The entrance examination of the three clans into the Jin Dynasty. Thank you.

The division of Jin by three clans refers to the event that Jin was divided by Han, Zhao and Wei at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period in China. In the twenty-third year of King Zhou Weilie (403 BC), King Zhou Weilie established three princes. Sima Guang's chronological history book Zi Tong Zhi Jian begins with this matter: "In the twenty-third year of Zhou Weilie, Wei Si, a doctor of Jin Dynasty, was a maharaja ...", as the dividing line between the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. In the first 376 years, Han, Zhao and Wei abolished the gold and carved up all the remaining land of the Jin public house. Therefore, Han, Zhao and Wei are also collectively called "Sanjin". It is an epoch-making event in history that the three clans entered Jin. It is the symbol of the disintegration of slave society and the determination of feudal society in China.

time

At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, from 403 BC to 376 BC.

location

Spring and Autumn Jin State

figure

Wei Si, a famous doctor in Jin Dynasty, and

background

Jin Wu Gong Zu

In the Zhou Dynasty, the vassal states usually divided the descendants of official positions into doctors, all of whom had fiefs, and took blood relationship as the screen guard of official positions. However, during the rebellion in Li Ji, Jin, Jin Xiangong killed all his sons one by one. From then on, the state of Jin no longer established Gongzi and Gongsun as nobles, which was called "Jin has no public clan" in history. Jin Chenggong became a public official, taking "official's son as the field, thinking that he was a commoner", and Zhao Dun changed doctors with different surnames into commoners, so Jin Chenggong's power declined, and there was no reliable restraining force for doctors with different surnames involved in the crisis.

Qing Liu

When Duke Xiang of Jin was in power, Hu, Zhao, Xian, Xu and so on were very powerful, and later powerful families such as Han, Wei, Luan, Fan and Xun appeared. After the mid-Spring and Autumn Period, more than a dozen honest officials took control of the political situation in the State of Jin. After fierce merger, at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, only six companies, namely Zhao, Wei, Han, Fan, Zhi and Bank of China, were left, which were called "Six Qing".

Battle of Jinyang

At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the Fan family and the Bank of China family were destroyed, leaving only four famous doctors in the State of Jin, namely Zhi, Zhao, Han and Wei, among which the Zhi family was the strongest. Zhi, who specializes in Jin politics, competed with Han Kang Zi and Wei. After his request was rejected, he attacked Zhao in 455, until Zhou Pingwang 14 years ago, and threatened Han and Wei to send troops. Zhao Xiangzi retired to Jinyang. Zhi Bo besieged Jinyang for two years and couldn't get down, which led to the flooding of Jinyang City. In times of crisis, he was sent to discuss and persuade Han and Wei to defect, and poured water into the Zhi Bo military camp to break the Zhibo army and capture and kill it alive. The three clans wiped out their clans and carved up their land. This battle laid the foundation for the future "Jin Sanfen".

process

In the first 438 years, Jin Aigong died and Jin Yougong acceded to the throne. Han, Zhao and Wei carved up the remaining land of the State of Jin, leaving only Crimson and Quwo to the Duke of Jin. From then on, Han, Zhao and Wei were called Sanjin.

Zhao Xiangzi felt uneasy because he replaced Blue's status as a prince and made Blue's grandson Zhao Huan his successor. However, after Xiangzi's death, his son Huan Zi expelled Zhao Huan and became a monarch. Zhao died a year later. Zhao's men killed his son and welcomed Zhao Huan to the throne for Zhao Xianzi. Evonne, the son of Xian Zi, later succeeded to the throne, namely Zhao Liehou. Wei was replaced by Sun Weisi. Han Kang was succeeded by his son Woods, and Wu Hanzi was succeeded by his son Han Qian as Han Hou Jing. In the first 403 years, it was ordered by King Wei Lie of Zhou, and tied with the marquis of Jin. This is the dividing point between the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in Zi Tong Zhi Jian.

In the first 375 years, Han, Zhao and Wei carved up the remaining land of the state of marquis of Jin, and the state of Jin was completely destroyed.

meaning

"Three schools divided into Jin" became the dividing point of China in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and the Warring States Period began. In Zi Tong Zhi Jian, written by Sima Guang, a famous historian in Song Dynasty, the earliest record is that "Wei Si, Evonne and Han Qian, doctors of Jin Dynasty, were newly appointed as satraps". At the same time, it also marks that the emerging landlord class has stepped onto the historical stage and promoted the establishment of the feudal system.

affect

The State of Jin, one of the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period, perished, and China gave birth to Han, Zhao and Wei San, the seven heroes of the Warring States Period. As a result, the slave society began to transition to feudal society, and hegemonic politics ended, which opened the prelude to the merger of the seven heroes in the Warring States.

