What do you know about human joints?

Our body has many joints, and the eight most important joints are the shoulders, elbows, wrists, hips, knees, ankles and the cervical and lumbar vertebrae on the spine. These eight parts bear most of the joint functions of our human activities, and every whole body movement needs the support of these joints. At the same time, these joint parts are also the most affected parts of our human body.

Cervical vertebrae:

The cervical vertebra is composed of seven cervical vertebrae, except the first cervical vertebra and the second cervical vertebra, there is an intervertebral disc between the other cervical vertebrae, and there are six intervertebral discs between the seventh cervical vertebra and the first thoracic vertebra.

Cervical vertebra is the segment with the smallest volume, the largest flexibility, the highest activity frequency and heavy load.

Shoulder joint:

Elbow joint:

Wrist joint:

Lumbar spine:

The human body has five lumbar vertebrae, each of which is composed of the front cone and the back accessories.

hip joint

ankle

knee joint

Knee joint: It consists of medial and lateral femoral condyle, medial and lateral femoral condyle and patella. It is the largest joint in the human body, with the most complicated structure and more chances of injury, belonging to the trochlear joint.

Meniscus: The function of meniscus is to stabilize the knee joint, disperse the load of the knee joint and promote intra-articular nutrition. It is precisely because the meniscus plays a role in stabilizing the load that the knee joint can carry out weight-bearing exercise for many years without injury.

Second, how to maintain joints?

An orthopedic professor once said that if there is an elevator, never go up the stairs. He said that human joints must be used sparingly! Because the life of joints is limited, everyone, do it and cherish it! But in life, many people have a poor sense of common protection. Some seemingly healthy behaviors and exercises may be the reasons for accelerating joint degeneration. Paying more attention to some details of life can reduce the damage to joints. Excessive exercise, such as kneeling on the floor, frequent mountain climbing, Tai Ji Chuan, too much housework, skipping rope, etc., will lead to joint injury.

1. Reasonable dietary structure, attention to appropriate calcium supplementation, prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

Foods rich in calcium: shrimp skin, sesame paste, kelp, walnuts, melon seeds, potatoes and so on. , can increase calcium intake.

Of course, you can also supplement calcium according to your own constitution.

From pregnancy to lactation, the group has always insisted on supplementing calcium and can't be lazy!

In addition, eating less spicy, cold and greasy food and eating more fruits and vegetables is also conducive to protecting the knee joint. At the same time, we should do more outdoor activities, increase sunlight exposure, supplement vitamin D, and promote the absorption of calcium.

Cultivate good habits

Pay attention to prevent joints from getting wet and catching cold, especially in the season of climate change. Sweating, drinking, sleeping, wind, cold and dampness are the most likely to cause diseases.

Girls should not wear high heels for a long time. It is best to wear soft shoes with elastic soles, such as casual shoes with wedges, which can reduce the impact of gravity on joints and reduce joint wear.

3. Pay attention to self-examination, early diagnosis and early treatment.

When there are repeated knee pain, soreness, leg pain when going downstairs, or joint discomfort when the weather changes, we should pay attention to it. These are all signs of early joint diseases.

Don't always think that I am young and healthy. I didn't know it got worse under your neglect.

lose weight

Obesity often aggravates the burden of joint surface, accelerates the wear and aging of joint structure, and causes osteoarthritis.

Pay attention to the posture of walking and working, and don't twist your body to walk and work.

Avoid squatting for a long time. When you are engaged in squat work for a long time, such as car mechanics and sand-turning workers, it is best to sit on a small bench instead of sitting in a low position, sitting and standing for a long time, and always changing posture to prevent the knee joint from fixing a posture and exerting too much force.

Step 6 Exercise moderately

Run according to your ability and adopt the correct running posture. I suggest you search for pictures.

Third, what should I do if my joints are sick?

Next, let's talk about a common joint disease-arthritis.

Arthritis generally refers to the occurrence of human diseases.

Arthritis and its surrounding tissues can be divided into dozens of inflammatory diseases caused by inflammation, infection, degeneration, trauma or other factors.

