, and they can distinguish different tastes. Steiner used bittersweet solution and distilled water as four stimuli, and studied the responses of infants who did not receive any taste stimuli at birth 1 hour to newborns, premature infants and normal infants, normal infants and anencephaly, and found that these four different taste stimuli would lead to different facial expressions of these infants. Sweetness will make the newborn baby's mouth shrink back and the facial muscles relax (as if smiling); Sour taste can cause lips to protrude or pout; Bitter taste will make him bow his mouth or arch his mouth; Distilled water just made him swallow quickly without expression. It can be seen that newborn babies are born with a sense of taste and are quite keen. The human taste system is most developed in infancy and childhood, and then gradually declines.

6. Smell: At the end of pregnancy, the fetus has a preliminary olfactory response ability and has begun to feel olfactory stimuli, which can roughly distinguish different smells. I had an olfactory response from 0 to 24 hours after I was born. For example, I like good smells, hate or "avoid" unpleasant olfactory stimuli, and have changes in whole body movement, kicking and breathing. He not only can distinguish different smells, but also has the habituation and adaptation of the sense of smell, can establish food conditioned reflex, and has the initial ability to locate the sense of smell in space.

7, pain, thirst, hunger: the newborn baby's sensitivity to pain is not significant, and stronger pain stimulation will make him cry. However, thirst and hunger are quite developed, and they are the most primitive and important feelings to maintain life. When a newborn baby is thirsty and hungry, it will attract people's attention by crying.

8. Kinesthesia and sense of position: Kinesthesia, also called sense of movement, refers to the feeling of position, movement and muscle tension of all parts of your body. Sense of position refers to the feeling of one's body's position in space. Even if people close their eyes, they know whether they are standing, sitting or lying, the position of their hands, feet, body, head and neck, and their movements and state. These are all done by kinesthetic perception.

Kinesthetic receptors, called proprioceptors, are located in muscle tissues, tendons, ligaments and joints. The cortical center of the motion analyzer is located in the anterior central gyrus. It receives various ontological stimuli, and connects them with each other, and with the stimuli from other analysts, so as to realize a strictly defined movement.

Kinesthesia is related to other senses and forms the basis of various compound senses or abilities. For example, it is associated with the sense of touch or barometric pressure, forming a sense of tactile barometric pressure that distinguishes the characteristics of objects, such as hardness, convexity, smoothness or roughness. The ability to visually observe the distance and size of an object is formed by the muscle movement inside and outside the eyeball and the visual connection.

Newborn babies are weak, and their main motor ability is limited to the unconditional reflex mentioned above. However, this does not mean that newborn babies have low kinesthetic sensitivity. The movement of the fetus, the unconditional reflex movement of the newborn baby and the first cry at birth will leave traces and become the basis for future development.

Position perception must depend on the close cooperation between kinesthetic system and vestibular system. The vestibular system, including semicircular canal and oval sac of vestibular organs, is located in the inner ear, which has nothing to do with hearing, but is related to the sense of balance and is responsible for sensing the position and movement of the head. The sense of position also needs the development of spatial perception, which is gradually developed in the arms of babies and mothers.

9. Sense of balance: Sense of balance reflects the speed and direction of body movement, which is very important for judging and maintaining human posture. The sense of balance depends on vestibular organs, semicircular canals and elliptic sacs of the inner ear. The newborn's balance reflex shows that people's sense of balance develops earlier.

10, coordination ability of various senses: newborn babies have the ability to coordinate various senses. Studies have confirmed that newborn babies have the ability of audio-visual coordination, and the experiment is carried out under continuous "shaking sound". In the experiment, the baby is in a position where he can rotate his head freely, and the sound stimulation should be on both sides of his head. The experimental results show that in most experiments, all newborn babies can turn their heads to the sound source.

McFarlane put a clean bra and a mother's bra on both sides of the baby's head when the baby was 2-7 days old, and then observed and counted the direction and times of the baby's head rotation. The results show that, on the whole, babies obviously like their mothers' bras and turn their heads more often. On the other hand, there is no significant difference in the response of 2-day-old newborns to bras. 6-day-old newborn babies obviously prefer their mothers' bras; And it is most obvious in 8 ~ 10 day. McFarlane believes that babies of 2-4 days can recognize the difference in smell, but in this experiment, they will not show it by turning their heads.