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In 544 BC (14th year), Ling Zi of Yan Ji of the State of Wu sent an envoy to the State of Jin. After meeting Zhao Wenzi, Han Zixuan and Wei Xianzi of the State of Jin, she magically predicted: "The state power of the State of Jin belongs to these three families."

In fact, at this time, the rulers of Jin were Han, Zhao and Wei, as well as Fan, BOC and Zhishi. Public office is weak, six departments are strong, and politics is private. The advantages of Korea, Zhao and Wei are not obvious.

However, it is this situation that has led to the dispute between private and public positions, as well as the dispute over mergers and acquisitions between the six ministers. In the first 458 years (the seventeenth year of Jin Dynasty), Zhishi shared the land with Zhao, Han, Bank of China, etc. In the first 456 years, the four clean-ups expelled the gold from the public and set up the gold to mourn the public. The political situation in the state of Jin was established in the mourning of the public and entered a new era.

This period was characterized by the coexistence of the Qing Dynasty and the Four Dynasties, with Zhi Bo being the strongest, and Jin State was monopolized by him. Jin Aigong ascended the throne because of Zhi Bo's proposition, because he had a friendly relationship with Aigong's father, and he could use his personal relationship to influence and manipulate Aigong and control the overall situation of Jin State. After achieving this goal, Zhi Bo managed to seize all the sites of Fan and BOC, further consolidating his political position.

Zhi Bo Yao Ming is the son of Ji Xuanzi. At first, Zhixuanzi wanted to make sure that Zhiyao was the heir, but the tribal countries advised him not to be as good as Li Zhixiao. Xiao Zhi is the son of Zi Xuan. Zhiguo thinks that Zhiyao has many advantages in all aspects, such as strong appearance, brave shooting, versatility, good eloquence, resolute and decisive personality, and there are not many things to be picky about, but there is a fatal shortcoming and poor moral quality. In other words, Zhiyao is the kind of person who has talent and no virtue. The country believes that people like this will control the fate of the country's family, which will inevitably lead to the destruction of the whole family. Zhixuanzi didn't listen to the advice of Zhiguo, but decided to take Zhiyao as his successor. Zhiguo resolutely broke off relations with the family of people with lofty ideals, and filed a case in the Taishi Palace of the State of Jin, which was named Fu's.

After Zhi Bo succeeded to the throne, he really made great contributions. In internal affairs, he eliminated Fan and Bank of China, expelled Jin from public office, supported Jin Aigong, and was good at national politics; On the diplomatic front, he led the army twice to beg Zheng, made outstanding achievements and became a sublime vassal. However, when he made such achievements, his weakness of "being greedy for more and being greedy for less" was gradually exposed. Greed includes insatiable greed, exultation, arrogance and extravagance; Willfulness includes being headstrong, not being coachable and acting arbitrarily. After monopolizing power, he became arrogant.

Zhi Bo and Han Kang Zi and Wei gave a banquet in Lantai, but they teased Han Kang Zi at the banquet and insulted Duan Gui, the retainer of Han Kangzi. Volunteer countries protested that doing so might bring disaster. Zhi Bo said brazenly, "I'm in charge. I'm not embarrassed. Who dares to do it! " It seems that the fate of the Han and Wei families is in his hands and no one can help him. In the History of the State of Jin, Zhiguo listed the disasters of families such as Zhao, Luan, Fan and Bank of China, all of which were caused by the enemy's waiting for an opportunity. If you don't do it seriously and often make enemies with others, the day of catastrophe will not be far away. He also said: "Today, the host was ashamed of the gentleman's appearance and came prepared and said,' I dare not make things difficult'. Why not? Honey, who is not happy and who is not afraid? Ants and bees can hurt people. What is the situation? " Mosquitoes, ants, wasps, scorpions and other insects can hurt people. Can we not be wary of making enemies with the rulers and families of strong ethnic groups? Zhi Bo ignored such advice and went his own way.

