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What is a WIG aircraft?
The ground effect in aircraft is a new type of high-speed aircraft between aircraft, ships and hovercraft. Different from ordinary aircraft, WIG aircraft mainly fly in the ground effect zone, that is, near the ground and water surface, while aircraft mainly fly outside the ground effect zone; Different from hovercraft, hovercraft generates air cushion by its own power, and ground-effect aircraft generates air cushion by ground effect. Wing-in-ground effect aircraft, also known as wing-in-ground effect aircraft, is an aircraft that uses wing-in-ground effect to fly, and it is an aircraft that combines the characteristics of ordinary aircraft and hovercraft. In the1980s, the former Soviet Union experimented with jet-propelled Ekranopland, which is such an aircraft. Its ultimate flying weight can reach 1000 metric tons, and it was also secretly tested during the Cold War. It is called Ekranoplan by the United States. Most wing-to-ground effect machines are designed to run on the water surface, because the water surface is smoother than the ground, with fewer obstacles, which is not only less dangerous, but also can bear the weight of the body by using the buoyancy of the water surface when not running. It's also easier to take off. Physicist Stanley Hooke put forward a very huge concept of wing-ground effect machine, with a total weight of 2000 metric tons. This plane can transport more than 1000 passengers to and from the destination at high speed and low price. Hovercraft is often called wing ground effect machine or ground effect machine, but it is actually wrong. perform
High-speed ground effect aircraft
It has a heavy load, good stealth effect and excellent seaworthiness. It can fly close to the ground or the surface of the sea, desert or swamp, can use the blind area of radar to approach the target quietly and quickly, can be used for surprise landing, and can easily cross the coast to land obstacles and mines.
Edit this flight principle.
When the moving enclave affects the plane
When the walker flies near the ground or water surface, the airflow will flow backward and downward after passing through the wing, and at this time, the ground or water surface will produce a reaction force. When it flies at a height equal to or less than 1/2 span from the water surface, the pressure difference between the whole body will increase, the lift will suddenly increase, and the resistance will decrease, preventing the wing of the aircraft from falling. This physical phenomenon, which can reduce the induced drag of aircraft and obtain a higher lift-drag ratio than that of air flight, is called ground effect by scientists, and thus opens up the ground effect flight technology.
The advantages of editing this paragraph.
quick
Because it flies on the water, its speed is 10 times or even more than 10 times that of ordinary ships and more than 3 times that of hovercraft.
High security
The WIG aircraft flies at a low altitude of 1~6 meters above the water, and can land on the water at any time in case of emergency. Militarily, the other side can be used to detect the blind area of radar, making it difficult for the other side to find it and avoiding the attack of the other side's shipboard and air defense firepower.
wave resistance
Minicomputers can resist waves of about 1 m, medium-sized machines can resist waves of about 3 m, and mainframes don't have to worry too much about waves of 5 m. On land, it can easily fly over deserts, swamps and snow, and if necessary, it can fly to a height of tens of meters or even thousands of meters.
The design and manufacturing cost is lower than that of aircraft.
The price is about 50%~60% of the same class of aircraft, which is much higher than the cost-effectiveness ratio of buying an aircraft or a warship. In addition, the WIG aircraft can also use flaps to retreat freely, hover and take off and land vertically, and use the WIG aircraft militarily.
Landing, landing and anti-submarine warfare will be very effective means.
WIG aircraft are widely used.
In the military field, WIG aircraft can be used not only to attack enemy ships and carry out landing operations, but also to carry out tasks such as transporting weapons and equipment, quickly laying mines and clearing mines, and also to provide emergency medical care for naval forces. In the civil field, WIG aircraft can be used not only for passenger and cargo transportation, but also for resource exploration, search and rescue, tourism, alternative transportation of offshore fishing boats and drilling platforms, communication support and postal services. It is economical and safe to use for transoceanic transportation. It is predicted that the appearance of WIG aircraft will lead to the revolution of maritime transportation in 2 1 century. Although the WIG aircraft has a bright future, there are still many technical obstacles to its development.
Edit the military function of this paragraph
Good maneuverability, direct assault landing.
The good maneuverability of WIG aircraft is reflected in its versatility and amphibious nature. The speed of WIG aircraft is 10- 15 times faster than that of ordinary ships and 3-5 times faster than that of most high-speed ships. Because it is not in direct contact with the water surface during cruising flight, the resistance is greatly reduced and the maneuverability is improved during sailing. The flying height and speed can be flexibly adjusted according to the needs, and the landing craft and hovercraft can successfully cross the vertical obstacles specially set up, and are not limited by sea areas, coasts and complex terrain, which better solves the problem that ordinary drainage landing craft has high requirements on landing site conditions and cannot directly transport landing soldiers to land; Solve the problem that landing soldiers need to move and disperse near the shore, wade across the beach on foot and form an attack battle formation, which is easy to cause heavy casualties. Landing soldiers, equipped with ground effect aircraft, can go beyond the transfer area of conventional landing operations from the other side's fire range at any place, time and relatively complex terrain conditions, ignore various obstacles in the water and on the ground, rush to the enemy line at high speed, and directly land and attack the enemy shore. For example, the Russian "Oran" WIG aircraft has a cruising speed of 450-550 km/h, and can take off and land in sea conditions with a wave height of 3.2- 1.5 m, transporting 400-850 soldiers and several tanks. However, if you land on the beach, the WIG aircraft has the advantage of high speed, but because of this, it is necessary to make a large area of water on the beach full of ships before landing. Therefore, there are still certain restrictions on direct surprise landing.