Many experiments have confirmed that babies like good smells and take "avoidance" actions against "disgusting" smells. All the above experiments prove that newborn babies have the ability of olfactory spatial localization and olfactory response, and can coordinate movement and visual response.

Newborn babies are born with many tactile-related reflexes: sucking reflex, defensive reflex, grasping reflex, "forefoot behavior" and mother-child attachment, all of which are examples of tactile and other sensory coordination. On the basis of the newborn baby's primitive multi-sensory coordination ability, his perception and various conditioned reflex developed rapidly.

Present situation of newborn's ability (0 ~ 65,438+0 months)

Mainly attention, activity, speech and emotional control.

1, the ability of attention: the unintentional attention of newborn babies has been revealed. For example, avoidance reflection and directional reflection are examples. Newborn babies pay attention to it for a short time, so the above experiment that babies obviously prefer their mothers' bras should be intentional.

2. Sports ability: Children's sports ability marks the development of muscles and nervous system, which is closely related to the development of psychological intelligence. Newborn babies are weak, and their main motor ability is limited to the above-mentioned unconditional reflex, but their motor ability develops rapidly. For example, when a mother is breastfeeding, she always holds her arms horizontally and lets her baby lie on her back. He will quickly form a conditioned reflex, knowing that this posture is related to breastfeeding, and will drill his head into his mother's arms to find nipples. Although he still can't control the head movements around him, and his supine posture is asymmetrical from left to right, by a month, he was helped to sit up straight and his head could stand upright for a while.

3. Speech ability: The development of children's speech ability marks the development of pronunciation organs, nervous system and speech generalization ability in knowledge structure. The auditory system of newborn babies has matured, and obtaining sound stimulation information is the prerequisite for the development of speech ability. Babies can locate sounds in space at birth, distinguish the nuances of sounds according to their frequency, intensity, duration and speed, and learn to remember their names within a week. His respiratory organs are also mature. The airflow generated by newborn babies is the driving force of pronunciation. The throat of newborn babies is made of thin cartilage, which is three cervical vertebrae higher than that of adults. The position of epiglottic cartilage and diaphragm is also relatively high, and the diaphragm is not developed enough. Therefore, newborn babies can make guttural sounds and can't pronounce festival sounds, so they can't speak. In addition, the oral cavity, nasal cavity and pharyngeal cavity are the three "* * * boxes" of sound, which can amplify and polish the sound emitted by vocal cords. These parts of the baby are relatively narrow and short, so their development is seriously affected and restricted. In addition to guttural sounds, crying is also the earliest pronunciation of newborn babies, because crying unconsciously practices the pronunciation organs and lays the foundation for the development of speech ability.

4. Emotion and emotional control ability: Emotion refers to the experience related to whether people's physical needs (such as diet, cold protection, sex, exercise, rest and other survival needs) are met. Emotion is developed from emotion, and it is people's experience of whether objective things are suitable for people's needs and social requirements.

Anything that can meet people's needs will lead to positive experiences, such as happiness, satisfaction, respect and love. Anything that fails to meet people's needs or goes against people's intentions will cause negative experiences, such as anger, sadness, hatred, fear, shame, regret and pain.

Man is the spirit of all things, and has been far away from the animal kingdom due to the development of civilization. However, people are still emotional animals. Emotion participates in almost everyone's psychological activities, and everyone's psychological activities are easily influenced by emotions and emotions, or conversely, all psychological activities are easy to cause changes in emotions and emotions. Moreover, emotions are always accompanied by certain changes in cardiovascular system, digestive system and endocrine gland activities, which are closely related to people's health. For example, people will feel sad when they recall their deceased relatives, that is, psychological activities cause emotional reactions; The child happily sings a sad, tearful song, which is an example of psychological activities being affected by emotions; Adults who hear this song are very touched. They will feel depressed, unhappy or angry.

The same external objective stimulus information acts on different individuals and produces different emotional changes. In the 1960s, a movie "A River Flows East" caused a nationwide sensation, because many adults had a sad experience, and the fate of the film's protagonist caused a sensation. But as a child at that time, I didn't have any emotional reaction after reading it, which shows that everyone's knowledge structure has great differences in emotional experience.