According to statistics, half of people over 50 years old in China suffer from osteoarthritis, and 90% of women and 80% of men over 65 years old suffer from osteoarthritis. The prevalence rate in China is 0.34% ~ 0.36%, and the life expectancy of severe patients is shortened by about 10 ~ 15 years.

common symptom

1. Joint pain

2. Joint swelling

3. Joint dysfunction

Other symptoms

Different types of arthritis have different signs, such as erythema, deformity, soft tissue swelling, joint swelling, exudation, bone swelling, bone friction, tenderness, muscle atrophy or weakness, limited joint range of motion, nerve root compression and so on.

There are the following kinds of drugs for treating osteoarthritis in clinic: 1, glucosamine preparation: it is widely used in clinic; 2. Interleukin-1 drugs: such as Anbitai; 3, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: such as acetaminophen; 4. External use: such as external use of vodka, plaster, capsaicin, etc. ; 5, local medication: local injection of hyaluronic acid or chitosan for treatment. The specific medication should be combined with the clinic, and the face-to-face diagnosis of the doctor shall prevail.

Today we will talk about the first one.

glucosamine

Glucosamine is a compound in which the hydroxyl group of glucose is replaced by amino group. The molecular formula is C6H 13O5N, commonly known as amino sugar, or amino sugar for short. 2- amino -2- deoxy -D- glucose exists widely in nature. 2- amino -2- deoxy -D- glucose usually exists in microorganisms and animals in the form of N- acetyl derivatives (such as chitin) or N- sulfate and N- acetyl -3-O- lactate (cell wall acid).

Glucosamine is a synthetic substance in human body, an important nutrient for forming chondrocytes and a natural tissue component of healthy articular cartilage. With the increase of age, the lack of glucosamine in human body is becoming more and more serious, and the articular cartilage is deteriorating and wearing. A large number of medical studies in the United States, Europe and Japan show that glucosamine can help repair and maintain cartilage and stimulate the growth of chondrocytes.

strong function

Relieve the pain, stiffness and swelling caused by arthritis.

Osteoporosis makes cartilage wear and tear, which eventually leads to fragmentation and spalling. Without the buffer of cartilage, joints are prone to painful stiffness and inflammation. Glucosamine helps to repair damaged cartilage, stimulate the formation of new cartilage, improve inflammatory symptoms, and relieve joint pain, stiffness and swelling.

Strengthen cartilage structure to prevent joint failure

With the aging of the body, joint tissue will be seriously worn. Glucosamine can protect and strengthen cartilage structure and prevent joint failure caused by joint aging.

Lubricate joints and maintain joint function.

Glucosamine can make proteoglycan lubricate joints, prevent friction pain between bones and joints, and make joints move freely.

Therapeutic function

1, adaptation disease: degenerative arthritis of knee joint

Clinical manifestations: pain and swelling of knee joint, squeaking during activities, difficulty in going up and down stairs, and difficulty in squatting.

Mechanism of glucosamine: Glucosamine can treat knee arthritis mainly by repairing articular cartilage and promoting synovial fluid, so that there will be no hard friction between articular surfaces, and there will be no symptoms such as pain, swelling and bone rubbing. By repairing articular cartilage, the joint space is restored to normal and the joint function is completely restored.

Note: It is recommended to take glucosamine tablets for about 60 ~ 90 days.

2, adapt to the disease: hyperosteogeny

Clinical manifestations: Due to the wear of articular cartilage, there is hard friction between bones, resulting in a compensatory manifestation of the body-hyperosteogeny.

Mechanism of glucosamine: Exogenous intake of glucosamine can restore the glucosamine content in joints to a balanced state, stimulate chondrocytes to synthesize proteoglycans and collagen fibers, generate cartilage matrix, repair damaged cartilage, and improve the self-repair ability of articular cartilage. Glucosamine can repair articular cartilage and promote synovial fluid, which has a fundamental therapeutic effect on hyperosteogeny arthritis (osteoarthritis).

Instruction: It is generally recommended that patients take glucosamine tablets for about 3 to 4 months.

