Huaiyuan folk custom, tradition, thank you!

For a long time after the Hakkas moved to Xiushui, the locals and Hakkas did not marry. In feudal times, the marriage problem was not entirely a family problem, but related to the improvement of political status, surname and clan and their mutual relations. It is interfered by clan and society. In the final analysis, it is closely related to social relations, so there is a regulation that emphasizes "the right door". The genealogy of each surname contains "family instructions" about marriage. For example, there is a saying in Zeng and Wu's family instructions: "Husband and wife are the beginning of human relations and the source of all things, so children must choose their wives when they get married, and women must choose their husbands when they get married ... If they are not matched, the portal is wrong, and those who know them will be ashamed." There are many other genealogies, so I don't need to go into details. Huaiyuan people come from humble origins and are obviously "out of place" with the locals, so it is impossible to marry. With the passage of time, the social status of Huaiyuan people has improved, which could have been changed gradually. Just because I wore the hat of "Huaiyuan people", I was still looked down upon by the local people and couldn't get married. Hakka people naturally don't want to be wronged. When they are discriminated against, this wronged mentality turns into rebellious psychology: "You look down on me, and I still look down on you." So they haven't been married for a long time, which is the main reason. In addition, differences in language and living habits are also one of the obstacles to intermarriage. At that time, it was difficult for local people to understand Hakka dialect, and they didn't like "Bigfoot Women" [9]. In addition, marriage in feudal society is "the life of parents, the words of matchmakers", and both men and women have no right to love freely. Therefore, not getting married is a long-standing custom.

In addition, there are other aspects of discrimination and resistance in customs. For example, Huaiyuan people are not allowed to worship at altars and temples built by local people, to participate in local gatherings and non-governmental organizations, or even to cross bridges and roads built by local people. Facing the discrimination of local people, Huaiyuan people did not give in and were not discouraged. On the one hand, they strive to develop production, improve economic conditions, actively cultivate talents and gradually improve their social status; On the other hand, Hakkas should carry forward the virtue of doing good deeds and build public welfare undertakings, such as donating money to build Nanyadu, building Shandu Bridge, Fuxing Bridge and Zhuyuan Bridge, and laying gardens in Tiyun Academy, Huaguotang, Shankou, Shaguoli in Anxiang, Eleventh Capital in Anxiang, Huangsha Bridge in Anxiang, Hejiazui in Fengxian and Manjiang in Wuxiang. This not only shows the economic strength and talent strength of Huaiyuan people, but also shows the mental outlook of Huaiyuan people, which makes the local people sit up and take notice, win social recognition and further improve their social status.

Second, the stage of interoperability and cooperation

People's position in social relations always changes with the changes of economic relations and social relations. With the improvement of Huaiyuan people's economic and social status, the relationship with local people has also undergone subtle changes, that is, the relationship between opposition and struggle has gradually shifted to the relationship of exchange and cooperation.

First of all, it is manifested in the interaction and exchange of items needed in daily life.

Huaiyuan is not a complete part of the territory, but is inserted in six townships of Gao, Chong, Feng, Wu, An and Tai, the original eight townships of Yining Prefecture, and each figure has a wide jurisdiction. Therefore, except a few natural villages are pure Hakka villages [10], most villages are mixed places of Huaiyuan people and local people. This provides objective conditions for mutual understanding and cooperation between the soil and tourists.

Over time, Huaiyuan people and local people living in the same area will inevitably contact and communicate with each other, gradually get familiar with each other, understand each other's language, and then help each other and exchange needed items. For example, weddings, funerals and weddings often require the help of neighbors, and daily utensils such as tables, stools and tableware need to be borrowed from each other. Everyone values and cares about their neighbors' affairs. Whoever has a wedding or a funeral, even if the production is busy, you should take time to help. If someone is ill, go and visit at once. When the child was born, it was "three dynasties", "full moon" and "one year old". Everyone would come to congratulate him and send some eggs as a gesture of friendship. Whose animals are trampled by crops, or who have not received clothes to dry, will take care of each other.

