On the main characteristics of commercial banks

First of all, briefly talk about the main characteristics of commercial banks.

Commercial banks), its network popular homonym is "The concept of Industrial Bank is different from that of the central bank and investment banks. It is a financial institution with credit creation function, which raises funds by operating debts and operates a variety of financial assets.

Main features:

Computational manufacturing. In May, the added value of computer, communication and other electronic equipment manufacturing increased by 9.9% year-on-year. This shows that the electronics industry, which has led the development of China's processing trade for many years, seems to have lost its luster under the background of rising labor, land and capital costs.

Chemical raw materials and chemical finished products manufacturing. In May, the added value of chemical raw materials and chemical finished products manufacturing increased by 10.8% year-on-year, and the growth rate dropped by 0.3 percentage points compared with the previous four months. 1-May, the year-on-year growth rate was 1 1.0%, and the growth rate dropped by 0.9 compared with the same period of last year. Under the background of higher and higher requirements, "two highs and one high" will become more and more bleak.

Overcapacity industries such as cement and steel. 3.2% In May, the growth rate dropped by 0.9 percentage points compared with the previous four months, and the output increased by 4. 1% and 8 percentage points. Although the average daily output of steel products accelerated slightly in May, the year-on-year growth rate in1-May dropped significantly by 4.7 percentage points. This shows that under the background of industrial restructuring, the development prospects of overcapacity industries are still not optimistic.

Therefore, commercial banks should "do something and not do something" in lending to these industries to prevent new non-performing loans and a sharp increase in non-performing rates.

Second, what are the characteristics of commercial banks?

Legal analysis: The characteristics of commercial banks are as follows:

1. Commercial banks can set up branches in People's Republic of China (PRC) and at home and abroad according to their business needs.

2. Commercial banks operate on the principles of safety, liquidity and efficiency, and implement self-management, self-risk, self-financing and self-discipline. Commercial banks conduct business according to law and are not subject to interference by any unit or individual.

3. Commercial banks shall establish and improve their financial and accounting systems in accordance with laws, unified accounting systems and the relevant provisions of the State Council Banking Regulatory Authority.

4. Commercial banks shall be subject to the supervision and administration of the banking regulatory agency of the State Council according to law. The People's Bank of China has the right to inspect and supervise commercial banks according to law.

Legal basis: Article 2 of People's Republic of China (PRC) Commercial Bank Law. The term "commercial bank" as mentioned in this Law refers to an enterprise legal person established in accordance with this Law and the Company Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) to absorb public deposits, issue loans and settle accounts.

Article 3 A commercial bank may engage in some or all of the following businesses:

(1) Absorbing public deposits;

(2) Short-term, medium-term and long-term loans;

(3) Handling domestic and international settlement;

(4) Handling bill acceptance and discount;

(5) Issuing financial bonds.

(6) Acting as an agent to issue, honor and underwrite government bonds;

(7) buying and selling government bonds and financial bonds;

(eight) engaged in interbank lending;

(9) Acting as an agent for buying and selling foreign exchange;

(ten) engaged in bank card business;

(eleven) to provide letter of credit services and guarantees;

(12) Agency payment and insurance agency business;

(thirteen) to provide safe deposit box services;

(14) Other businesses approved by the State Council Banking Regulatory Authority.

The business scope shall be stipulated in the articles of association of the commercial bank and reported to the the State Council Banking Regulatory Authority for approval.

With the approval of the People's Bank of China, commercial banks can engage in foreign exchange settlement and sale business.

Article 4 Commercial banks should operate independently, bear their own risks, be responsible for their own profits and losses, and exercise self-discipline based on the principles of safety, liquidity and efficiency.

Commercial banks conduct business according to law and are not subject to interference by any unit or individual.

Commercial banks independently bear civil liability with all their corporate property.

Article 5 Commercial banks should follow the principles of equality, voluntariness, fairness, honesty and credibility in their business dealings with customers.

3. Is the Postal Savings Bank a public institution or a state-owned enterprise?

State-owned commercial banks refer to commercial banks directly controlled by the state (Ministry of Finance and Central Huijin Company). Their characteristic is that all the capital is invested by the state and they are state-owned financial enterprises. At present, there are mainly: China Industrial and Commercial Bank, China Agricultural Bank, China Bank, China Construction Bank and Bank of Communications. According to the overall arrangement of financial system reform in the State Council, China Postal Savings Bank Co., Ltd. was formally established in March 2007 on the basis of reforming the original postal savings management system. 201265438+1October 2 1 With the consent of the State Council and the approval of the China Banking Regulatory Commission, Postal Savings Bank of China Limited was changed into Postal Savings Bank of China Limited as a whole according to law.

Postal savings bank is neither a public institution nor a state-owned commercial bank, but a subordinate commercial bank and company.

Fourth, briefly talk about the main characteristics of commercial banks.

I. Asset business

Asset business is the main source of income for commercial banks.

1, loan business-the most important asset business of commercial banks.

1) Credit loan:

Credit loan refers to a loan that relies entirely on the borrower's reputation and does not provide any collateral. This is a capital loan.

(1) ordinary loan limit:

Enterprises sign informal agreements with banks to determine loans. Within the limit, enterprises can obtain loan support from banks at any time, and the validity period of the limit is generally not more than 90 days. The interest rate of loans within the ordinary loan amount fluctuates and is linked to the preferential interest rate of banks.

(2) Overdraft loan:

Banks provide loans to customers, allowing them to overdraw their accounts. Providing this convenience is regarded as an "additional obligation" beyond the contract undertaken by the bank to its customers.