Good concealment and strong penetration.
The WIG aircraft combines the advantages of ships and airplanes, and is high-speed, concealed and aggressive. It can not only fly at high speed, but also make effective use of radar blind spots, making it difficult for the other side to find footprints. It can not only maneuver in the water, attack from the water surface and water, but also fly close to the sea surface and carry out precise strikes. This unique advantage and powerful penetration ability are far from being compared with ordinary combat ships and aircraft. Because of its small size, flexible operation and good maneuverability, it is not easy to be discovered by the enemy. Before landing operations, the WIG aircraft can carry reconnaissance, attack and special forces, and use the bad weather to maneuver secretly to complete various tactical tasks.
Large bearing capacity and high guarantee efficiency.
Compared with ordinary aircraft, the weight of WIG aircraft is staggering, thus filling the blank of sea and air transport. The WIG aircraft can quickly transport 100 to 1000 soldiers and several tanks at a time, which makes a landing craft far behind. Take the ground effect aircraft carrier being developed in the United States as an example. It is the size of a destroyer and can carry 405 tons of cargo. It can carry 400 soldiers, 16 helicopter, dozens of cars and artillery at a time. The full-load cruising radius is about 6350 km, and the maximum cruising speed is 470 km/h. Because of the special performance of WIG aircraft, it has the characteristics of free entry and exit and fast loading of materials without port and dock. Moreover, because of its wide deck, heavy load and high transportation efficiency, it can not only complete amphibious tasks, but also give full play to its advantages, and can be used for the front and rear transportation of various combat materials and personnel for rapid support. Equipped with a special reconnaissance unit, sneak into the vicinity of the enemy obstacle area in the dark night and bad weather, scout and destroy the enemy's coastal defense deployment, and guide the target to carry out air strikes.
Engineers in the water, clear obstacles
Because of its high speed and heavy load, WIG aircraft fully meets the requirements of modern landing operations and the development trend of future vehicles. The load capacity of the famous Boeing 747 aircraft is only 20% of its own weight, while the load capacity of the WIG aircraft can reach 50% of its own weight. The WIG aircraft can carry a large number of anti-mine systems and engineering units, which can not only clear obstacles in the water, but also cross mine obstacle areas and directly enter the water beach obstacle areas to open access. When sailing in the water, the pressure on the water is small, and it will not be hurt by obstacles with less explosive force such as acoustic thunder, hydraulic thunder, magnetic thunder and anchor thunder. It has the characteristics of super draft, fast still water, small underwater physical field and insensitivity to underwater explosion. Even if the mine explodes, the damage degree of the WIG aircraft will be much smaller than that of other drainage ships because of its decompression and riot prevention function, so it can enter the complex minefield to clear all kinds of obstacles in the water.
Cruise speed is high, and quick attack operations are carried out.
The speed of ordinary ships is generally about 30 knots, hovercraft is 40- 140 knots, and WIG aircraft is as high as 100-320 knots. When flying completely out of the water, the speed can be comparable to that of a helicopter. For example, the "Ekranoplan" WIG aircraft currently equipped by the Russian army is equipped with 10 engine, cruising altitude 10 meter and speed of 400 kilometers per hour. It can fly with 500 soldiers at low altitude, glide on water, cross sand dunes, swamps and other tasks to search for submarines and transport equipment, and can attack several Qian Qian meters.
Good seaworthiness and multi-purpose landing operation.
In the future, WIG aircraft will comprehensively use various stealth technologies to reduce the physical signal characteristics such as radar, infrared, sound, light and electromagnetism, and apply more advanced integrated electric superconducting propulsion system to eliminate noise and reduce infrared radiation, thus greatly improving the stealth ability, rapid maneuverability and penetration ability of WIG aircraft; Equip air, sea and ground weapons and equipment to carry out dynamic strikes; It has many functions such as docking, retrogression, vertical take-off and landing. Armed with missiles, it can carry out all-round rapid attacks. Because of the above characteristics, WIG aircraft will be widely used for landing, landing, transportation and replenishment, anti-ship operations, anti-submarine warfare, mine clearance and reconnaissance patrol in future wars. It can not only take off and land on the water, but also fly stably on the water below the wave height 1.5 meters, fly over general ground traffic obstacles, and cross deserts, swamps, rivers and snow. It can fly over the sea, rivers and lakes, slide on the water and fly at low altitude on the ground, ice or snow.
