Zhuge Liang knew that there were three points in the world before he became a rookie. Why did he help Liu Bei conquer the world? Isn't it fate?

Re-understanding of Zhuge Liang's loyalty to the monarch

Zhuge Liang, a middle-aged man, claimed to be "desperate in troubled times, not seeking Wen Da as a vassal". The reflection (Volume 35) ZhuGeLiangChuan. In fact, the appendix volume II of Zhuge Liangji quoted Pei Du's inscription on the ancestral temple of Zhuge Wuhou, the prime minister of Shu. Very ambitious. He once said to his friends Shi Tao, Xu Shu and Meng, "You three can be secretaries of history or magistrates." When the three men asked Zhuge Liang what kind of official he could be, they "laughed without saying a word." The reflection, volume 35, ZhuGeLiangChuan, quoted Wei slightly. Why do people laugh without saying a word? Zhuge Liang doesn't care about Gai's secretariat, county chief and other official positions, but it's hard to tell people what he wants. Zhuge Liang holds the talent of latitude and longitude, and "compares himself to Guan Zhong and Le Yi every time". The History of the Three Kingdoms (Volume 35) is Zhuge Liang Chuan. However, management and music have not established the power of the world, and being an official is only a vassal. Zhuge Liang is ambitious, and self-control and happiness are probably just the lower goals he pursues. As far as the situation at that time was concerned, it was not excluded that Zhuge Liang also had the ambition to compete for the world and build a business in Wang Ba.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the imperial program was released, and various governors rose up in succession, saying that there were countless lonely people. Cao Cao, Yuan Shao, Sun Ce, Sun Quan, Liu Bei and others all have the ambition to annex the Eight Wastes, including the whole world and destroy the four seas. Is Zhuge Liang inferior to them, destined to be a minister but not a monarch? Unfortunately, Zhuge Liang was born too late (according to statistics, more than 20 years later than Cao Cao, Yuan Shao, Liu Bei and others), and Zhuge Liang did not leave Longzhong. "Cao Cao has millions of people, he is a vassal; Sun Quan, according to Jiangdong, has lived for three generations, and the country is in danger of the people, and the sages can use it. " Ditto. The rest of the warlords, such as Liu Biao, according to Jingzhou, "there are thousands of miles in the land, and there are more than 100 thousand in armour." Three Kingdoms (Volume 6) Liu Biao biography, Liu Zhang occupied Yizhou, Zhang Lu guarded Hanzhong, Marten and Han Sui dominated Guanzhong. The land of thirteen states in the Han Dynasty was once divided up by various governors. Zhuge Liang has lost his banner and become the best opportunity to dominate the princes. If Zhuge Liang wants to help the world, do something in Wang Ba and reach the peak of power, the only way is to choose a teacher. Although this is Zhuge Liang's second-best choice, it is still an important opportunity to achieve his political goals, similar to Sima Yi.

What needs to be discussed is, what is Zhuge Liang's standard of "choosing the master"? In my opinion, Zhuge Liang considered nothing more than two criteria. First, the host must be a wise gentleman with great talent; Second, you must be the master's arm and get special attention from the master. As can be seen from "Longzhong Dui", Zhuge Liang has long been aware of heroes in the world. Liu Biao, Liu Zhang, Zhang Lu and other mediocre people are simply out of his consideration. In Zhuge Liang's mind, there are only Cao Cao, Sun Quan and Liu Bei. Judging from the political structure at that time, it was of course Cao Cao who was most likely to unify the world. So, why did Zhuge Liang give up this choice? I think this is not because Cao Cao's name is Han Xiang, but because he is actually a Chinese thief. Zhuge Liang wants to draw a clear line with Han thieves.

