The earthquake is coming, how can people in high-rise houses escape?

Unlike a fire, it may be safer to take refuge in a high-rise house than to escape! ?

There was another earthquake, but it came one after another. What should we do if there is an earthquake in the city where we live one day? ?

Is the building we live in earthquake-resistant enough? ?

Stay at home to take refuge or escape to the outdoors? ?

What should I pay attention to when I escape? ?

The sooner we know, the better our chances of survival in the face of disaster. ?

1, how to take refuge scientifically? ?

What should I do if the earthquake comes? Remember these three actions: get down, cover and hold steady!

Get down. ▕?

Take a low-key escape posture, find a stable table, lean against a load-bearing wall or post, or take refuge in a bathroom without a shower room.

▲ When the earthquake comes, get down even in the open space. Source: stuff.co.nz?

If you feel an earthquake in the kitchen, turn off the gas quickly. ?

Because the pipeline will be twisted and broken in the earthquake, it is easy to cause gas leakage and fire. ?

▲ Sendai Earthquake Source: bp.blogspot.com?

? Cover? ?

Protect your head with one hand and your neck with the other. In the earthquake,

The head and neck are the parts you should protect most. ?

-Steady! ▕?

It is not people who are hurt by the earthquake, but the displacement and collapse of houses and furniture, so it is very important to find a solid shelter. ?

For example, grab the legs of the table, lean against the load-bearing wall, and hide in the bathroom without windows.

In an earthquake, door frames and window frames may be deformed. Open the doors and windows when you have the chance, or you won't be able to get out after deformation. ?

In addition, remember to stay away from doorframes, chandeliers, high cabinets and windows, otherwise it is easy to be hit or cut by glass. ?

The stairs are very fragile during the earthquake, so it is best to wait until the seismic wave has passed before escaping.

▏' s "triangle of life" is not credible! ▕?

Doug Copp, a Canadian, claimed that houses would collapse and furniture would be smashed to pieces during an earthquake, so all the places that can form triangles should be hidden, not under the table. ?

In fact, no one can predict where the triangle will form in the earthquake. ?

Which wall will stand and which wall will collapse? Does the wall collapse inward or outward? ?

You may be knocked unconscious before you think clearly, so climb under the table to save your life!

▲ False, don't believe it! ! Source: 5 1wendang.com?

2. When is it appropriate to escape?

Escape node?

Earthquakes usually come in this way, and the first one to arrive is P wave (longitudinal wave: propulsion), which is characterized by up-and-down vibration and the weakest destructive power. ?

Followed by S wave (shear wave), which is characterized by shaking back and forth and left and right, which is more dangerous. ?

The resulting L wave (surface wave) is a mixed wave generated after P wave and S wave meet on the ground. Buildings with large wavelength, strong amplitude and no earthquake resistance are easily collapsed by L Bora. ?

The pause between P wave and S wave ranges from a few seconds to dozens of seconds, which is the best time to escape.

▏ refuge or escape? ▕?

Refuge or escape? This is almost a life-and-death choice. ?

Earthquakes are different from fires, depending on your location, personal physical quality and the perfection of earthquake early warning system. ?

Without an early warning system, if you are sure that you can run outside in four or five seconds, run quickly, otherwise it is safer to take refuge in the same place. ?

Like Japan, where early warning measures are well done, TV can automatically broadcast the countdown to the arrival of S waves during an earthquake (some media mistakenly regard this as an earthquake forecast), which makes it easier for residents to choose refuge or escape.

Fortunately, as early as April 20, 20 13, Chengdu Institute of High-tech Disaster Reduction successfully made an early warning of Lushan earthquake through television. ?

Before the arrival of S wave of Jiuzhaigou earthquake yesterday, the Institute made an accurate TV early warning again, hoping that this system can be extended to all cities in China earthquake zone as soon as possible. ?

▲ From Chengdu Institute of High-tech Disaster Reduction.

These things cannot be ignored! ▕?

Close the door when you have time, lest the house be stolen. ?

After the first wave of earthquakes has passed, there may be various aftershocks, large and small. If you have run out, don't go back. ?

An open and high-lying place is an ideal refuge, but it should be far away from hillsides and waters. ?

There may be falling rocks, landslides and mudslides near the mountain. ?

Land liquefaction may occur near the water area.

After the disaster, there were not only aftershocks, water and electricity cuts, but also crimes. ?

In earthquake escape, if you can walk together, don't walk alone, especially women and children, it is better to walk together. ?

▲ Criminal cases such as robbery, burglary and rape after the Kumamoto earthquake. Source: hz.edushi.com?

3. What kind of building is more earthquake-resistant? ?

What are the magnitude, intensity and seismic grade often mentioned in the news? ?