3, adapt to the disease: meniscus injury

Clinical manifestations: knee joint swelling, snapping and locking when moving.

Mechanism of glucosamine: glucosamine can repair the injured meniscus, repair the articular cartilage injury secondary to meniscus injury, and fundamentally repair the joint injury. At the same time, glucosamine can eliminate harmful factors and inhibit and eliminate synovial reaction of joints.

Instruction: It is generally recommended that patients take glucosamine tablets for about 2 to 5 months.

4, adapt to diseases: patella, malacia

Clinical manifestations: Knee pain and weakness, especially upstairs and downstairs.

Mechanism of glucosamine: Exogenous glucosamine supplementation can repair articular cartilage between patella and femur.

5, adapt to the disease: cervical spondylotic radiculopathy

Clinical manifestations: neck and shoulder pain, limited activity, numbness and pain in hands and upper limbs, and muscle weakness and atrophy in severe cases.

6, adapt to the disease: cervical spondylotic myelopathy

Clinical manifestations: walking has the feeling of stepping on cotton, weakness of both lower limbs and muscle atrophy.

7. Adaptation to diseases: cervical spondylosis of vertebral artery type.

Clinical manifestations: dizziness, headache, nausea, often related to neck movement, sometimes dizziness or tinnitus, severe cases of sudden turn easily collapse.

8, adapt to the disease: sympathetic cervical spondylosis

Clinical manifestations: palpitation, arrhythmia, numbness of limbs, pain, hyperhidrosis and other symptoms of sympathetic nerve disorder.

Mechanism of glucosamine: glucosamine can inhibit the inflammatory reaction of intervertebral joint soft tissue, eliminate soft tissue edema, repair damaged cartilage ring, make disc herniation difficult to rupture, promote the normal secretion of joint synovial fluid, and make neck movement more flexible.

9, adapt to the disease: synovitis

Clinical manifestations: long-term swelling, pain and limited movement of joints. The main manifestations are synovial hypertrophy and excessive synovial fluid.

Mechanism of glucosamine: glucosamine can repair articular cartilage and diseased synovium by removing harmful substances in joint cavity, and relieve pain and swelling.

Instruction: It is generally recommended that patients take glucosamine tablets for about 3 to 6 months.

10, adaptation diseases: hand bones, arthritis

Clinical manifestations: finger joint pain, morning stiffness and swelling. Severe cases can lead to joint deformation.

Mechanism of glucosamine: glucosamine supplementation can repair worn articular cartilage and relieve joint pain caused by articular cartilage wear.

Instruction: It is generally recommended that patients take glucosamine tablets for about 2 to 4 months.

1 1, adaptation diseases: foot bone, arthritis

Clinical manifestations: local pain or tenderness of the foot bone will wake up from sleep in severe cases, and joint deformities, such as hallux valgus, may occur, resulting in difficulty in walking.

Mechanism of glucosamine: After taking glucosamine, glucosamine can repair articular cartilage wear. If taken for a long time, it has a good protective effect on athletes' ankles.

Description: It is generally recommended that patients take glucosamine for about 2 ~ 4 months.

12, adaptation disease: scapulohumeral periarthritis

Clinical manifestations: dull or severe pain around the shoulder joint, and the shoulder joint activity is obviously limited.

Mechanism of glucosamine: Glucosamine can promote the synthesis of proteoglycan and collagen fiber, repair soft tissues such as tendons, ligaments, synovium and bursa, promote synovial fluid of joints and bursa, relieve the adhesion of joint soft tissues, and restore the activity function of shoulder joint.

Description: It is generally recommended that patients take glucosamine/KLOC-0 for ~ 2 months.

13, adaptation disease: lumbar disc herniation

Clinical manifestations: pain in waist or lumbosacral region, radiation numbness pain in sciatic nerve distribution area, muscle atrophy in severe cases, and even paralysis of lower limbs.

Mechanism of glucosamine: glucosamine supplementation can obviously improve the degeneration of intervertebral joint cartilage and intervertebral disc fibrocartilage ring, and alleviate the pain of patients.

Instructions for use: It is generally recommended that patients take glucosamine tablets for about 4 to 6 months.