The main reason why Zhuge Liang abandoned Cao Cao was that there were so many talents in Ru and Ying areas of the Central Plains. "The History of the Three Kingdoms and the Biography of the Guo Family" has been published for fourteen years. Cao wrote: "You and Ying are many strange people." The Book of Jin, Volume 118, Notes on Yao Xing, contains Yao Xing's words: "Kanto is the main outlet, Kansai is the outlet, Sanqin Rao Junyi, and Ruying is a strange person." After Cao Cao pacified the north, it was no longer comparable to when he started fighting. His narrative is really like the storm in Athens and the advisory group. Zhuge Liang, a fledgling, is hard to stand out under Cao Cao's account. Zhuge Liang is fully aware of this situation. When his good friend Meng Jiansi longed to become famous in the Central Plains, Zhuge Liang dissuaded him and said, "China is a scholar-bureaucrat. Why do you travel in your hometown? " Later, Zhuge Liang attacked Wei and learned that Xu Shu was appointed commander-in-chief of the imperial army and Shi Tao was appointed county magistrate. He couldn't help feeling: "Shu Wei is evil, why don't they use it!" The reflection, volume 35, ZhuGeLiangChuan, quoted Wei slightly. It is unfair to complain that Xu Heshi's career is not smooth (according to media reports, Cao Wei didn't make good use of them), so I'm glad I didn't vote for Wei! With Zhuge Liang's eyes, he certainly knew that Sun Quan was also the owner of a stag, and his younger brother Zhu Gejin also worked in Wu Dong. However, when Zhang Zhao, a senior official, recommended Zhuge Liang to Wu Zhu, Zhuge Liang flatly refused: "General Sun can be described as outstanding, but in terms of his ability, I won't stay." The reflection, volume 35, ZhuGeLiangChuan, quoted Yuan Zi.

Why did Zhuge Liang finally choose Liu Bei? Liu Bei's outstanding talent, knowing people and being good at his duties are naturally important conditions for Zhuge Liang to choose his master. In addition, Liu Bei's thirst for talent and his care for the cottage made Zhuge Liang "grateful, so he promised to drive him away." The reflection (Volume 35) ZhuGeLiangChuan. In addition, the most talked about by political commentators in past dynasties is that Zhuge Liang is a scholar, and his cooperation with Liu Bei is mainly based on supporting Liu Hanan. "Han Zuo will surrender, Fang praised Zong Jie, and it is also his meaning to promote Wei and refuse to reply." The reflection volume 35 ZhuGeLiangChuan Pei Songzhi since the note. This material noted by Pei has been quoted by many historians in order to prove that Zhuge Liang is called "the original heart", and the second volume of Zhuge Appendix quoted Zhuge Liang's Theory of Zhou Dynasty. It is our responsibility to "revive the Han Dynasty". I strongly disagree with this analysis. Since the mid-Eastern Han Dynasty, consorts and eunuchs have monopolized politics in turn, and state affairs have become increasingly corrupt. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Dong Zhuo's insurrection and warlords scuffled, and the Han court was already a matter of life and death. The history book says: "Since the reign of Emperor An, officials have gone to public office, and the number of national reunification has been lost. As for today, it's just that the name, governance, soil and people don't belong to Han, but it's been a long time. " A Brief Introduction to Wei in the History of the Three Kingdoms, Volume I, Ji of Emperor Wudi. Can't Zhuge Liang, who is proficient in "personnel" and "heaven", see this situation? In the Han dynasty, it was said that five virtues would eventually win. At that time, everyone knew that Han Yan's fire virtue had declined, and local virtue would take its place. Did Zhuge Liang, who was the best in the world, really not believe in "calendar" and "luck" at all? The reason why Zhuge Liang didn't work for Sun Quan is clear. Sun Quan is "gorgeous but not gorgeous", not Sun Quan's surname "Sun" or "Liu". Then, why did Zhuge Liang assist Liu Bei, who was a fugitive, dependent on others and had no land to start a career? Zhao Yi: Notes on the Twenty-two Histories, Volume 7, Different Employers in the Three Kingdoms. Almost all political commentators in ancient and modern times have not delved into the mystery. Most of them think that Zhuge Liang is far-sighted and doesn't care about Liu Bei's "poverty" in military strength and human resources, but that the cooperation between Liu and Ge is like-minded. In fact, this question is very mysterious. Liu Bei's "shortcomings" and "deficiencies" are exactly the "advantages" and "strengths" in Zhuge Liang's eyes. Imagine if Liu Bei is as versatile as Cao Cao, can Zhuge Liang get special attention? Because Liu Bei's men, military commanders are only Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun, and counselors are only Mi Zhu, Sun Gan and Jian Yong. The appendix "Put all your eggs in one basket during the journey" in the second volume of Zhuge Liang Ji is quoted from the inscription of Zhuge Liang's Wuhou Temple in Shangqi. The shortage of talents in Liu Bei Group is so great that it provides Zhuge Liang with a broad space and a sufficient platform, and he can make great achievements.