The seismic grade of my home is only level 4. Will the earthquake collapse when it comes? ?

Let's make a simple earthquake science popularization! ?

Can a building with an earthquake resistance of magnitude 8 resist an earthquake of magnitude 8? ▕?

Magnitude can be calculated by data such as fault size and relative moving distance, which is accurate and unique. ?

At the epicenter of Wenchuan earthquake, the intensity of Yingxiu and Beichuan earthquakes is 1 1 degree. ?

In other words, houses collapsed, roads and bridges broke, and the surface changed greatly. ?

Earthquake intensity indicates the degree of damage caused by the earthquake, but it inevitably carries the subjective emotions of the observers.

▲ Wenchuan earthquake aerial photo Source: blog.jackjia.com?

Seismic fortification intensity is a regional attribute, which is calculated according to the previous seismic intensity. ?

Simply put, the seismic fortification intensity can be understood as the strongest earthquake intensity that may occur in this area within 475 years. ?

For example, the fortification of Jiuzhaigou is 8 degrees, but the highest intensity in the epicenter of this earthquake reached 9 degrees, which exceeded the fortification and will be increased in the future. ?

Seismic grade is an attribute of building structure. ?

The seismic grade is divided into one to four grades, and the smaller the number, the higher the seismic grade. ?

The seismic grade determines the technical standard and minimum reinforcement ratio of the building. ?

The more important places, schools and hospitals are higher than residential buildings and office buildings. ?

However, due to different volumes, second-class buildings are not necessarily more earthquake-resistant than third-class bungalows.

▲ Earthquake Grade Source: linban.com?

In a word, the seismic grade of buildings is more as the evaluation and reference standard of professionals, which is not conducive to the understanding of laymen. ?

It is easier to know the seismic grade of your house from the structural materials of the main building. ?

Steel structure is the most earthquake-resistant?

Among the common main building structural materials, steel structure has the best seismic performance. ?

Light weight, good toughness, strong structural strength, but high cost. ?

Steel structures are more used in large stadiums, factories and super high-rise buildings than in houses. ?

After the earthquake, the steel gymnasium is often a better shelter. ?

Many cities in China have considered the function of earthquake emergency shelter when building stadiums. ?

For example, in the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008, Mianyang Jiuzhou Gymnasium was both an earthquake-resistant command center and a large-scale emergency shelter. ?

Frame shear wall structure is the second type?

Frame-shear wall structures (hereinafter referred to as frame-shear wall structures) are all made of reinforced concrete, and their seismic performance is second only to that of steel structures. ?

The load-bearing wall and shear wall often mentioned in decoration are all part of the frame-shear wall structure: the load-bearing wall bears vertical load and the shear wall supports horizontal load, so that the building can withstand the shaking of earthquakes and typhoons. ?

▏ Frame structure again ▕?

The third kind of seismic performance is frame structure, whose beams and columns are only connected or hinged, and * * * bears both horizontal and vertical loads. The advantage is that the utilization ratio is higher than that of frame-shear structure, which is more in line with the interests of developers and owners.

Brick-concrete structure

The load-bearing wall of brick-concrete structure is made of brick, and the transverse load-bearing beam, floor and roof are made of reinforced concrete. ?

Houses with this structure are common in rural areas and county towns, with one or two floors of self-built houses and units below 10 floors. ?

Brick walls have high compressive strength, but poor flexural strength (the ability to resist bending without breaking) and shear strength (the strength of shear failure). ?

In the event of an earthquake, the brick-concrete structure of the house will cause cracks in the wall and the bottom will be completely crushed.

It is safer to take refuge in the same place than to escape in a house with frames and frame shears. ?

If you were in a brick-concrete house when the earthquake happened, would you still be saved? ?

On the first floor, the probability of survival before the arrival of S wave is greater than that of refuge in situ; ?

On the second floor and above, and there is a chance to escape, it may be safer to run up than to run down, and it is safer to hide by the inner wall than by the outer wall.

▲ There are many cracks in the external wall. Source: earthquake disaster prevention technology?

How do I know the structure of the building where my family lives? ?

One way is through the "residential quality guarantee" and "residential instructions" provided by developers; ?

Another way is to inquire about the relevant building acceptance procedures of the construction unit through the Housing Authority. ?

4, these walls have been torn down, don't blame the house for not being able to survive the earthquake! ?

After reading the above structure, it should be clear that the beams, columns and walls supporting the floor frame can never be dismantled.

Bearing wall?

The load-bearing wall is a wall supporting the weight of the upper floor, which can be reinforced concrete or brick-concrete structure. It can't be dismantled.

▏ shear wall ▕?

Shear walls and load-bearing walls are load-bearing. ?

The difference is that the shear wall can resist horizontal load and has an earthquake-resistant effect, so it is not recommended to dismantle it.

