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The battle at the foot of water-Fu Jian

Everything is ready, except for the east wind-Battle of Red Cliffs-Zhuge Liang

Cross the rubicon-the Battle of the Giant Deer-Xiang Yu

Embattled-Battle of Gaixia-Xiang Yu

Swing the whip and cut it off-the battle of water-Fu Jian

(PS: Even the first row? )

Feishui: Dongji River in the north of Feixi County, Hefei. It's near Shouxian County, Anhui Province. It also makes fat water, which comes from Jiangjun Mountain between Feixi and Shouxian.

Battle of Feishui: In August 383, Fu Jian led 600,000 infantry, 270,000 cavalry, 30,000 guards and 900,000 troops from Chang 'an. At the same time, Fu Jian ordered Zitong prefect Pei Yuanlve to lead 70,000 navy men down the river from Bashu to Jiankang. Nearly a million marches "travel thousands of miles back and forth, moving in opposite directions." East and West Wan Li, land and water go hand in hand. Fu Jian proudly declared: "Take my countless trips and throw the whip in the river to stop it from flowing." "

The Eastern Jin Dynasty faced a critical moment of life and death under the pressure of a strong enemy, and the hawks headed by Prime Minister Xie An were determined to stand up and resist. On the recommendation of Xie An, Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty appointed Xie Shi, Xie An's younger brother, as the conquering viceroy, and Xie Xuan, Xie An's nephew, as the pioneer, led 80,000 "Beifu soldiers" with strong fighting capacity to meet Qin Jun's main force along the west of Huaihe River, and Hu Bin was sent to lead the water army to reinforce Shouyang (now Shouxian County, Anhui Province). Huan Chong was also named Jiangzhou Secretariat, and led the 654.38+ Wanjin Army to control the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, preventing the Qin and Bashu armies from going down the river.

[Map of the Battle of Feishui]

Map of the Battle of Feishui

10 On June 8th, Fu Jian's brother Fu Rong led Qin Jun's vanguard troops to capture Shouyang, and captured Xu Yuanxi, commander-in-chief of 8 Jin Army. At the same time, Qin Jun Mu Rongchui captured Yuncheng (now Yunxian County, Hubei Province). On the way, Hu Bin, who was ordered to lead the water army to rescue Shouyang, learned that Shouyang had been breached by Fu Rong, so he retreated to Shi Xia (now southwest of Fengtai, Anhui) and waited to meet the armies of Xie Shi and Xie Xuan. Fu Rong led an army to attack Shi Xia. Fu Rong led Liang Cheng to attack Luo Jian (east of Huainan, Anhui Province) with fifty thousand troops, blocking the Huaihe River traffic and Hu Bin's retreat. Hu Bin was trapped in Shi Xia, and the food and grass were exhausted, making it difficult to support. He wrote a letter for emergency use, but the money for delivering the letter was caught by Chi, and the letter fell into Fu Rong's hands. Fu Rong immediately reported to Fu Jian that 8 Jin J serenade was short of food and grass, and suggested that he arise quickly to prevent 8 Jin J from escaping. Fu Jian was rewarded and left the army in Xiangcheng, leading 8,000 cavalry to Shouyang.

As soon as Fu Jian arrived in Shouyang, he immediately sent Zhu Xu, the former commander of Xiangyang in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, to 8 Jin Army Camp to surrender. When Zhu Xu arrived at Jinying, he did not surrender, but provided Qin Jun with information. He said, "Although Qin Jun has a population of one million, it is still marching. If we concentrate our forces, the Jin army will be hard to resist. Things are different now. We should take advantage of Qin Jun's incomplete arrival to launch an attack quickly. As long as we can defeat its vanguard troops and demoralize them, we can break the Qin million-strong army. " At first, Xie Shi thought that Qin Jun was very strong and planned to stick to it until the enemy was tired and then waited for an opportunity to counterattack. Zhu Xu's words made him feel very reasonable, so he changed his operational policy and decided to turn from defense to attack and take the initiative to attack.

165438+ 10 In June, Xie Xuan sent Liu Laozhi, a valiant general, to attack Luo Jian with 5000 soldiers, which started the battle of Feishui. Qin Cheng led 50,000 troops to line up against the enemy by the river. Liu Laozhi divided his troops and made a detour to Qin Jun to cut off his retreat; Led the troops to storm waterinfo and attack Qin array. Qin Jun panicked, barely resisted for a while, and then collapsed. The commander Liang Cheng and his brother Liang Yun died in battle, and the officers and men rushed to the Huaihe River to save their lives, killing more than 1.5 million people. Luo Jian's victory greatly boosted the morale of 8 jin j..