Zhuge Liang's conditions for coming out of the mountain are very high. His master should not only be "virtuous" but also "perfect". The words "virtuous" and "perfect" have profound meanings and must be understood. The so-called "saint" means treating Zhuge Liang as a "saint", and the highest standard for treating a "saint" is nothing more than treating him as a "national scholar", just as Zhi Bo treated Yu Rang in "Biography of Assassins" in Volume 86 of Historical Records in the Spring and Autumn Period: "Yu Rang said,' I am a minister, from China Bank, and from Fan Bank and China Bank, so I have seen me. As for Zhi Bo, when the national scholar meets me, he will report to his native scholar. ""During the Warring States Period, Yan Zhaowang and Guo Kun were together. This is far from enough in Zhuge Liang's view. And "the brighter the better" is hard to express in one or two sentences. Zhuge Liang thinks highly of himself. Although young and vigorous, he is never willing to step by step from "going to Cao Cao" to "going to Cao Cao". The Biography of Lu Su tells Sun Quan not to surrender to Cao Cao: "Now that Su Su welcomes Cao Cao, Cao Cao should return to his hometown party and enjoy his fame. He must not lose his position as Cao Cao, ride a calf as a servant, make friends with scholars, and thus lose his state and county." Reflection again? "Biography of Pang Tong" said: "The late Lord led Jingzhou and was in charge of Leiyang. He died in the county and was relieved of his official position. Lu Su, the general of the State of Wu, left his last words on the master book, saying: Pang Shiyuan is not talented, and he should show his cloven foot if he doesn't drive in his palm. Zhuge Liang's talent and ambition are higher than Pang Tong's, and he certainly doesn't want to be engaged. We must start from a high starting point. Since we should "try our best" to give full play to our talents, we should of course put them in the most important position and give them important positions.

Although Zhuge Liang has become a household name in Jingxiang area under the advocacy of celebrities such as Si Mahui and Pang Degong, there are still many people who hold objections and think that "every time you compare yourself with Guan Zhong and Le Yi, you can't make a promise". Only a few friends in his inner circle "believe it", The History of the Three Kingdoms, Volume 35, Biography of Zhuge Liang. As for the Central Plains and the south of the Yangtze River, they don't know much about it, so it's still unknown. Before Zhuge Liang became famous, he asked his master to use him "as aboveboard as possible". His "psychological cost" was so high that Cao and Sun, who were rich in human resources, could not satisfy him at the beginning. As for Liu Xuande, it is different. At that time, although Liu Bei was an official, he worshipped the left and became a general. Although generals and state shepherds could manage affairs in the Han Dynasty, Liu Bei's "shogunate" was empty and lacked talents. Zhao said: "At that time, Wei and Wu were collecting talents." Zhao Yi: Notes on the Twenty-two Histories, Volume 7, Different Employers in the Three Kingdoms. Zhuge Liang "foresighted" and took a fancy to Liu Bei's incomparable "advantages", so he was willing to assist Liu Bei.