14, adaptation diseases: rheumatism and arthritis.

Clinical manifestations: It is a pathological symptom of rheumatic fever. The patient's limbs (wrist, shoulder, ankle, knee and hip) are red, swollen, hot and painful, with swollen joints and limited mobility.

Mechanism of glucosamine: Rheumatoid arthritis can lead to the destruction of articular cartilage. Supplementing glucosamine can repair the wear of articular cartilage and relieve the pain of patients.

Description: It is generally recommended that patients take glucosamine for about 3 ~ 4 months.

It should be specially reminded that patients with severe osteoarthritis or long medical history will get worse after taking glucosamine for a period of time, and the pain may last for 1~2 weeks, which is a typical recovery or treatment response. In this case, we should insist on taking glucosamine to avoid giving up all our efforts. When the pain is severe, you can take some painkillers or topical drugs as directed by your doctor.

Applicable people

For special people, experts suggest supplementing glucosamine according to the situation.

1. Population type: scapulohumeral periarthritis among long-term desk workers.

Common symptoms: cervical spondylosis

Expert tip: Due to long-term work at the desk, the intervertebral disc (intervertebral disc, that is, articular cartilage) between human cervical vertebrae is worn and degraded, the physiological curvature of cervical vertebrae is abnormal, and the bone hyperplasia at the edge of vertebral body leads to compression of nerves or blood vessels, so there will be neck pain and stiffness, accompanied by dizziness.

Experts suggest that long-term desk workers take glucosamine for 30 days every year, gradually repair worn articular cartilage, supplement synovial fluid, improve the pain and stiffness caused by nerve or blood vessel compression, and effectively prevent osteoarthritis.

2. population type: High-intensity labor force.

Common symptoms: lumbar disc herniation, cervical spondylosis, synovitis, scapulohumeral periarthritis and degenerative osteoarthritis of knee joint.

Expert tip: Due to long-term high-intensity work, normal articular cartilage will be damaged with age, and some osteoarthritis will also occur. The initial symptoms are mild, and they become more and more serious with age, which may lead to disability and should be prevented as soon as possible.

Experts suggest that high-intensity workers take glucosamine for 30 days every six months to gradually repair worn articular cartilage and make joints flexible, comfortable and elastic!

3. crowd type: sports crowd

Common symptoms: meniscus injury, synovitis, bursitis, tenosynovitis.

Experts suggest that injuries often occur due to long-term high-intensity training. For example, most football players have meniscus injuries. The pathogenesis is that after meniscus injury, cracks appear on the meniscus surface, which rubs against articular cartilage during activities, seriously damaging articular cartilage, and then leading to traumatic arthritis.

Expert advice: Exercise people should take glucosamine for 30 days every three months, gradually repair worn joints, replenish joint synovial fluid, remove harmful factors, inhibit inflammation and gradually enrich their physical strength!

4. population type: Special occupation population.

Common diseases: hyperosteogeny, synovitis, bursitis and tenosynovitis.

Expert tip: Because joints are used for a long time, for example, most entertainers suffer from hyperosteogeny. Its pathogenesis is that after articular cartilage is worn, bones directly contact and hard friction, which stimulates hyperosteogeny, so hyperosteogeny (bone spur) occurs, which is a compensatory manifestation of the body.

Experts suggest that special occupational groups should take glucosamine for 30 days every three months, gradually repair, maintain joint health, prolong life and enjoy their old age.

The biggest consumer of glucosamine is the United States. With the improvement of income level and health care awareness in China, the consumption of glucosamine in China has increased rapidly year by year.

Glucosamine in the market is mainly divided into glucosamine hydrochloride and glucosamine sulfate, and the therapeutic effect is similar. Many well-known end products in the world contain glucosamine, such as Viguli from Rhoda Pharmaceutical Factory in Ireland, Xufu (glucosamine +MSM+ chondroitin sulfate tablets), Dengxijian (shark chondroitin glucosamine tablets) and Bijian from the United States.

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Disclaimer: Some opinions and pictures in this article come from the Internet.