What are the unique folk houses in China?

China folk houses have an ancient and unique charm, which is a precious heritage of Chinese civilization and embodies the wisdom of the nation and profound cultural heritage. This article is an expository article about local dwellings in China, introducing Hakka dwellings and Dai bamboo houses with distinctive features.

1, Hakka dwellings:

Hakka folk houses are a wonderful flower in the southern mountainous area of China. Its unique style has attracted many Chinese and foreign scholars, tourists and even American military experts.

Firstly, this paper briefly introduces the characteristics, site selection and environment of Hakka folk houses, and their position in the world folk houses: their style is "enclosure or earth building", "ornament" refers to being located in remote mountainous areas, and "wonderful folk houses" refers to explaining the position of Hakka folk houses in the world folk houses through metaphor and comparison. Then, this paper introduces the outstanding characteristics of Hakka folk houses in detail: camp-style folk houses and the reasons and functions of building this kind of building. The author vividly illustrates the characteristics of building materials, appearance and overall layout of camp-style houses with examples, data and analogies. Then write the circular enclosed houses arranged according to the gossip layout and their symbolic significance. Finally, write out the internal structural characteristics of the enclosure and the folk cultural characteristics reflected.

2. Dai bamboo house:

Bamboo house is a special living form created by Dai people according to local conditions, which has the advantages of economical building materials, warm in winter and cool in summer, moisture-proof, waterproof and earthquake resistance.

The first paragraph of the article briefly introduces the architectural environment of Dai bamboo house: the bamboo house is hidden in the dense green of phoenix bamboo and oil palm forest. The second paragraph describes the traditional custom and reasons of the Dai people's "living by water with many bamboo houses": the Dai people are located in the subtropical zone, and bamboo houses have the function of heat and moisture protection. The third section describes the appearance characteristics of Dai villages and bamboo buildings. The fourth paragraph says that the internal structure of bamboo buildings is simple, spacious and unique. The fifth paragraph describes the traditional customs and cultural connotations of the Dai people when they built bamboo houses. The custom of building a house by one family and helping the whole village reflects the national psychology and cultural tradition of unity, harmony and helping others of the Dai people.

3. The language is concise, accurate, plain and vivid, which is the common feature of the two short passages in this paper. The author uses examples, figures, comparisons and metaphors to explain the characteristics of Hakka folk houses and Dai bamboo houses in a popular, vivid and accurate way, which is more knowledgeable, scientific and interesting.

The purpose of writing this text is to let students know the characteristics and folk customs of Hakka dwellings and Dai bamboo houses, and to stimulate their interest in exploring folk culture; The second is to understand the explanation method of the text and the expression characteristics of the language, and learn to apply it to your own practice.

Second, sentence analysis.

(A) the understanding of the sentence

1. Thousands of round houses or earth buildings are dotted in the mountains in southwest Fujian and northeast Guangdong, and are known as "strange houses in the world".

This sentence uses analogy and comparison methods, which generally explains the position of Hakka enclosed houses in the history of world architecture. Compared with "world houses", it is a special and rare flower. The word "embellishment" is well used, which shows that Hakka people live in remote mountainous areas with few people, which lays the foundation for the camp-style houses described below.

2. Most of them are three to six floors, and 100 to more than 200 houses are arranged in orange petals, with even layout and magnificent momentum.

The author vividly explains the appearance and overall layout characteristics of the circular fence with figures and metaphors. No wonder foreign friends can't help exclaiming when they see the round paddock from a distance-"flying saucers falling from the sky, mushrooms popping up underground".

3. gossip layout. Houses surrounded by earth buildings are arranged according to gossip, and there are firewalls between hexagrams, which are uniform.

Bagua is a set of symbols in ancient China and one of the representatives of traditional culture in China. The circular enclosed houses in Hakka dwellings are arranged according to gossip, which reflects the national psychology and cultural tradition of Hakka ancestors who advocate roundness and look forward to auspiciousness, happiness and peace.