In fact, after Zhuge Liang entered the Liu Bei Group, his status and power were gradually rising and improving. After Battle of Red Cliffs (AD 208), "Liang became the military commander in chief". Rank ratio of two thousand stones; Liu Bei took Yizhou, and Liang moved to be the general of the military division, and discharged two thousand stones. Guan Yu, as early as the fifth year of Jian 'an (AD 200), was regarded as a partial general, and after Battle of Red Cliffs, Yu was a bandit general, ranking 2000 stone. Liu Bei, known as the king of Hanzhong, moved to be a former general, ranking third. Zhang Fei served as a corps commander in Jian 'an for four years. After Battle of Red Cliffs, he became a general and magistrate of Yidu, with a rank of 2,000 stones. Liu Bei called the king of Hanzhong, "flying as a right general", Volume 36 of The Three Kingdoms, Zhang Feichuan. Rank three is public. In the two periods before Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei had higher status than Ge Liang. Although the civil servant is a talkative man, due to his high reputation, "the late Lord was the king of Hanzhong, and Jing was a teacher". The teacher was an official, and of course he was above Zhuge Liang, the "military general". The reflection of Xu Jing biography, volume 38. Even the extremely mediocre Mi Zhu's official position is above Zhuge Liang. "Yizhouping, the first Lord worshipped Zhu as a general, and the class was on the right side of the strategist." The reflection volume 38 biography of Mi Zhu. Others, such as Pang Tong, Fazheng, Huang Zhong and Ma Chao, are as important as Zhuge Liang. As most historians have pointed out, Liu Bei's relationship with Guan Yu and Zhang Fei seems to be more advanced than that of Zhuge Liang. They "share the same bed, if they are close as brothers", The History of the Three Kingdoms (Volume 36) Guan Yu Chuan. Therefore, anyone who joins the Liu Bei Group can only rank behind Guan and Zhang. For Zhuge Liang, who is bent on seeking one person and ten thousand people, this exclusive circle is a serious obstacle to his career. In fact, Liu Bei never confided to Zhuge Liang from the beginning. The monarch and his subjects are like fish, and they are in perfect harmony. Liu Bei has spent half his life and experienced decades of warlord melee. He is already a very sophisticated and mature politician. Before Zhuge Liang made a clear statement, it was impossible to determine Zhuge Liang's ability at the beginning Therefore, after Liu Bei took over the four counties in the south of Jingzhou, he did not entrust Zhuge Liang with the military and political responsibility, but only asked him to "supervise Lingling, Guiyang and Changsha and adjust their taxes to pay for the army." The reflection, volume 35, ZhuGeLiangChuan. Mr. Tian Yuqing pointed out in the article "Re-understanding of Longzhong Dui": "Liu Bei didn't take Longzhong Dui's general plan as an idea and tried to realize it. Of course, he did not put Zhuge Liang in the position of strategizing and asked him for advice on major issues. Before Liu Bei's death, Zhuge Liang was away from Liu Bei for a long time, in charge of major events, and there was no counselor Zhuge Liang. He said that he had discussed with Pang Tong and wanted to go to Shu to fight against Liu Zhang. He can't plan to enter Shu in Jing, and he can't participate in the Xiayi in Shu. Whether these key things are right or not has nothing to do with him. " Tian Wenzai's Historical Research 1989 No.5 In my opinion, tian teacher's analysis is quite incisive, telling the truth that Zhuge Liang was not the first person under Liu Bei for a long time.

Who is the biggest obstacle for Zhuge Liang to seize power? There is no doubt that it is Guan Yu. Guan Yu is famous for his arrogance. In the 19th year of Jian 'an (AD 2 14), Liu Bei attacked Yizhou and Ma Chao came to the west. Ma Chao was a prestigious general at that time, and Liu Bei was overjoyed, that is, he was named General Pingxi, and Guan Yu, who was far away in Jingzhou, was very dissatisfied. He immediately wrote to Zhuge Liang, "ask who can match the super talent." Zhuge Liang wrote a book and replied, "Mengqi is also the capital." Feather beauty must have a beard, so it is bright. After reading the letter, Guan Yu was complacent and "showed it to the guests". The reflection of Guan Yu biography, volume 36. In the 24th year of Jian 'an (AD 2 19), Liu Bei called himself the King of Hanzhong and wanted to reuse Huang Zhong as the post-general. "Zhuge Liang said, the late Lord said,' The reputation of loyalty has nothing to do with Guan Yu and Ma Chao, and now it is nearly in the same column, and the horse and Zhang Fei are close at hand. Seeing their achievements with their own eyes is still a metaphor. Guan Yao was unhappy when he heard this, and he recovered?' The late Lord said,' I should solve it myself.' The reflection, volume 36, Huang Zhongchuan. Liu Bei's so-called "self-explanation" is nothing more than sending Sima Fei to the front of Yizhou. Reflection? Fei said, "Liu Bei sent (Fei Shi) poems to worship Guan Yu as a former general, and Yu Wen Huang Zhong as a post-general. Yu was furious and said, after all, a gentleman is not in the same column as a veteran, so you can't worship him. " Case: Historians all know that the status of soldiers in Wei and Jin Dynasties was low, and "soldier" became an insulting title. Such examples are not uncommon. The History of the Three Kingdoms, Volume 39, Biography of Liu Ba, quoted Biography of the Sages of Lingling, which Liu Ba and Zhang Fei called soldiers because they were military men. "Biography of Pengyang" volume 40, Pengyang called Liu Bei "Lao Ge", Pei Songzhi's note: "Peel its skin, except Mao Yuege. The ancients used leather as a soldier, so the language called leather as a soldier, and leather was still a soldier. Scold (Liu) as an old leather and talk about veterans. " There are also examples in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. "The Newspeak? Jane's pride refers to Xie Wan's arrogance, and Xie An admonishes him. Wan Yin called his generals and said nothing, pointing to the four seats, "You are all good soldiers. The generals are very disgusted. " "Three Years as a Mirror" (A.D. 359) Hu notes: "Anyone who strives to be a warrior is afraid of soldiers."