Scott is the earliest and deepest enemy of Zhi Bo, specifically, Zhao Xiangzi, the monarch of the Scott family. Long before Zhao Xiangzi ascended the throne, he had a deep grudge with Zhi Bo.

There are two different records about the feud between Zhi Bo and Zhao Xiangzi in Historical Records. At the end of Zuo Zhuan, it was recorded that four years (the first 74 years), Zhi Bo led an army to attack Zheng. At that time, it was still Prince Zhao, who went out with the army. When he broke into the city gate of Zhengdu, Zhi Bo ordered Zhao Xiangzi to enter the city first, and Xiangzi invited Zhibo to enter the city first. At that time, Zhi Bo swore at each other and said, "How can you be a son if you are evil and have no courage?" Zhi Bo thought Xiangzi lacked courage and dared not go to town. Besides, he is so ugly, how can he be a prince! Therefore, Zhao Xiangzi was very jealous of Zhi Bo. Historical records. According to Zhao, in the 11th year of Jin Dynasty (464 BC), Zhi Bo made Zheng a general. When Zhi Bo got drunk, he gave Zhao Xiangzi wine and hit Xiangzi. Zhao's courtiers demanded to fight to the death, but Xiangzi dissuaded them, saying that he was made a prince by his father because he could bear the burden of humiliation. His resentment towards Zhibo is self-evident. However, after Zhi Bo returned to China, he even gave Xiangzi's father Zhao Jianzi a job and asked him to abolish Xiangzi and set up a new prince. Kenko won't listen.

Although the two records are different, Zhi Bo insulted Zhao Xiangzi. It is particularly noteworthy that Zhi Bo was dissatisfied with Xiangzi as a prince in both places, trying to shake his position. According to Records of the Historian, Zhi Bo tried to interfere with Zhao's housework, which caused Xiangzi's dissatisfaction. Zhao Xiangzi's status as a prince is hard-won. Xiangzi's name is not a T-shirt, because his mother is Zhao Jianzi's maid-in-waiting and Tijen, so she is not qualified to inherit Scott's legacy. However, his knowledge and talents are gradually recognized and favored by Jane. On one occasion, Jianzi told his sons that he hid the treasure in Changshan (now northwest of Quyang, Hebei Province), and who would get the reward first. All the scholars returned empty-handed, saying only that he had got it. He said that attacking Daiguo from the commanding heights of Changshan can annex Daiguo, which is the treasure. Jianzi thinks that this son is ambitious and can really continue to develop Zhao's power as an heir. So he abolished Prince Blue and made him a prince. Zhi Bo tried to block Wu T-shirt from coming to power, naturally trying to get rid of a powerful opponent as soon as possible, thus containing Scott. Don't ambitious people in Zhao Can hate it?

Zhi Bo made an enemy everywhere, but he didn't introspect, greed further expanded, and openly reached out to asaps. Han Kangzi wanted to refuse, and Duan Gui advised, "No way. The husband knows that Bob is a human being, and he is greedy for profit. If he comes to land, he will definitely send more troops to South Korea. Qi Jun and it. On the other hand, he will invite the land to other countries, and other countries will not listen and fight for it. However, Han can avoid its troubles and wait and see. " Duan Gui analyzed Zhi Bo's character, and thought that he must have hidden his hand that was seized by force after asking for it, which was determined by his gloomy and willful character. Besides, he is insatiable, and will never only ask the Han family for land. The Korean family gave him a little sweetness, and he must stretch out his hand everywhere. If others refuse, he will use his sword, and then he will have a chance. Han Kangzi thinks this method is feasible. He will suffer a little first, but he can avoid fighting with Zhishi, and he can also stir up trouble and profit from it. Therefore, he decided to give thousands of families to Zhi City and sent messengers to offer them.

Zhi Bo plan is successful, full of joy, and then to wei. Wei's original intention is of course unwilling. Counselor Zhang Ren asked him why he didn't want to. Huan Zi said that he asked for land for no reason and could not agree. Zhang Ren said: "If you ask for land for no reason, the world will be afraid;" Where the monarch gives it, knowledge (wisdom) will become arrogant. Arrogant and underestimating the enemy, neighboring countries are afraid and blind date. With the soldiers of blind date, waiting for the country that underestimates the enemy, the life of ambition (wisdom) is not long! " From the overall situation, Zhang Ren believes that if Zhi Bo successfully claims land, it will be arrogant, and arrogance will inevitably underestimate the enemy; The defendant will naturally unite as a camp against Zhibo. With the strong strength of the United camp to deal with an enemy who underestimates his enemy and is arrogant, the outcome is obvious. He also said, "if you want to beat it, you must help it;" The dialectical thinking of "if you want to take it, you must follow it" advised Wei not to fight Zhi Bo alone to cherish the territory, but to wait until the situation changes to the disadvantage of Zhi Bo. Wei listened to the advice and gave ten thousand households in the city to Zhi.