In order to benefit the people, various church organizations have been established in natural villages, such as the Bridge Society, Road Society and Dragon Lantern Society for public welfare, Guanyin Society, Sansheng Society, Guan Sheng Society and Feng Zhishe Society for religious beliefs. Both locals and Huaiyuan people should attend. Through these activities, mutual understanding and friendship have been further deepened.

Secondly, it shows mutual assistance and communication in productive labor.

In agricultural production, especially in the busy farming season of sowing and harvesting, neighbors generally have the habit of "helping workers" or "changing jobs" in order to seize time; Building water conservancy projects often requires the cooperation of many people. Therefore, Huaiyuan people and local people exchange feelings, deepen understanding and enhance friendship in these productive labor.

Xiushui is located in the mountainous area of northwest Jiangxi, and its climate and natural environment are different from those of Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi, so the seasonal requirements of agricultural production and farming techniques will be different. This inevitably requires Huaiyuan people to learn production technology from local people; On the contrary, Huaiyuan people have brought many new production technologies and crop varieties from their ancestral homes, which is conducive to the development of local resources and local production. So local people also need to learn from Huaiyuan people. This objectively encourages local people and Huaiyuan people to strengthen mutual learning and communication.

Ning black tea, for example, was planted and developed by Huaiyuan people in Xiushui River settlement. The Guo family in Shaxi attracted Guangdong tea merchants with the relationship of Hakka folks, which provided a broad market for the development of Ning black tea. In the fourth year of Guangxu, Ninghong Tribute, produced by Guo Tingyi Teahouse, won the highest prize in Nanyang Liquor-persuading Competition. Luo Kunhua, a native of Huaiyuan, made 65,438,000 boxes of new "Ning Bai Hong Zi" tea in his own "Houshenglong" teahouse and shipped them to Hankou. Each case is sold to Russian businessmen at a high price of 65,438+000 taels of silver. At that time, the Russian prince visited China and passed through Hankou. He found that this kind of tea is excellent in color, fragrance, taste and shape, and its quality is excellent. So he presented a plaque entitled "Tea covers China, and the price is the best in the world". Luo Kunhua is known as "the king of tea" and "the father of tea workers". Due to the development and spread of Ning black tea, the local people in Xiushui learned the cultivation technology and processing technology of this kind of tea, and the production of Ning black tea developed rapidly and exported to Russia and many countries and regions in Southeast Asia.

Now Nanxi Village in Shankou Town was originally named Danankeng, and it is adjacent to Fenglinzhou, Linfeng Village, the hometown of rehabilitation. It is located in the southeast of Chongwu Township in the upper reaches of Jiang Xiu and adjacent to Xiangxi Township in Tonggu County. In the early Qing dynasty, there were many trees everywhere, and wolves, tigers and leopards were unpredictable. Hakka ancestors, such as Guo and Qiu, moved here and found that the red soil here was suitable for planting camellia oleifera, so they went all the way back to their hometown to attract excellent camellia oleifera seeds and make camellia oleifera production develop in a large area. By the time of Daoguang and Xianfeng (that is, the tenth century), there were nearly 6,543,800 mu of camellia oleifera forest here, which could produce more than 400,000 Jin of camellia oil every year. Soon, the planting techniques and excellent seeds of Camellia oleifera forest spread all over the mountainous areas of the county, making Camellia oleifera production in Xiushui prosperous for more than 100 years. In addition, Hakkas also brought new cultivation techniques such as sericulture and cotton, as well as processing techniques of practical handicrafts such as ceramics, casting pots and oil-paper umbrellas, which greatly promoted the development of agriculture, sideline and handicraft production. Through the teaching, learning and communication of production technology, ignorance has further strengthened the unity and cooperation between Huaiyuan people and local people, and completely changed the views and evaluations of Huaiyuan people.

Third, when establishing public welfare undertakings, it shows mutual support and cooperation.