Guan Yu is so arrogant, why didn't Zhuge Liang stop him, but wanted to please him? I think this is Zhuge Liang's scheming and hiding strategy. What is the relationship between Liang and Yu? There is no written record in history. However, if you look closely, you can get a glimpse. Zhuge Liang is a rookie, and Liu Bei is "close to Liang, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei are unhappy." The first master explained: there is Kong Ming in solitude and water in fish. I hope you don't say anything more. Feather, flying is the only way to stop. Three Kingdoms Volume 35 Zhuge Liang Chuan. It can be seen that Guan Yu and Zhang Fei did not take Zhuge Liang seriously and were unhappy with Liu Bei's "close relationship with Liang Qing". In the thirteenth year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao led the army south, hoping to drum southeast. Liu Bei is "outnumbered and has no place to stand", and the situation is critical. Zhuge Liang "at the age of twenty-seven, he built a strange plan, made Sun Quan as the body, and asked Wu Hui for help. I have the right to be at home and see elegance, and I respect it very much, that is, I will send 30 thousand troops to help prepare for it, so that it can fight with Emperor Wu, greatly break its army, win by winning, and draw peace in the south of the Yangtze River. " Battle of Red Cliffs and Zhuge Liang made outstanding contributions, which not only consolidated his position in Liu Bei Group, but also established a certain prestige. Wang Fuzhi saw this clearly. He said: Zhaolie defeated Nagano, the feather army was immune to it, and Cao Cao crossed the river, so we can't add more branches and leaves. Zhuge Gong's eastward envoy and Lu Su's west knot decided that the two countries would turn the corner and hired Sun Shi to defeat Cao Cao. However, Yu could not make meritorious deeds, but his achievements were bright. Liu Qi said: "The imperial court has mobilized troops for 30 years, but it has made great contributions." Therefore, I avoided Zhuge, so I avoided Wu, while Ge and Lu sought to destroy it and could not get it back. Wang Fuzhi: Zi Zhi Tong Jian, Volume 9, Zhonghua Book Company, 1975.

Guan Yu and Zhang Fei have completely different personalities. "Feathers are good at dying and arrogant, flying to love gentlemen and ignoring villains." The reflection, volume 36, Zhang Feichuan. Zhang Fei has great admiration and respect for talented scholar-officials, but Guan Yu has always held a grudge against them, and Zhuge Liang, as the number one scholar-official of Liu Bei Group, is certainly among them. Zhuge Liang is well aware of Guan Yu's supercilious attitude and indifference to him. However, considering his special relationship with his master, the Enroe brothers, and the fact that he went to Liu Bei much later than Guan Yu, and his official position was lower than Guan Yu, he had to fake it. Zhuge Liang did not consider how to punish Guan Yu, but fundamentally solved the problem and waited for an opportunity to get rid of Guan Yu.

In the twenty-fourth year of Jian 'an, Guan Yu launched the battle of Xiangfan. Although the Seventh Army was flooded, which greatly shocked China, it eventually led to the fall of Jingzhou and was killed by Sun Quan himself. Many of these secrets are still puzzling. Before and after the battle of Xiangfan, the envoys of Wu and Wei kept going back and forth, plotting to attack Guan Yu, which can be described as intensive tacit understanding, while Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang knew nothing about it and did not make any specific military, logistical and diplomatic arrangements and support for Guan Yu. What is even more confusing is that Cao Cao's pro-unification troops are stationed in Mobei, and they are constantly sending Yu Ban, Pound and Huang Xu to lead troops to reinforce Fancheng. In the face of such a huge military action, Shu Han did not take any countermeasures at all. In the end, Guan Yu defeated Maicheng, and when the whole army was wiped out, the reinforcements of Shu came late. This triggered speculation from later generations. Zhang Taiyan, a master of Chinese studies, has his unique views. He said: "When Linzhou (where Guan Yu was captured and killed) was defeated, the Ge family didn't go to help a single soldier. Ignorant people laughed at his lack of foresight, but they failed to understand failure. If you ride a horse and blame Hou for being so rare, the slower you pass the national decree! " Zhang denied such statements as "no foresight", "no understanding" and "poor government orders". He concluded that Guan Yu is a tiger minister in the world, and his merits are many and innocent, which is not enough to hate people's hearts. If it is not removed, the world will be irresistible. Xi will scratch my major policies, so he will use the whole land of Jingzhou to fake Wu people and kill Guan Yu. Yes, it is. The handle of a country comes from two holes; Because the second hole, although what it did was true, the prime minister could not unite people and the country was divided by a decree. Although it is easy to invade Xinjiang after killing, it will not be easy to fight. Its story includes Xiao He's slaughter of Han Xin. Han Xin, the Yin of Ge is used to Guan Yu. Complete Works of Zhang Taiyan, Volume III, page 263, Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1984.