The same external objective stimulus information acts on the same individual, and under the influence of individual emotions and emotions, different behavioral reactions will occur. For example, a clean mother usually comes home from work and sees her children make a mess at home, only nagging a few words; Now I have troubles at work, and when I get home, I will vent my anger and scold my children. Whenever the economy is depressed, we can hear many stories about domestic violence caused by trivial matters, which is also the reason. "People are happy when they are happy", and their appetite will increase greatly when they see food. On the contrary, in the face of sadness, food will be dull.

In a word, emotion accompanies life and is closely connected with various contradictions in human society. Although each individual's emotional intensity is different (each individual's emotional contrast is different. In real life, extreme events such as emotional excesses, emotional domination, emotional tragedies and even emotional crimes occur from time to time. However, everyone's development from primitive emotions to physiological needs to crying and to the ability to control their emotions (that is, the ability to vent and control their emotions appropriately) is a step-by-step process.

The first cry of a newborn baby is his first breath. After that, regardless of his thirst, hunger, pain, cold and other physiological stimuli, he will cry unconditionally. These early cries have no emotional component. However, only after many emotional experiences can we establish a new conditioned reflex and make crying with the original emotional color. For example, when he was thirsty for the first time, the signal reached the thirst center in front of the hypothalamus, then followed the genetic path, and finally caused him to cry. The result is to attract the attention of adults and quench their thirst. After repeated many times, a conditioned reflex is formed, and after knowing and "expecting" to cry, thirst can be alleviated. Similarly, the lifting of hunger can strengthen the "expectation" after crying, so crying has the most primitive expectation color. After thirst and hunger are relieved, new signals will be transmitted along the genetic path, resulting in the original mood of happiness and satisfaction. There are many things that can produce primitive happiness and satisfy emotions. Suck sweet drinks, feel comfortable and warm in your mother's arms, listen to your mother's heartbeat and accept her caress. , can produce the original happiness.

Similarly, it is easy to produce primitive emotions such as anger, disappointment, fear and sadness. For example, he will have a reflex to avoid oncoming objects, and at the same time, this information will be transmitted to the emotional center, resulting in primitive fear; Drinking bitter drinks and smelling unpleasant smells will produce primitive dissatisfaction. The generation of primitive emotions is the first step in the development of emotions and emotional control ability.

Development of perceptual organization in newborns (0 ~ 1 month)

(A) the basis for the development of knowledge structure at birth

A large number of studies show that the knowledge structure in the brain of newborn babies is not a blank. Some stimuli that the fetus feels during the period of sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch will leave traces, and some tactile and kinesthetic sensations generated by the fetus' activities in the fetus will also leave traces, which are the basis for the development of the baby's knowledge structure. For example, when a baby is crying, scholars play it to him with the recording of his mother's heartbeat during pregnancy, which can calm him down, indicating that the fetus has become accustomed to this sound in the womb and left a memory. So the same voice can also play a soothing role after birth. Many prenatal education experiments have also confirmed that the fetus has memory and shows recognition ability after birth. A one-week-old baby can distinguish his mother's voice. The above-mentioned unconditional reflex is the most important development foundation in the knowledge structure, and it is an independent communication channel connecting receptors, central nerve cells and effectors. In addition, the inherited emotional expression ability of newborn babies, such as welcoming sweets and rejecting bitterness, is linked with receptors, emotional centers and effectors through genetic channels. It is also an important foundation for the development of knowledge structure.

Beneficial extensive stimulation

The two hemispheres of the newborn baby's brain and its cortex can't function normally. At the same time, because most of its nerve fibers have no myelin sheath, they can't conduct and distinguish nerve excitement well, which makes the excitement of cortex spread, so as long as any part of his body is touched, it will cause the movement of his head, hands and feet. In addition, the reticular activation system of newborn babies will spread the stimulation information from any sensory organ to the whole cortex. These widespread stimuli are beneficial, and the result is to overcome the defect that newborn babies can't accept a lot of stimulus information, so that many nerve cells can share information stimuli and promote the development and maturity of nerve cells.

The first expansion of knowledge structure

Newborn babies begin their journey to know the world by relying on mature gene unconditional reflex, emotional pathway and various senses. The process of knowledge structure construction, which depends on, from less to more, from simple to complex, from complex to extremely complex, is the gradual construction ability of human evolutionary inheritance.

The above is the same basis of "human nature is good" or "innate evil". My conclusion is: at the beginning of life, there is no distinction between good and evil, but everything can be shaped.