1986, when the streets and lanes were rebuilt in Huangshagang market town, a stone tablet was found near the former Tianhou Palace site, which recorded the donation list for rebuilding the Yonglong Bridge, Jianjiaoli Bridge, Tiannanwan Bridge and Cheqiantou Post Road in Shaguoli (now Huanggang Town, xiushui county) in the 55th year of Qing Qianlong (1790). It is engraved with the names of 58 people with a surname of 172 and the amount of silver donated, * * * silver donated 13.9 taels and 450 pieces of copper coins [1 1]. This place is the map area of the four capitals of Huaiyuan, where Huaiyuan people live in compact communities. * * * There are 48 Huaiyuan people, 10 local people donated money. Since the Republic of China, there have been more and more examples of local residents establishing public welfare undertakings, reflecting the desire and inevitable trend of local residents' unity and cooperation.

Fourth, it is manifested in climbing relatives and making friends and partial marriage.

Through long-term exchanges, mutual support and cooperation, Huaiyuan people and local people have further enhanced their friendship, and over time, they have produced the desire and requirement of climbing relatives and making friends. At that time, the most common forms of visiting relatives and making friends were "climbing in the same year" [12], "seeing grandpa off" and "seeing mom off" [13]. At the same time, the custom of not marrying each other began to loosen.

With the collapse of the Qing government and the rise of the Republic of China, the consciousness of freedom, democracy and equality appeared, breaking the bad habit of women's foot binding. More than 200 years of imprisonment began to break, and a few marriages appeared, but they were not complete. It's just that the daughter of Huaiyuan people is married to a local family as a daughter-in-law, and the daughter of a local family is unwilling to marry a Huaiyuan family as a daughter-in-law. However, there is another reason here, that is, Huaiyuan's daughter-in-law is labor-intensive and tired, so the local people are unwilling to marry her daughter, not because of her different social status in the past. Although there were few marriages at this time, the bondage of unmarried locals and foreigners formed under that hierarchical concept was finally broken.

Fifth, local intellectuals learn from each other and support each other politically.

For example, after being elected, Chen Baozhen, a native of Huaiyuan, Li Tao, the seventh capital of Thailand, became very close to Xu Jiagan, a Cao juren not far away, and Tu Jiajie, a Xikeng juren not far away. In addition to learning from each other, they are also recommended to show their talents and make achievements.

According to Xu's genealogy Xu Jiagan's Travel Table, Xu Jiagan went to Beijing to do his best after his election. After studying at home for two years, he went to visit Chen Baozhen, who was then the governor of Hunan. Chen introduced him to the governor of Guizhou. From then on, Xu Jiagan embarked on his official career, and later worked as an aide to Zhang Zhidong, governor of Huguang, to help Zhang Zhidong train the new army. In addition, Chen Baozhen keeps close contact with Lu Yishu, a native of Zhongduan Township in this county, and often exchanges views on the national situation through letters and other forms. The book "Xiushui County Records" said: "In addition, I wrote letters with colleagues such as Chen and Xu Jiagan and the squire in this county, discussed current events, and answered questions and poems in the fashion." Make it clear that it happened.

Third, the integration development stage.

There are many inevitable factors for the integration and development of Huaiyuan people and local people, including the following aspects:

First of all, the establishment of a new social system has cleared the way for the integration and development of indigenous people.

The birth of New China completely liberated Huaiyuan people politically and economically, freed them from the fate of discrimination and oppression forever, and enjoyed the same political, economic and educational rights as the local people, which truly realized the equality of indigenous people and paved the way for their integration and development.

Secondly, collective productive labor has created objective conditions for the integration and development of indigenous people.

Since 1950s, with the socialist transformation of agriculture, the establishment of collective ownership and the change of production and operation mode, Huaiyuan people and local people have both worked on the same land and participated in the distribution of labor in a collective organization. Although this large-scale collective production mode hindered the further liberation of productive forces because of "average distribution" and "poor transition" in the future, it did play a certain role in integrating local customers under the historical conditions at that time. Because of working together and distributing together, everyone will inevitably rise and fall with * * * *, share joys and sorrows, get closer to each other, have deeper feelings, gradually harmonize their languages and customs, and gradually communicate psychologically, thus effectively promoting the integration and development of the aborigines.