(3) Standby loan commitment:

Standby loan commitment is a more formal and legally binding agreement. When a bank signs a formal contract with an enterprise, the bank promises to provide corresponding loans to the enterprise within the prescribed time limit and limit, and the enterprise provides expenses for the commitment of the bank.

(4) Consumer loans:

Consumer loans are loans issued to consumers for purchasing durable consumer goods or paying other expenses. Commercial banks should conduct various examinations when providing such loans to customers.

(5) Discounted bills loans:

Bill discount loan refers to the customer submitting the unexpired bill to the bank, and the bank deducts the interest from the discount date to the maturity date to get cash.

2) Mortgage loan:

There are several types of mortgage loans.

(1) Inventory loan. Inventory loan, also known as commodity loan, is a short-term loan secured by enterprise deposits and loans or commodities.

(2) Customer account loan. Short-term loans issued by banks with accounts receivable as collateral are called "customer account loans". This kind of loan is generally a continuous credit agreement.

(3) Securities loans. In addition to accounts receivable and inventory as collateral, many corporate loans issued by banks are pledged by various securities, especially stocks and bonds issued by companies and enterprises. This kind of loan is called "securities loan".

(4) Real estate mortgage loan. Usually refers to loans secured by real estate or enterprise equipment.

3) secured loan:

Guaranteed loan refers to a loan with a guarantee issued by a third party. A letter of guarantee is a contract document in which a bank guarantees a loan to a borrower, which stipulates the rights and obligations of the bank and the guarantor.

As long as the bank obtains the standard form guarantee signed by the guarantor, it can issue loans to the borrower. Therefore, the letter of guarantee is the simplest form of guarantee acceptable to banks.

4) Loan securitization:

Loan securitization refers to the process that commercial banks convert loans into securities through certain procedures. The specific way is: commercial banks combine all kinds of loans with poor liquidity into several asset pools and sell them to professional financing companies, and then the financing companies issue asset-backed securities with these asset pools as guarantees. Such asset-backed securities can also be sold to investors through the securities issuance market or private placement. The funds recovered from the sale of securities can be used as a new source of funds for commercial banks to issue other loans.

2. Investment business:

The investment business of commercial banks refers to the activities of banks to buy securities. Investment is an important asset business of commercial banks and one of the main sources of bank income.

The investment business of commercial banks can be divided into domestic securities investment and international securities investment according to different objects. Domestic securities investment can be roughly divided into three types, namely government securities investment, local government securities investment and enterprise securities investment.

Securities issued by the national government can be divided into two types according to different sales methods, one is called publicly sold securities, and the other is called privately sold securities.

Government bonds purchased by commercial banks include government bonds, medium-term bonds and long-term bonds.

1) Treasury bills. The national debt is short-term government bonds with a maturity of less than one year.

2) medium and long-term bonds. Medium and long-term bonds are a kind of bonds issued by the state to meet the capital needs of infrastructure investment. Generally speaking, they have higher interest rates and longer maturities, so they are better investment targets for commercial banks.

2. Liabilities:

Liabilities are debts that can be measured in money and will be repaid with assets or capital. Deposits and derivative deposits are the main liabilities of banks, accounting for more than 80% of the sources of funds. In addition, interbank deposits, borrowing funds or issuing bonds also constitute bank liabilities.

1. Demand deposit:

Demand deposits are relative to time deposits, and can be withdrawn or withdrawn at any time without prior notice.

Demand deposit is an important source of funds for commercial banks and an important condition for commercial banks to create credit. But the cost is higher. Commercial banks only provide services to customers free of charge or at low cost, and generally do not pay or pay less interest.

2. Time deposit:

A time deposit is a deposit with a predetermined term, as opposed to a demand deposit. Time deposits account for a high proportion of bank deposits. Because time deposit is fixed and relatively long, it provides a stable source of funds for commercial banks and is of great significance for long-term loans and investments of commercial banks.

3. Savings deposits:

Savings deposit is a deposit account opened by individuals for saving money and earning interest income. Savings deposits can be divided into demand deposits and time deposits.

Current savings deposits, that is, current savings deposits, have no fixed term and can only be withdrawn by passbook. Passbooks are generally non-transferable and depositors cannot overdraw.

4. negotiable certificates of deposit (cds):

Negotiable certificate of deposit is a major form of time deposit, but it is different from the above time deposit. The obvious characteristics of negotiable certificates of deposit are: the denomination of certificates of deposit is fixed, the name is not recorded, the interest rate is fixed and floating, and the deposit period is 3 months, 6 months, 9 months and 12 months. Certificates of deposit can be circulated and transferred to meet the dual requirements of liquidity and profitability.

5. Transferable payment order deposit account:

It is actually a checking account that doesn't use checks. It replaced the check with a payment slip. Through this account, commercial banks can not only provide convenience in payment, but also pay interest, thus attracting depositors and expanding deposits.

When opening this deposit account, the depositor can issue a payment order at any time, or directly withdraw cash, or directly pay to a third party, and his deposit balance can earn interest income. Therefore, the convenience requirements are met in terms of payment and income.

6. autopay service deposit account:

This account is similar to the transferable payment instruction deposit account, which was developed on the basis of telephone transfer service. After the development of automatic transfer business, depositors can open two accounts in the bank at the same time: a savings account and a current account. When a bank receives a cheque drawn by a depositor and needs to pay it, it can immediately transfer the money from the savings account to the current deposit account, and the automatic transfer will immediately pay the money on the cheque.

7. Swap deposits:

Swap deposit refers to the customer's nominal conversion of the currency in his hand into the foreign currency of his choice at the time of deposit and deposit it in the bank as a foreign currency time deposit. At maturity, the customer will convert the foreign currency deposit with principal and interest back to the local currency before withdrawing it. The term of deposit varies from one month to one year.