Due to the pressure on the west bank of Feishui, 8 Jin Army could not cross the river, so they had to confront each other across the river. Xie Xuan sent an emissary to Fu Rong, who dared not say, "You are a long-term plan, not someone who wants to make a quick decision. Why don't we move less and let the nomads cross the border to decide the outcome? " Qin Jun's generals all expressed their opposition, but Fu Jian thought that we could play along and let the troops retreat a little. When the Jin army crosses the river halfway, the cavalry will kill it again, so as to win. Fu Rong's planning for Fu Jian also illustrates.

[Battle of Surabaya]

Battle of feishui

Agreed, so he agreed to Xie Xuan's request and ordered Qin Jun to retreat. However, the morale of Qin Jun soldiers was low, and as a result, they lost control as soon as they retreated, and the battle was in chaos. Xie Xuan led more than 8,000 cavalry to Qin Jun, and Zhu Xu shouted after the battle of Qin Jun: "Qin Jun was defeated! Qin Bing was defeated! " Chixin believed it and turned and ran. Seeing that the general trend was not good, Fu Rong rode to stop it in order to stabilize his position. Unexpectedly, the horse was washed down by the mutinous soldiers and killed by the pursuers of 8 Jin Army. The loss of main qi became more and more chaotic and completely collapsed. The rout of the striker caused panic in the follow-up troops, and it also ran away in a chain reaction. As a result, the whole army fled and retreated northward. Qin Jun routed troops didn't dare to stay along the way. He listened with trepidation and thought it was the pursuit of the Jin army. 8 jin j 56-point thrashing, arrived at Cyclobalanopsis near Shouyang. Qin soldiers and horses marched step by step, covering mountains and irrigating rivers. Fu Jian himself was wounded by an arrow, and only 65438+ 10,000 yuan was left when he fled back to Luoyang.

The Jin army recovered Shouyang, and Xie Xuan sent a flying horse to Jiankang to report good news. Xie An is playing chess with the guests at home. After reading the good news from Xie Shi, he put aside the good news with a straight face and played chess as usual. Knowing that it was the battle report coming from the front, the guest couldn't help asking Xie An, "How is the battle?" Xie An said slowly, "The child finally defeated the Qin people." Hearing this, the guest was so happy that he didn't want to play chess again. He wanted to tell others the good news quickly and then left. Xie An sent the guests away and returned to the inner city. His excitement could no longer be contained. When he crossed the threshold, he tripped and broke the clogs' teeth. This is the origin of the famous allusion "broken tooth".

Why did millions of Qin soldiers lose in the "Battle of Feishui"?