Zhi Bo easily got two cities of ten thousand people, and did the same thing, asking for the land of Cai and Gao Wolf. Xiangzi flatly refused. Zhi Bo advocates land, and it is obvious that he will occupy Miyake. If you can't eat it, it will become a whale. Zhi Bo immediately led Han and Wei Ershi to attack Zhao with three men, intending to wipe it out in one fell swoop.

Seeing that the situation was unfavorable to him, Zhao Xiang decided to retreat to avoid the edge of the enemy. But, where to retreat? I suggest that the eldest son (now the eldest son of Shanxi Province) has a thick wall, neatly trimmed and not far away, and can be holed up. Xiangzi said, "People stop (tired) to finish it, and then die to defend it. Who's with me? " He believes that the local people have been exhausted in repairing the city, and if they persist, I am afraid that the people will be in trouble. It was also suggested to retreat to Handan (now Handan City, Hebei Province), where the warehouse was full. Xiangzi asked, "Who's with me?" The warehouse became rich because the people were plundered and the local people were deprived and squeezed. If they are allowed to defend the city with their blood, how can they work together with their own Qi Xin? He finally decided: "What about Jinyang (now in the area of South Jinyuan Town, Taiyuan)? The ancestors are (instructions), Yoon Tak is also wide, and the people must be harmonious. "

Jinyang is the base of Zhao's business for many years. During the Handan Rebellion, Fan and China Bank supported the uprising and once surrendered to Jinyang. Xiangzi's leniency means that Zhao has special preferential policies for Jinyang area. When Zhao Jianzi sent Yoon Tak to govern Jinyang, Yoon Tak specifically asked for instructions. Is it to convey wealth to Zhao in Jinyang, or to establish a solid base? Jane is definitely the latter. Therefore, Yoon Tak has reduced the number of families paying taxes and greatly reduced the actual tax revenue, benefiting the people. Xiangzi's so-called "the return of the former owner" was that the former owner specially told Xiangzi: "Jin is in trouble, not the smallest. Jinyang is a distant place, so we must think that it will return." Jinyang is run to guard against emergencies. Although nominal tax is very small, it is the most reliable barrier. So Xiangzi thought that only Jinyang's popular support was available, so he retreated to Jinyang.

Xiangzi toured Jinyang for a week and found that the city was strong, full of treasures and granaries, but lacked arrows to defend against the enemy. Zhang Mengtan told him that he was far-sighted when Dongan built Jinyang in his early years. The materials used to build palace walls can be used to make arrow shafts, and copper columns can be used to make arrows. So everything is ready, ready to meet the attack of the three families.

In the first 454 years (the third year of Jin Aigong), Zhi Bo led the Han and Wei families to besiege Jinyang and fought fiercely for three months, but still failed to break the city. So we turned to siege for a long time and decided to throw water at Jinyang. After more than a year of siege, the city became Zeguo and Wang Yang, and the stove chamber became the frog's home. City people have to "cook in one pot" and hang a pot to cook; After the food is eaten, it is even "delicious". However, "the people don't rebel" still helps Zhao Xiangzi persist.

Jinyang City is trapped by water. "The city is not immersed in three editions (two feet are one edition)". Zhi Bo saw Zhao pointed out that the sun can be destroyed, full of ambition. He took Wei and Han Kang to inspect the water situation and said, "I now know that water can destroy people and countries." Wei and Han listened, each thinking about his own business. Wei believes that Fenshui can be used to irrigate Anyi (near Yuncheng today, belonging to Wei), and Han Kang thinks that Jiangshui can be used to irrigate Pingyang (Linfen today, belonging to Korea). Wei poked Han Kang with his elbow, and Kang Zi stepped on his hind foot again. They got the news, and they hid the trap of turning around.