4. Dai people still keep the habit of "building more bamboo houses and living by water".

Bamboo House is a traditional architectural form of Dai people. This is because the Dai residential area is located in the subtropical zone, with high temperature, much rain and high air humidity. Bamboo building is conducive to heat and moisture protection. Therefore, the bamboo house of the Dai nationality is a special residential form created by the ancestors of the Dai nationality according to local conditions, and it has been maintained to this day. Next to: near, near. "Many bamboo buildings live by water" can be understood as living by water, so living in bamboo buildings is the main thing.

There are all kinds of flowers, trees and fruit trees in the fence, which can be described as "the village is full of trees and the garden is full of flowers".

The Dai bamboo house was originally "hidden in the dense green bamboo forest". The Dai family also likes to plant anchovies, betel nuts, mangoes and bananas around the bamboo house, which makes the village more poetic. It can really be said that it is "full of trees and flowers".

(B) the understanding of words

Fujian: another name for Fujian Province.

Guangdong: another name for Guangdong province.

Decorate: Set off or decorate to make the original thing better.

Wonderful: strange: rare, special and extraordinary; Pa: flowers.

Barracks: Barracks and surrounding walls.

Tamper: a tool used to smash a foundation. This lesson refers to the Hakka people tamping the foundation, building thick walls and setting up camp-type earth buildings in the mountains.

Harassment: disturbing; Make uneasy.

Erosion: gradual erosion and deterioration.

Advocacy: respect and admiration.

Storage: storage, accumulation; Warehouse: warehouse, warehouse.

Bagua: A set of symbols in ancient China. Use "-"for yang, use "-"for yin, and use three such symbols to form eight forms, which are called eight diagrams. Each six-pointed star represents something.

Very hot: describe very hot.

Live in harmony: harmony and reconciliation. Get along well with each other.

Safe and sound: safe and sound: safe; Sick: sick. The original intention is that people are safe and not sick. Now it generally refers to something that has not been destroyed.

Third, related links

1. About Hakkas:

Hakka refers to the Han nationality who originated in the Yellow River valley. They moved south during the Eastern Jin War and began to become a group of residents with "special identity". In the subsequent migration, they gradually formed a unique Hakka family today. The most obvious feature of Hakka people is that they can speak Hakka dialect, which is one of the eight major dialects of the Han nationality.

At present, there are about 45 million Hakkas in the world. There are 40 million people in China and about 5 million people abroad. Former Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew and internationally renowned writer Han are both Hakkas. There are 17 provinces and 185 cities and counties in China. There are more than 20 million Hakkas in Guangdong, accounting for nearly 30% of the province's total population.

2. Five advantages of Hakka folk houses:

The first is complete economy. Building materials are mainly loess and Chinese fir, which is very economical. Second, the firmness is good. The foundation of the wall is mostly made of stones, and the wall body is buried with horizontal tendons such as bamboo strips, and the top of the wall is overhanging, which can ensure that the house is not hit by water. The third is wonderful physics. Hot weather can prevent summer heat from entering, and cold weather can isolate the invasion of cold wind, forming a microclimate with cool summer and warm winter in the building. In addition, the thick earth wall also has a hidden function, which keeps the humidity suitable for human body and can naturally release water when the environment is too dry; When the environment is too humid, it can absorb water. This regulation is very beneficial to human health. The fourth is excellent defense. The wall is unusually strong, and there are no windows on the ground floor. Heavy hardwood doors are covered with iron sheets and fixed with bars. There is a fire-proof water tank at the door, and the living facilities in the building, such as wells, granaries and barns, are all available, which is necessary for them to resist the attacks of soldiers, bandits, wild animals and indigenous people. The fifth is unique artistry. This is mainly reflected in the overall shape. From the layout point of view, the circular enclosure is a Taiji diagram.

3. Beijing Siheyuan:

Beijing quadrangles, as the main architectural form that old Beijingers have lived in for generations, are well-known at home and abroad and all over the world.

This kind of house is surrounded by a main room (north room), an inverted seat (south seat), an east wing and a west wing, forming a mouth shape with a central courtyard inside, so this quadrangle-style house is called a quadrangle.