Balance wall

The wall between the room and the balcony of an old house is a "counterweight wall". ?

Part of the balance wall is connected with the load-bearing wall to play a bearing role. ?

It can't be demolished at will in order to expand the indoor lighting area. ?

Because once removed, it may lead to the destruction of the wall structure that "presses" the balcony and weaken the bearing capacity of the balcony, and the balcony may crack or even collapse.

Can't the beam of? move?

Some friends will dislike the ugly beams above, but the beams support the floors above and cannot be removed. Including the constructional column under the beam, it cannot be dismantled or changed at will. ?

Because its function is to ensure the stability of the wall and improve the seismic performance of the masonry.

▲ The white vertical bar on the right side of the wall is a constructional column.

By the bay?

The so-called bay window is a window with the wall as the boundary, which highlights the wall. Glass is installed on three sides, and the height of the windowsill is lower than that of ordinary windows. ?

This design is not only conducive to large-scale glass lighting, but also retains a spacious window sill, so that the indoor space can be visually extended. ?

It is also a real bay window, and it must not be removed.

▲ Is the bay window hung on three sides?

It is cast-in-place with concrete, and the window sill is a part of the outer wall. After knocking at the door, you will see the floating window tops outside and downstairs.

▲ See the watermark for the image source?

At the same time, the convex window protrudes from the external wall, and there is a recessed area in the middle, which is also used by many residential buildings to place air conditioners. ?

▲ You can see that the space between the bay window and the bay window is surrounded by aluminum alloy shutters. Is the outer position of the air conditioner ready?

Therefore, for bay windows, we can only make a fuss about increasing the height of their countertops, but we can't lower and tear them down. ?

▏ Inner bay window ▕?

When some bay windows are designed, the concrete outer wall and the window facade are in the same plane and do not protrude from the ground, that is, there are walls on the left and right sides and glass windows in the middle, which are concave, so they are called inner bay windows.

According to the new regulation of 20 14, bay windows are also considered as construction areas, and developers are too lazy to "steal areas". Therefore, the bay window platforms in newly-built commercial houses after 20 14 are basically cast-in-place reinforced concrete, and even if the platforms are short, they will never be removed.

▲ This kind of reinforced concrete must not be smashed, which will affect the safety of the building structure?

5. How to distinguish load-bearing walls?

See the thickness?

Reliability index: two stars?

In the traditional brick-concrete structure, the wall thickness below 12cm is generally a non-bearing wall. ?

The thickness of the load-bearing wall is mostly above 20cm, generally 24cm. ?

But now there will be hollow bricks outside the non-bearing wall, so it is not easy to distinguish the difference between them from the thickness. ?

▲ This thickness is a non-bearing wall at first glance. ?

Chisel with a hammer?

Reliability index: three stars?

Because the load-bearing wall is a concrete wall with steel bars inside, it has high strength, and ordinary hammers can't cut it easily. Non-load-bearing walls are easy to cut.

Look at the drawings?

Reliability index: four stars?

Before construction, it is best to find the original housing engineering drawings. The walls marked black on the engineering drawings are all load-bearing walls, and the light-colored white walls are non-load-bearing walls. If there is no engineering drawing, friends can also communicate with the property in advance to confirm. ?

Otherwise, in accordance with the regulations of relevant departments, the owner shall be responsible for any problems arising from unauthorized demolition.

Listen to the sound?

Reliability index: five stars?

You can knock with a small hammer and listen to the sound. ?

It is the sound of the load-bearing wall that is solid, and the sound of the non-load-bearing wall is deafening.

In fact, what is a load-bearing wall and what is a non-load-bearing wall? These are all old-fashioned questions, and I just found these answers on the Internet. ?

But the reason we still want to mention is that we have to decorate ourselves, or we have invited friends from a professional decoration team. Don't just stare at the functional area we want, but ignore the basic question of whether the wall can be removed. ?

Otherwise, it will be willful for a while, causing irreparable hidden dangers.

Safety is really important. After all, this is not just a space that can be cut at will like tofu. You have to live in your home for ten, eight or even a lifetime. We should treat it well. ?

6. How to avoid the secondary damage of furniture? ?

After talking about the wall structure, let's talk about the possible damage caused by furniture. ?

Large and tall furniture, such as wardrobes, bookcases, display cabinets, etc. Once you want to buy wall connection fittings, nail the cupboard to the wall. ?

Not only for earthquake prevention, but also for the safety of children.

Baby strollers and wheelbarrows, make sure you step on the brakes when not in use, or have hidden them in the cupboard.

I hope the friends in Sichuan and Xinjiang are safe!

This answer comes from living well with users, many decoration strategies and home experience. Welcome to the Life Good APP.