Third, intermarriage completely breaks the blood boundary between locals and foreigners.

With the political and economic equality of Huaiyuan people, the relationship with local people has become closer, and the bondage of not marrying each other in the past has been completely broken. Not only the daughters of Huaiyuan people are willing to marry into local families as daughters-in-law, but also the daughters of local families are willing to marry into Huaiyuan families as daughters-in-law, and with the development of society, intermarriage has become an increasingly common phenomenon. Due to the complete intermarriage and continuous reproduction between the natives, the blood relationship between Huaiyuan people and the locals has been completely broken. That is, Huaiyuan people have the blood of local people, and local people also have the blood of Huaiyuan people. The two are inseparable and integrated.

Fourth, the reform and opening up has promoted the integration and development of local people and foreigners.

Since the reform and opening up, with the adjustment of rural industrial structure, farmers have changed from a single economic model of grain crop production to a diversified economic model of crop production and operation, which objectively requires farmers, whether Huaiyuan people or locals, to learn more scientific and technological knowledge and management knowledge and introduce more technology and talents; They need all-round cooperation to accelerate the integration and development of local tourists. At the same time, with the deepening of reform and the establishment of socialist market economy, the closed natural economic model based on villages in the past has been completely broken, and more and more farmers are developing in a broader scope and field, crossing the boundaries of villages, townships, counties and cities, and dealing with people of other nationalities and ethnic groups in a larger geographical space. As a result, the language, customs and psychological quality of Huaiyuan people are changing.

Fifth, the development of science and technology, education and transportation and communication has opened up new ways for the integrated development of local tourists.

Since the founding of New China, rural education has made great progress, especially the popularization of nine-year compulsory education, and the cultural quality of farmers has generally improved. Coupled with the wide application of a number of new scientific and technological achievements such as computers, people have more and more understanding of external information and profound changes have taken place in their concepts. Modern scientific production and lifestyle are replacing traditional and backward production and lifestyle. Many rural educated youth go out of mountainous areas to seek development in other places, some study, some do business, and some work. Some families move out, others go to other places to get married and have children. In this way, it not only crossed the border of residence, but also changed greatly in language and customs, thus promoting the integration and development of locals and foreigners.

Sixth, many immigrants have accelerated the integration and development of local residents.

Since the founding of New China more than 50 years ago, due to the construction of farmland capital, water conservancy and electric power, highway transportation infrastructure and the construction of small towns since the reform and opening up, many immigration activities have been organized. For example, when Jin Dong Power Station was completed in 1980s, there were 1 1400 immigrants from the reservoir area, including 7 1 10 immigrants from Huaiyuan, who moved to more than 20 towns and villages in the county. According to incomplete statistics, in the construction of small towns in the past twenty years, nearly 1 10,000 people in Huaiyuan County moved into towns to live. In recent years, the government has organized ecological migration, and more than 8,000 Huaiyuan people have moved from mountainous settlements to roads and towns. For example, Dongkeng in Huangshaqiao Town is a pure Hakka village. In the 1970s, there were more than 40 households with a population of 1.30. Now there are only 9 households with more than 20 people. Most of these people who moved out of Huaiyuan lived in local settlements, so their languages and customs gradually changed with the change of environment.

To sum up, due to the influence of various factors, Huaiyuan people and local people gradually merged, which is manifested in the changes of language and customs. For example, there are four kinds of language changes: first, pure Hakka villages use Huaiyuan dialect (that is, Hakka dialect), but when communicating with non-Huaiyuan people, they use local dialect, Putonghua or the other language; Second, non-pure Hakka dialect, pure customers [14] speak Huaiyuan dialect to their own people, and foreigners speak local dialect or other languages; Third, Huaiyuan people marry local families. If the older generation are Huaiyuan people, they should speak Huaiyuan dialect when talking alone, and immediately switch to local dialects or other languages when talking with their children. Fourth, due to many migrations, some Huaiyuan people changed to speak local dialects. For example, in Bajiaoyuan Village, Bailing Town, there are more than 1 1,000 people surnamed Zhong, and their ancestral home is Xingguo County, Gannan. In the process of migration, they first moved to Wuning County, and then moved to this place now. Now 1 0,000 people have changed to speak the local lark dialect.