Biography of Fu Jian-Battle of Feishui ◎ Preface of King Tian She: I have written two biographies of Fu Jian before. Although textual research is not my strong point, I think Sima Guang's textual research is still worthy of trust, so I quote more things from Zi Tong Zhi Jian. As can be seen from the first two articles, Fu Jian's "forbearance is the greatest" character and Fu Jian's militaristic practices. Can these two points alone lead to fat and water defeat? Perhaps the following article can explain some problems. After the pre-Qin dynasty took Shu by itself, wiped out the cold and cut the generation, the national situation reached its peak. Like Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty, he set his eyes on a couple in the southeast, who were all ready to complete the great cause of reunifying China. Just as the history will be strikingly similar, Sima Yan, Emperor Wu of the Jin Dynasty, took advantage of the afterglow of Wei's pacifying Shu, swept away the disorder of the function of trees in Xiliang, and began to implement the great cause of cutting Wu. Compared with Fu Jian in the former Qin Dynasty, he also pacified Shu and Xiliang, and then started the first battle of cutting gold. But their results are just the opposite, one is successful and the other is unsuccessful. Maybe we can learn something from them by comparing their similar conquest processes. Let's talk about the national situation first. Sima Yan replaced Cao Wei, established the Jin Dynasty, and the country was stable. Zhang Hua and yang hu are planning to attack Uncle Wu, and General Wang Jun of Longxiang is actively preparing in Shu, always ready to attack Wu. It can be described as one heart inside and outside. However, his opponent, Wu, was a spendthrift monarch. His courtiers wrote in succession, saying, "This country has no reserves for one year, no animals that have passed the moon, but thousands of people eat in the harem. The family has grievances, the family is damaged, the treasury is empty and useless, and the people are hungry. " This shows that the country is declining at home. In this context, Jin finally attacked Wu in the fifth year of Xianning (Park Zheng 279), and in November, he sent General Zhenjun and Evil King out of Tu, General Anton and Wang out of Jiangxi, General Jianwei out of Wuchang, and General Pingnan out of Xiakou. Du Yu, the general of Zhennan, came from Jiangling, General Long Xiang, General Badong, and overseers Lu Guoqin, Shu and Tang Bin. Jia Chong is the festival, the fake governor, and the top scholar Yang Ji is the lieutenant. It is not appropriate to reinforce Chen's attack on Wu, and he said that he was too old to be a marshal. The imperial edict said, "If you can't do it, I'll go out by myself." We had to do it because of our frugality, and sent China troops to Xiangyang in the south. For the benefit of all armies, we launched a large-scale attack on Wu in an all-round way. When we look back at the national situation of Fu Jian's cutting Jin, although it has cooled down, the domestic Xianbei, Jiezu and other forces flooded the court, and because of Fu Jian's "kindness" in character (personal evaluation is similar to Han Xin's evaluation of Xiang Yu), civil strife continued (see the biography of Fu Jian-knowing people) Since the death of Huan Wen, Huan Chong has been in power in the imperial court, in Xie 'an No.1 Middle School. It is against this background that Fu Rong exhorted Fu Jian: "If your majesty wants to take Jiangnan, he should think carefully and not rush into it. If you don't take Xiangyang, how can you handle yourself? " Successful people don't move the world. As the saying goes, a stone stirs up a thousand waves. Liang Jian said, "The violence of the Jin master is not as good as that of Sun Hao. Easier to defend than to attack. Your majesty will want to show the Qinghe River, regardless of the general's life, and lead the soldiers of Kanto, with Huai, Si, Liang and Yi in the south and Ba and Xia in the east. Why did he kiss Qu Luan, which is far from happiness? "Before the Han Dynasty punished Gongsun Shu with martial arts, and Emperor Wu of Jin captured Sun Hao. I've never heard of two emperors ruling six departments by one person, and one person holding a drum is very emboldened. But Fu Jian wouldn't listen and insisted on personal expedition. Judging from the strategic preparations for the war, Yang Hucheng had made preparations in Jingzhou for many years before the destruction of Wu, and implemented a softening policy for the people of Wu. From Shouchun to Luoyang, the voices of farmers, officers and soldiers, and chickens and dogs are all connected. Every time something happened in the southeast, the army went out and rowed south to Jianghuai. It can be seen that the preparation is quite sufficient. On the other hand, the pre-Qin war preparations were not sufficient. Moreover, the former Qin suffered natural disasters in the first few years of the war, and the people of the Eastern Jin Dynasty had moved people from Huaibei to Huainan in the first few years of the war (AD 376), which showed that its war preparations had begun. Let's review the geography of the battlefield again. From the geography of the battlefield, we can also feel the striking similarities between the battle of Jin and Wu and the battle of the former Qin Dynasty. Let's look at the battlefield before Wu was annihilated: Yangzhou: Jin has Guangling, North and Tuzhong, Hefei and Lu 'an, while Wu has the north bank of the Yangtze River, the south bank of Chaohu Lake, (Qianshan County) and Xunyang, and the middle zone is no man's land (thanks to Cao Cao). Yangzhou, Wu Youwuchang, reaches Jiangxia in the west, anlu county in Jin, and the lower