Siheyuan is a closed house with only one street gate outside, and the closed door comes from Chengtiandi. In the yard, four houses are facing the yard, and the family is happy inside. Because the yard is spacious, you can plant trees and flowers, feed birds and fish, and pile stones to beautify the environment. Residents not only enjoy comfortable housing, but also share the beautiful world endowed by nature.

The quadrangle in Beijing is famous because it is a residential building, but it contains profound cultural connotation and is the carrier of China traditional culture. The decoration, sculpture and painting of quadrangles reflect the local folk customs and traditional culture, and show people's pursuit of happiness, beauty, prosperity and auspiciousness under specific historical conditions. For example, the pattern composed of bats and longevity characters means "longevity", and the pattern with Chinese rose flowers in the vase means "peace in the four seasons". Auspicious words embedded in the door tube and the door head, couplets pasted on the eaves column, and excellent paintings and calligraphy hung indoors are all ancient teachings collected by ancient sages and philosophers, using ancient and modern famous sentences, or praising the beauty of mountains and rivers. Going to the temple compound is like stepping into the temple of China traditional culture.

4. Cave dwellings in northern Shaanxi:

Cave dwellings are generally built on a hillside facing south, facing the sun, facing the mountains and facing the open area, with few trees sheltering them. Generally, the caves in the First Hospital are all built with 3 or 5 holes, with the middle kiln as the main kiln, some divided into front and rear kilns and some with three openings. From the outside, the four caves should be separated. If you go inside, you can find that they are all connected by tunnel-type small doors, and the top is semicircular, so the space of the cave will increase. The kiln wall is painted with lime, which looks dazzling, dry and bright. One side of the cave has a cooker, and one end is connected with the kang. Because the flue of the stove fire passes through the bottom of the kang, it is very warm on the kang in winter. On the three walls around the kang, there are usually some patterned papers or collages, which are called Kangwei by people in northern Shaanxi. Kang wai is a practical decoration, which can avoid the direct contact and friction between the bedding on the kang and the rough wall and keep it clean. The cave windows in northern Shaanxi are exquisite, which are divided into four parts: skylight, inclined window, kang window and doors and windows, all of which are decorated with paper cutting. There are window grilles outside the window, which are brightly colored from the outside and bright and comfortable from the inside, thus producing a unique formal beauty of light, color and tone. The panes are sparse and sunlight can penetrate freely.

5. Tibetan dwellings:

Tibetan folk houses, like other cultural forms in Tibet, also have their own unique personality. Tibetan folk houses are rich and colorful, and the wooden buildings in the bunker in the southern Tibetan valley, the financial office in the pastoral area of northern Tibet and the forest area in the Yarlung Zangbo River basin have their own characteristics. You can even find caves on the Ali Plateau.

The most representative Tibetan folk house is the diaofang. Bunkers are mostly stone and wood structures, with dignified and steady appearance and simple and rough style; The outer wall shrinks upward, and the inner wall is still vertical. Bunkers are generally divided into upper and lower floors, and the number of rooms is calculated by columns. The bottom floor is a barn and a storage room, and the floor height is low; The second floor is the residential floor, and the large suite, bedroom, kitchen and small room are storage rooms or stairwells. If there is a third floor, it will be used as a lecture hall and terrace. The bunker has the characteristics of firmness, tight structure and neat corners, which is not only beneficial to wind and cold protection, but also convenient to prevent the enemy from stealing.

Tents are very different from bunkers, which are a special architectural form adopted by Tibetans in pastoral areas to adapt to the mobile lifestyle of living on weeds. Ordinary financial offices are generally short, square or rectangular in plane, supported by wooden sticks, and the frame is about 2 meters high; Laying black yak carpet, leaving gaps about 15 cm wide and 1.5 m long for ventilation and lighting; Pull it left and right with yak rope and fix it on the ground; Around the inside of the tent, a low wall with a height of about 50 cm is built with grass mud blocks, adobe or pebbles, and highland barley, ghee bags and dried cow dung (for fuel) are piled on it. The tent is simply furnished, with a fire stove in the middle and a Buddha statue behind it, and the ground around it is covered with sheepskin for sitting, lying and resting. The tent has the characteristics of simple structure, easy support, flexible disassembly and easy relocation.