Customs and habits, like language, have changed greatly with the change of living environment, such as clothing.

Judging from the development trend of the interactive relationship between Huaiyuan people and local people, after a long historical period, Huaiyuan people (that is, Xiushui Hakkas), as a part of Hakkas, are likely to be assimilated by local people with the decrease of pure Hakka villages and pure customers. As for whether they are completely assimilated and how long it will take, further exploration is needed.

Description: The above Huaiyuan people refer to Hakkas, that is, Huaiyuan people are Hakkas.

The following are some customs collected for you in Huaiyuan, Anhui:

Marriage: Generally, it goes like this:

First, parents promised each other that they would have a formal dinner with their parents. At this time, your family has to give the girl a gift, usually ranging from 4000 to 6000 RMB.

Then after a while, I'll find a matchmaker to communicate with your two families and get engaged. In the meantime, the woman may ask you to buy her some gold and silver jewelry and other items.

And then the wedding day. Before the wedding, the woman's family will ask your family for a dowry (not a gift) through the matchmaker. If there is a formal wedding room at home, it usually ranges from 36,000 yuan (6,636 Geely) to 60,000 yuan. The key depends on how the woman's family is. If it is good, it may be 1 10,000,20,000. By the way, the money is used to buy a dowry for my daughter, such as a refrigerator. If you don't have a house, you may need more money to buy or build a house in the future.

Anhui Huaiyuan is a big place, and the ten-mile road has changed rules, depending on whether it is in the south or the north of Huaiyuan. Generally speaking, customs and habits are similar. It's best to ask the woman's family for advice. First of all, we must show four red media, two men and two women. These four red media are committed to mediating contacts between the two sides. Many customs are communicated by matchmakers, including the meeting ceremony! The most taboo number there is eight and the favorite number is six. The date of the ceremony should be the 6th of each month,16th and 26th. When you get married, you must have four dowry gifts (1: pork rice with hind legs, without pig's head: 2: whole case of wine, 3: 10 bag of assorted fruits, 4: 10 bag of brown sugar), and the woman's family must be married, usually with furniture, quilts, cars and so on. It was not that man who asked to accompany her. When the daughter is gone, the family usually publicizes her dowry. Remember, don't drink when you are a guest in Huaiyuan. Drinking there is irregular, and you will get drunk if you drink too much. More importantly, be careful when you eat while sitting on the wine. Don't secretly put the dishes on your rice bowl, which will make the guests make a fool of themselves and never finish them!

According to the rules of the countryside, buy several sets of clothes, buy a ring, and buy some cigarettes and alcohol. Parents meet, eat and get to know each other. If we are satisfied with each other, it's basically ok. There are basically no rules now! Let's also see how your girlfriend's home is. Don't always buy a car. Now the countryside can't meet this standard. Inviting relatives and friends to dinner is to tell others that you are married. Dowry is the money that the man gives to the woman. Let the woman's family buy something at the man's house, that is, get married at your house with some assets, so that the man will not be bullied in the future. These are all old. Nowadays, people don't lack anything, just do what you want, and don't be stingy and generous at your girlfriend's house. Let her relatives see that marriage is good. Be polite when you go to your father-in-law's house in the future. I'm tired now. I'll tell you what I don't understand another day.

Funeral: the family should inform all relatives and friends before handling the funeral. At the funeral, everyone should wear a white coat (only when the deceased is an old man), and the children (grandchildren) should wear a red headscarf. Then there are meals for three or four days. Generally, a group of people (that is, contestants) will be invited to perform on the last day. As for the content of the program, you can decide for yourself.