reaches of Hanshui River, Jiangling and Xiling in the west. Let's take a look at the battlefields of the former Qin Dynasty and the Eastern Jin Dynasty: the former Qin Dynasty conquered Wuxian County and captured Shouchun. From the historical records, we can see Shouchun: "Since the Wei and Jin Dynasties, we have fought with Jiangdong for superiority, and moved to Jiangzuo without considering Shouchun in advance, and Shouchun's trend is getting heavier and heavier." In the water, we can see from Historical Records: "In ancient times, there was a nest in the Weihe River in Hubei, Wei peeped into the south of the Yangtze River, followed the vortex into the Huai River, and entered the Huai River from the Huai River, intending to Chaohu Lake. Wu people competed with Dongguan, and Wu people sealed Wei. . . . . . . "Luo Jian: The book says that Luoshui is in the county seat, 70 miles south, and there is a place called Luohe Town. The upstream flows from Dingyuan County and now flows into Huaihe River, also known as Luo Jian. This is Liu Laozhi's broken beam. From the geographical situation of the battlefield and the process of the war, we can see that Jinliu Road annihilated Wu and went south at the same time. In the first month, Wang Hun led hundreds of Yangzhou soldiers from Shouchun to Hengjiang to seek the direction of Yang. The intention is obviously to cut off the connection between Yangzhou and Jingzhou, and at the same time, push to contain Wu Jun, the main force of Yangzhou. At the same time, Wang Shu crossed the Dabie Mountain in the south and attacked the Jiangxia area in Wuchang, while Wu Guo put a stop to it. At the same time, Wang Jun's army also attacked Xiling and joined forces with Jingzhou Army led by Du Yu at the gates of Wuchang. All the armies were victorious, and Wang Jun went north along the river, so the king was angry with Shicheng. On the whole, it can be said that Wu is well prepared, with clear goals and multiple divisions, which makes it impossible for Wu to support each other. The result is one point at a time, which shows that Zhang Hua and yang hu are very accurate in planning. The main point of Jin and Wu's holistic view is to attack at the same time, which makes Wu difficult to guard against and restricts all the mobile troops of Wu to form battles at various points. When Jin attacked several strategic points of Wu, such as seeking Yang, it formed the trend of conquering Wu, which made Wu Jingyang form two directions, even being attacked on three sides, such as defending Wuchang on three sides: East, North and West. Jingzhou is settled, and the main force is Yangzhou. Looking back at the Eastern Jin War, which destroyed the former Qin Dynasty, although troops were stationed in Anlu, it did not pose a real threat to Jin. In addition, although Shouchun was occupied and Luo Jian was defeated, the road to the East was closed, and 8 Jin Army could only fight on the waterfront. Moreover, it can be seen from the battle of Feishui that the former Qin Dynasty did not have great strategic preparation, not only concentrated its troops, but also fought at a single point. In this way, even if one side has a large number of troops, it can't develop and form tactical advantages on the local battlefield. Therefore, although Jin has a small number of troops, it can completely defend itself. We can see this clearly from the battle of Guandu and Battle of Red Cliffs. (See Three Kingdoms Wars I and II for details. What the army inside needs is to stick to it and try to wait for the enemy's mistakes. Therefore, as the commander-in-chief of the battlefield, Fu Jian has no ability to grasp the initiative in the battlefield at all, and simply thinks that strength is the decisive factor in the war. Such commanders are similar to Yuan Shao before Guandu and Cao Cao in Chibi. (The battle of Cao Cao's Guandu was to use the terrain of Guandu to make Yuan Shao's main force unable to expand, and Zhou Yu and Battle of Red Cliffs also knew that Cao Cao's morale was low, so that Cao Cao's main force could not be expanded by using land ports, so that Cao Cao's troops were numerous but could not be fully utilized. To sum up, perhaps from the national situation, from the strategic preparation, from the battlefield geography, from the war process, it was carefully prepared, and finally the smooth elimination of Wu was basically a matter of course. On the other hand, the battle under the water in the former Qin Dynasty was not only full of hidden dangers at home, but also lacked strategic preparation. The general mobilization of the war was also launched that year. In the development of the battle, a strategic single-point operation was formed, and because of the contradictions within its army, the defeat was like a mountain. At this point, perhaps Fu Jian's later impressions have been clearly displayed in front of him. Although Wang Meng assisted Fu Jian in the early stage, he was able to smooth out, destroy Yan and unify the north. However, after Wang Meng's death in the later period, although the national situation did not show signs of decline immediately, various hidden dangers began to break out, relatives repeatedly betrayed, foreigners occupied a prominent position in the court, and the court used excessive force. Before Fu Jian attacked Jin arbitrarily, he turned a deaf ear to his men's repeated exhortations and insisted on arbitrary behavior. As the commander-in-chief of the whole army, Fu Jian lacked the overall ability to grasp the war, which led to the final outcome of the defeat and fiasco. It's really a pity to look at its later stage. Of course, Fu Jian's death also needs to be capitalized, because that value is a review of Fu Jian's life summary.