Guan Yu's guarding Jingzhou, with heavy troops in his hand and arrogance, will not only be difficult to deal with after the replacement of generations (after Liu Bei's death), but even when Liu Bei was alive, it was difficult for Zhuge Liang to overcome Guan Yu's obstacles and seize more power. Therefore, "Ge Shi" would rather lose Jingzhou than get rid of Guan Yu by the hand of Wu people. Zhang's view is bold, but of course it's just speculation. Perhaps Zhang felt that this statement was not sufficient, and quickly added: "At that time, the government was at the top, and the marquis of Wu took care of the people and made plans to see the posts, but he did not record everything. His appointment as marquis of Wu is not as credible as Guan Yu's old man. Jingzhou's defeat began with Raowu and finally fell, so the former Lord forced it to slow down. " The Complete Works of Zhang Taiyan, Volume III, Page 6 1 1. "Jingzhou's defeat" is attributed to Liu Bei's "dullness" and underestimation of the enemy. But Zhang's statement is far-fetched. Although Zhuge Liang at that time could not "dominate the world" and take charge of the military and political power, he knew that the conditions for Guan Yu to capture Xiangfan were not mature, which completely violated the strategic decision of "Long Zhong Dui" and "The world has changed" and explored Cao Wei in two ways. However, there is no record of Zhuge Liang's exhortation in the text of the Three Kingdoms and Pei's notes. To take a step back, although Liu Bei cherished Guan Yu and indulged him, he did not take the "Longzhong Dui" to heart. However, after the battle of Xiangfan, Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang could not fail to pay full attention to every move of the battle progress. Although the mountain road between Sichuan and Hubei was blocked, the traffic was inconvenient and the information dissemination was not smooth, the whole Xiangfan campaign began in July of the twenty-fourth year of Jian 'an and ended in January of the following year, which lasted for half a year. As a completely new political power, it is impossible for Shu Han to have no information dissemination channels.

Guan Yu attacked Xiangfan and defended Jingzhou. At this time, the alliance between Sun and Liu was in a state of rupture. "The mantis catches cicadas, and the yellowbird is behind." Sun attacked Jingzhou at any time, and Zhuge Liang knew the art of war well. Will he handle it lightly? As we all know, Zhuge was cautious all his life and never took risks. Why didn't he remind Liu Bei who was "slow"? Mr. Fang Shiming believes that it is not Zhuge Liang who wants to get rid of Guan Yu, but Liu Bei who wants to sever ties with Guan Yu. This is an excerpt from Mr. Fang Shiming's Liu Bei and Guan Yu: "Guan Yu called Huang Zhong an' old soldier', which is an extremely angry expression. Whoever lists himself with this' old soldier' is of course Liu Bei, so Guan Yu's anger is not directed at Huang Zhong, but at Liu Bei. So Guan Yu's dissatisfaction with Liu Bei has reached a certain level, and Liu Bei can't be unaware of it. Guan Yu, however, will not only be difficult to control after the replacement of generations (that is, after Liu Bei's death), but also feel uncertain when Liu Bei is alive. What should we do and how to deal with this problem must be put on the agenda of Liu Bei's thinking. ..... Guan Yu is hard to blame for the collapse of "Longzhong Dui" and the fall of Jingzhou. However, due to the contradiction between Liu Bei and Guan Yu, on the one hand, Mi Fang and Shi Ren were sent to Jingzhou as political and military strongholds to monitor Guan Yu, and finally the contradiction intensified ... More importantly, Guan Yu was allowed to destroy the planning of Longzhong and provoke a war against Cao Cao. In this regard, Liu Bei seems to have nothing to do. " He did not hesitate to distort Zhang Taiyan's original intention, and changed Zhuge Liang's "If you don't divide (Guan Yu), you can't resist the world" to Liu Bei's "If you don't divide (Guan Yu), you can't resist the world". He also said: "Zhang Taiyan's views in The Book of Karma are bold and insightful." Fang Shiming: Liu Bei and Guan Yu. (62) See Essays of the Three Kingdoms, Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House, 2000. Mr. Fang's method of replacing trees with flowers is really undesirable. I think Zhuge Liang will always remind Liu Bei of Jingzhou's "danger" and make a Covenant with Guan Yu as long as he assumes the responsibility of "strategist". Zhao Yi: Volume 7 of Notes on the Twenty-two Histories says that "the masters of the Three Kingdoms use different people". Liu Bei, who is as close as a brother, will never "slow down" and just watch, let alone save Guan Yu who defeated Lin Ju with a single soldier. Therefore, in addition to Sun Quan and Monroe, Zhuge Liang is also responsible for Guan Yu's guillotine. After his death, Zhuge Liang's status and power improved, but he still failed to rise to "under one person." After entering Shu, Liu Bei trusted Zhuge Liang far more. In this regard, Zhuge Liang himself is very clear. Liu Bei's crusade was to "save Guan Yu's shame", and all his ministers advised him, but Liu Bei wouldn't listen. "In the second year of Zhangwu, the army was defeated and he still lives in Bai Di. He sighed and said,' If the law is filial, you can control the Lord. If you don't go east, you will return to the east, and you won't be in danger. The reflection, volume 37, the true story of law. Whether Zhuge Liang resisted the battle of Yiling launched by Liu Bei is not recorded in history and is unknown. However, from Zhuge Liang's words, we can know that the law plays a special role in Liu Bei's heart, which Zhuge Liang can't reach.

