What are the precautions for loading large goods?

I. Preparation before shipment

(1) Master the ship's load capacity. Such as hull structure, local strength, lifting weight and other technical parameters, binding and reinforcement equipment.

(2) Carefully check the equipment required for transporting heavy goods and keep it in good technical condition. Such as whether the heavy crane and its accessories are in normal working condition.

(3) Learn more about the transported heavy objects. Such as the number of pieces, the weight of a single piece, the size, the shape of the goods, the packaging form and its firmness, and the transportation requirements.

2. Problems that should be paid attention to when preparing the loading plan

When loading heavy goods, a loading plan for heavy goods must be prepared. At this point, should do the following work:

(1) Correct selection of shipping space and cargo hold

The loading position of heavy goods should be considered from the aspects of ensuring the safety of goods and ships, facilitating the operation and use of heavy cargo lifting equipment of ships.

When loading cargo, it should be arranged in the middle cargo hold with large hatch size and heavy lifting equipment. When deployed on the second deck, it should be noted that the height of the cargo should not be greater than the height from the second deck to the lower side of the hatch.

When the goods are loaded on deck, the position should be reasonably selected according to the nature of the goods. Generally, it should be arranged in the part where the ship can lift and unload heavy cargo lifting equipment. Wet goods should be put on the deck behind the middle superstructure.

Heavy goods on the upper deck should not be placed on the hatch cover. Its loading position shall not interfere with operations such as cargo winch, derrick lifting and cable fastening. , shall not be piled up in the fire trunk and branch pipes, measuring pipes, watertight doors, drainage holes, cargo manholes, equipment for operating various valves, etc. , and should set aside a pedestrian passage, the stacking height shall not interfere with the overlooking the line of sight on the bridge.

The distribution of heavy goods on board should be balanced.

(2) Due to the heavy weight of the heavy object, after determining the loading position of the heavy object, the local stress on the loaded part must be considered, and its local strength cannot be destroyed.

(3) We should check the influence on the stability of the ship after the heavy cargo is transferred (especially when the cargo is loaded on the upper deck) and when the ship equipment loads and unloads the heavy cargo, and calculate the possible maximum inclination angle of the ship to ensure that it does not exceed the allowable range.

(4) Formulate the reinforcement and binding scheme for heavy goods.

Three. Matters needing attention when loading heavy goods

(1) When loading heavy goods, the draft difference of the ship should be minimized.

(2) During the loading and unloading process, pay attention to adjusting the cable to prevent the hull from swimming and affect the safety operation. When working in the outer gear, the cable should be properly loosened to avoid the cable from breaking when the ship inclines.

(3) After the heavy objects are loaded, the ship shall not list. If the distribution of heavy goods cannot be well balanced, it must be adjusted by other loads.

(4) After loading, the important parts shall be carefully reinforced and bound according to the binding scheme. If it is bound by stevedores, the ship shall check the firmness of the binding.

Four. Management of important components in navigation process

(1) During the voyage, there should be a special person to regularly check the status of the main goods. Before sailing in storm warning and in a big storm, we should carefully check the firmness of the main components to prevent the goods from shifting.

(2) At least two people should accompany in the stormy weather to check the cargo situation, and inform the bridge to adjust the course appropriately to slow down the swing, so as to ensure safety.

(3) Excessive rolling of the ship should be avoided during navigation, so as to avoid accidents caused by the stress of the lashing rope. Take shelter from the wind or change course if necessary.

5. Check of local stress of ship under heavy load and its guarantee measures

All decks and loading parts of the working ship have allowable safe load data. On a general general general cargo ship, determining the safe load of each deck is the premise of loading groceries. In general, it can't bear the load of directly stacking heavy objects. Therefore, in order to ensure the safety of the ship, when loading heavy goods, it is necessary to calculate the local stress of the parts to be loaded in advance to prevent the damage of local components.

If it is known that the weight of goods is P(t) and the contact area between goods and loading parts is A(m2), it is suggested that the actual unit area load of loading parts is

P'd=9.8 1P (kPa)/A (formula 1)

When the actual load p'd per unit area exceeds the allowable load pd, the bearing area of the deck can be enlarged by padding, so as to reduce the actual load per unit area of the deck and ensure that its local strength is not damaged.

Due to the heavy weight of heavy goods, especially overweight goods, padding is generally needed to ensure safety. In practical work, the minimum deck load area Amin is often calculated according to the allowable load pd per unit area of the site to be installed, so as to determine the gasket scheme. rule

Amin = 9.8 1p (m2)/pd (formula 2)

It should be pointed out that when determining the actual pad area, the following conditions should also be considered: firstly, the minimum loaded area Amin obtained by Formula 2 does not consider the pad material and the weight of the lashing rigging itself; Secondly, when sailing at sea, the cargo will be subjected to various forces, so that its positive pressure on the deck is greater than its own weight; Thirdly, when loading goods on the upper deck, the actual contact area between the liner and the deck will be reduced due to the beam arch and side arc on the deck. Therefore, the actual pad area must be larger than the minimum load area calculated above. When transporting bulky goods with large weight and small volume, the goods should be loaded across at least two transverse stiffeners. If necessary, temporary supports (columns) should be added under the deck of the loading yard to ensure safety. In addition, when loading heavy goods, the ship should keep a flat draft as much as possible, so that the goods can land or leave the deck at the same time, and avoid a certain part of the deck from being overloaded instantly.

Reinforcement and binding of heavy goods with intransitive verbs

For the binding of heavy objects, we must first choose the binding rigging correctly. Commonly used binding ropes include fiber rope, steel wire rope and chain, which are used in conjunction with elastic screws and shackles. Wire ropes and chains should be used to bind heavy objects. It is convenient and fast to use chain to bind, but it is not easy to bind; It is easier to tighten with steel wire rope, but it is not convenient to tie the chain, and each has its own advantages and disadvantages, so it should be chosen according to the specific situation.

Precautions for loading large goods also include the following questions when binding:

1. Binding tightness should be appropriate. It is required to bind tightly, not to loosen it, and to prevent it from being too tight and breaking. At the same time, it should be easy to untie, so that it can be untied immediately in case of accident.

2. Improve the binding effect and save the binding rope. Therefore, the binding angle should be as small as possible, and the force of each binding cable should be balanced.

3. Make sure the goods are not damaged. In order to avoid direct contact between the lashing rope and the surface of the goods, squeezing or wearing the goods, lashing should be carried out at the specified position, and the lashing position should be paved first if necessary. For the goods that are afraid of being wet by water, in addition to selecting the position of the goods reasonably, the tarpaulin should be covered before binding, and the corrosive parts should be coated with protective grease.

4. The binding process should be correct. The tether should be symmetrical left and right, and symmetrical front and back. Each rope should be wound around the goods and then fixed on both sides. It is not allowed to tie more than one rope. There should be no more than three ropes at each rooting site, and the direction should not be the same. For goods with wheels, such as vehicles, first lay the rails with sleepers, fix the wheels and rails with triangle iron, and weld the triangle iron on the rails. In addition to being fixed with lashing ropes, heavy goods packed in the cabin are generally supported by square timber in both vertical and horizontal directions, and the goods are also nailed with wooden boards to prevent displacement on the way.