Zhi Bo turned a blind eye to the movements of the Han and Wei Dynasties, thinking that it was done, but the Han and Wei Dynasties were a piece of cake. On the contrary, one of his ministers, named Bi Biao, noticed some clues and reminded him: "The kings of Han and Wei dynasties will definitely turn against each other." Zhi Bo was puzzled, so he explained to him that he had made an appointment with two families to destroy Scott and divide his land into three parts. Now that Jinyang City is about to be conquered, the kings of the two families are not only pale, but also look worried. If they really have such concerns, they must object. Zhi Bo not only didn't believe the flaw, but also conveyed his words to Wei and Han Kang, which may also contain the meaning of temptation. Han and Wei Jun denied it, of course, saying that courtiers lobbied Scott to alienate the three families. If this is the case, wouldn't it be foolish for the Han and Wei States to take risks and attack Zhishi regardless of the land of Zhao? Zhi Bo believed the sophistry of Han and Wei Jun. When the second gentleman went out, he came in and said to Zhi Bo, How can you tell Han and Wei Jun what he said? Zhibo asked how the flaw could be known, and the flaw said that it could be seen from the expressions of those two people. Zhi Bo never believed that Han and Wei would oppose each other, so he thought of a way out of trouble and asked to go to Qi.

During the meeting, he talked about plotting against Han and Wei Jun and sneaking out of the city to meet the two armies. He said, "When I heard that my lips were dead, my teeth became cold. Today, I know that the two kings, Bo Shuai and Zhi Shuai, cut Zhao, Zhao will die, and the death of the two kings will be two. " His rhetoric hit the nail on the head, pointing to the hidden worries of the two kings, the fall of Zhao, and then the turn of the Han and Wei Dynasties. You feel the same way, but you are worried that you will be killed by Zhibo first. Alina Zhang said: "Find out the mouth of the two kings, the ears of the people's ministers, and the people don't know." As long as it doesn't leak out, there will be no problem. So the three of them made an appointment to seek wisdom.

Contact Han and Wei and agree to turn the situation around at a critical moment. At this point, Zhibo is still in the dark. That night, Xiangzi sent his troops to kill the officials and soldiers guarding the levee in Zhiboli. He must have opened the levee and made Jinshui rush to the Zhibo army. Zhao's army fought out of the city and attacked the army. Zhijun was flooded and in a mess. Han and Wei attacked from both sides, defeated Zhi Jun, killed Zhi Bo and wiped out a family. Only one clan of the clan was retained, because it was changed to Fu clan.

In the first 453 years, Zhao, Wei and Han carved up the territory of the official. Zhao Xiangzi hated Zhi Bo the most. He drew Zhi Bo's head and made a wine glass. Yu Rang, Zhi Bo's retainer, vowed to avenge Zhi Bo, assassinated Zhao Xiangzi many times, and even ruined his appearance, making him miserable. He swallowed charcoal and lost his voice, begging for a living in the market and looking for opportunities. However, in the end, he failed and was captured and died. Zhi Bo's legacy is only such a famous assassin.

In 437 BC, Duke Ai of Jin died, and his son Liu Jicheng took the throne of Duke You of Jin. When there was a public official, the Jin Dynasty had no authority. A public official can't give orders to Han, Zhao and Wei, but he can only go to see the three kings himself. Only two cities, Jiang (now Xinjiang in houma city, Shanxi Province) and Quwo (now Wenxi in the northeast of Shanxi Province), were retained, and the rest of the land in the State of Jin was divided among the three tribes.

Zhao Xiangzi felt uneasy because he replaced Blue's status as a prince and made Blue's grandson Zhao Huan his successor. However, after Xiangzi's death, his younger brother Huan Zi expelled Zhao Huan and became a monarch. After he died a year later, Zhao's people killed his son and welcomed him to the throne to honor his son. Evonne, the son of Xian Zi, later succeeded to the throne, namely Zhao Liehou.

Wei was replaced by Sun Weisi.

Han Kang was succeeded by his son Woods, and Wu Hanzi was succeeded by his son Han Qian as Han Hou Jing.

In the first 403 years (twenty-three years of Zhou Weilie, that is, seventeen years of Jin Liegong), the Zhou royal family officially recognized Han, Zhao and Wei as princes, and tied with Jin Hou. From a purely legal point of view, this year is of epoch-making significance, and the Warring States Period began from this year. In Zi Tong Zhi Jian, written by Sima Guang, a famous historian in Song Dynasty, the earliest record is that "Wei Si, Evonne and Han Qian, doctors of Jin Dynasty, were newly appointed as satraps".