Liu Bei's entry into Sichuan mainly relied on Fazheng's planning, which not only helped Liu Bei to win Yizhou and Hanzhong, but also established outstanding feats, and "a lot of ingenuity can win the hearts of the people." "After the dispute with tso inconvenience, should retreat, but after great anger, refused to retreat, no one dared to remonstrate. Arrows rained down, and just before being the first Lord, the first Lord said,' Be filial to avoid arrows'. As the saying goes,' it's a pity to take the public as the cornerstone. The late Lord said,' filial piety, I will go with you.' Retire. "The reflection" volume 37 "The true story of law" Pei Songzhi note. From this, it can be said that Fazheng is hands-on to Liu Bei and trusts everything. After the fall of Chengdu, it is prepared to "take (France) as the prefect of Shu County and General Yang Wu, with the foreign system as the capital and the internal system as the mainstay". The practice of both inside and outside the Dharma fully embodies Liu Bei's absolute trust in him. The law is correct for "the virtue of a meal, jealousy and resentment, all revenge". Someone said to Zhuge Liang: The Buddhism in Shu County is too vertical and horizontal, so the general should enlighten his master and restrain his power. Liang said, "Your master is in public security, and he is afraid that Cao Gong will have power in the north and Sun Quan will have power in the east. In the near future, he is afraid that Mrs. Sun will be born under the elbow and armpit. At that time, he will retreat from the wolf, the wing of the filial piety jade, so that it can not be copied. How to prohibit the right law from being evil? "The reflection" volume 37 "true story".

What Zhuge Liang said reflected the truth at that time. But it is not difficult to see that Zhuge Liang is laughing at himself. On the one hand, Fazheng thinks that he is above Zhuge Liang and no longer takes Zhuge Liang seriously. On the other hand, Zhuge Liang was deeply helpless about the "vertical and horizontal" and "powerful" of Fa Zheng.

Zhuge Liang, of course, was very dissatisfied with Fazheng's arrogance. But how to weaken its power at the right time, Zhuge Liang has his own plans in his heart. Liu Bei and Cao Cao competed for Hanzhong. Due to the shortage of troops, "I sent my troops in a hurry. Zhuge Liang, the general strategist, asked Yang Hong. Hong said:' Hanzhong is the throat of Yizhou, and there is a way to live. Without Hanzhong, there would be no Shu State, and this family would be in trouble. In this matter, men have to fight and women have to get lucky. Any questions about sending troops? "At that time, the law of the prefect of Shu County was from the ancestors to the north, and when it was bright, Hongling was the prefect of Shu County. What he did was indeed the case." Reflection, vol. 4 1, Yang Hongchuan. Hanzhong is the "throat of Yizhou", and its gains and losses are related to the "survival" of Han Shu regime. How can Zhuge Liang know nothing about this? As for "rushing to send troops", this is the order of master Liu Bei, and you can't disobey it. Zhuge Liang sought Yang Hong for only one purpose, that is, to take the opportunity to recommend Yang Hong to build an army in Shu County, and to replace Fazheng as the magistrate of Shu County with Yang Hong. In the case that Fa Zheng was "short of posts", Liu Bei was helpless. Yang Hong transported troops, food and other materials to the front line of Hanzhong in time, taking "everything is done" as merit and "truth" as the prefect of Shu County.

Law is losing the important task of "the capital of external unification" and its power is greatly weakened. However, the contradiction between Zhuge Liang and Fazheng has not eased. "Zhuge Liang and Zheng, although good and different, take the righteousness." The so-called "taking the meaning of the other" is actually superficial, while "good or different" is the essence. Zhuge Liang admired Fazheng's intelligence and wisdom in his heart. He "brightened up the extraordinary wisdom" and "The History of the Three Kingdoms" volume 37 "Fazheng's True Story". More importantly, Dharma is the only counselor who can make Liu Bei do whatever he says, which even Zhuge Liang lamented. Therefore, if Fazheng lives a long life, its contradiction with Zhuge Liang will inevitably intensify. Fortunately for Zhuge Liang, Liu Bei said that in the second year of King Hanzhong, Fa Zheng died. When Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor, Guan Yu, Pang Tong, Fa Zheng and Huang Zhong all died. Although Zhang Fei and Liu Bei are "brothers", they are only military commanders after all. Ma Chao "set foot on the journey to return to China, always in danger." The reflection (volume 40) and the biography of Peng Yang. What is more lacking in trust is that Mr. Xu Jing is just a "talking" guest. Liu Bei looked around, and no one could be entrusted with an important task except Zhuge Liang. Therefore, at the beginning of his reign, he named Zhuge Liang as "The Prime Minister recorded history, holidays, and took over the post of a captain after Zhang Fei's death", "The History of the Three Kingdoms" and "Biography of Zhuge Liang". Zhuge Liang struggled for fifteen years before he climbed to the high position of prime minister he dreamed of.

Liu Bei, the emperor of Bai Di, entrusted an orphan to Zhuge Liang, saying that if his son Liu Chan was "incompetent", he could "get it himself". The ancients praised him for being honest with the monarch and his subjects, as evidenced by the metaphor of fish and water. However, some people think that this is Liu Bei's "falsehood", "Three Kingdoms" and "Zhuge Liang's biography". I have doubts about Zhuge Liang, so I will try "bring disgrace to oneself". Mr. Tian Yuqing disagreed with these two diametrically opposite views, and made a new explanation in the article Four Topics of Shu History-Liu Bei's Tuogu Language. Whether tian teacher's opinion is reasonable or not, I will not comment for the time being. I think whether Liu Bei's words of entrusting an orphan are true or false, or whether he has other plans, has no way of textual research today, and it is indeed an eternal mystery. The question to be reviewed now is not whether Liu Bei wants Zhuge Liang to be emperor, but whether Zhuge Liang himself wants by going up one flight of stairs to be the prime minister. No one has thought about this question since ancient times. As Mr. Tian Yuqing said, "Zhuge Liang's loyalty to Shu Han has never been doubted." Tian Yuqing: Four Topics on the History of Shu-Historical Tracing of the Dispute between the Old and the New in Shu, Literature and History No.35, Zhonghua Book Company, 1992. No one ever doubted that Zhuge Liang was transformed into a "saint" and a model of "dedication" and loyalty. Influenced by it, historians will probably think that this is a big "forbidden area" in ancient history and dare not get their hands on it easily. To ask Zhuge Liang to step down from the altar, I think it is necessary to discuss this most intractable problem.

In fact, when Zhuge Liang was in power, he did not regard him as the standard of comity and loyalty to the country. On the other hand, in the Shu-Han regime, Li Yan, Liao Li, Lai Min, Wei Yan and others complained about Zhuge Liang's dictatorship. When Zhuge Liang was alive, everyone dared not speak out because of his authority. However, after Zhuge Liang's death, the Prime Minister joined the army, and Han An general Li Miao wrote to his predecessor, Liu Chan, saying: You can't rebel against Huo Qubing, and filial piety is not good for killing ministers. I am afraid of its coercion, and the Lord is afraid of its coercion, so traitors are born. Qiang Bing is a clever employee. He looks after wolves. When the Five Powers are away, I am often in danger. If you die today, the whole clan will get it. Xirong is a rest, and the size is a celebration. "Huayang National Records" Volume 10 "Sages and women always praise? Guanghan scholars and women.