Edit this paragraph for rescue purposes.
WIG aircraft can be used for dry sea rescue, which can respond quickly, arrive at the scene of the accident in time, and land on the water to save people. The "Lifeguard" WIG aircraft under construction in Russia is equipped with a complete set of medical equipment such as operating room, rehabilitation room and burn center, which can be equipped with 150 beds and carry 500 lightly injured people or 700-800 people waiting for rescue. In addition, WIG aircraft can also be used for maritime search and anti-submarine warfare, and the search efficiency far exceeds that of any other maritime aircraft.
Close-up of "Ekranoplan" (20 photos) Russia has developed the secret ground effect aircraft "Ekranoplan". As early as the early 1980s, American spy planes had noticed a strange flying object on the ground over the Soviet Union. It flew over the Caspian Sea at an incredible speed, with a very low altitude, which could not be detected by any radar. American military experts named this flying object "Ekranoplan". Russia calls this flying body "ground effect aircraft" or "ground curtain aircraft". Structurally, it is an airplane, but it sticks to the ground. It uses the ground effect to form an air drum under the fuselage and moves with the plane. The corresponding bearing surface of triangle enhances this effect. Because there is no influence on the "air volume", the mobile efficiency is 40% higher than that of conventional aircraft under the same take-off weight. The huge jet engine obliquely shoots the inhaled air under the front support surface, thus strengthening the role of this kind of aircraft. Real flight depends on other engines installed at the tail. This WIG aircraft can not only fly on water, land anywhere and take off again, but also cross the frozen tundra. It is not disturbed by waves, tides or even minefields. Russia has made a variety of models, which can not only move at the height of 10 meters. And it can reach a height of more than 3000 meters when necessary. WIG aircraft are equipped with cruise missiles or rockets carrying nuclear warheads. With a voyage of 7,500 kilometers, Ekranoplan can transport 850 soldiers around the world at a speed of 800 kilometers per hour without being detected by any radar. As early as 1975, the German Federal Intelligence Agency knew that there was a Ekranoplan model with a take-off weight of 500 tons. With a wingspan of 50 meters, it can carry about 200 tons. In order to prove that the WIG aircraft being built for civil rescue is credible, people have shown a strictly confidential flight film, which no one has seen so far. This civilian "ground effect aircraft" developed by Russia was originally built for military purposes, but the rocket launcher on it and the military instruments installed inside it have been cancelled. The plane's military instruments have also been cancelled. This kind of plane is 100 meter long and its tail is as wide as a football field, and its total weight should reach 400 tons. Propeller is 8 jet engines, which is the largest jet engine that Russian aircraft manufacturing industry can provide.
Russia restarts powerful equipment department of "Ekranoplan" project.
According to a report by the Russian Interfax news agency on July 20th10/5th, the Central Design Bureau of alekseev, Russia, will restart the development and testing of the Ekranoplan WIG aircraft in the near future. Yevgeny Meleshko, head of the quality department of the Design Bureau, revealed that the Russian government has ordered the resumption of the development of this unique aircraft to equip powerful Russian departments. Meleshko said that during the period of 20 10-20 1 1, the main design work will be carried out, and the take-off and landing from 20 12 will enter a more detailed second stage, during which the test work will be started and a "sufficiently large aircraft" will be built. In this process, most experts from Aleksev Central Design Bureau will participate in the development of Ekranoplan WIG aircraft. The former Soviet Union started the research and development of ground effect aircraft in 1957, and the project was terminated in the early 1990s. During this period, the former Soviet Union built about 30 WIG aircraft. This kind of aircraft mainly uses the "wing-ground effect" to achieve high-speed flight. The so-called "wing-ground effect" refers to the effect that the induced drag of the wing decreases, the lift-drag ratio increases and the lift is significantly improved during the low-altitude flight and take-off and landing. A large number of wind tunnel tests show that the ground effect is the most obvious when the wing height from the ground is 15% of the wing length, and the lift-drag ratio of the wing can be increased by more than 30%. This area is called the ground effect area. The plane flying in geozone seems to be gently lifted by a mysterious force. Unlike hovercraft and other ships sailing on water, "ground effect aircraft" can reach a very high flight speed-more than 250 knots. In 1960s, Aleksev Central Design Bureau developed an experimental WIG aircraft and tested it on the Caspian Sea (called Ekranoplan by western intelligence agencies). The aircraft built at that time had a wingspan of 37.6 meters, a length of about 100 meters, a maximum takeoff weight of 544 tons and a payload of about 200 tons. However, due to a serious accident at 1980, the authorities finally decided to give up the plan. The former Soviet Union also developed a ground-effect wing ship called "Harrier" (only one ship was built and retired from the Black Sea Fleet in the 1990s). Six oblique SS-N-22 anti-ship missile launchers are installed at the rear, and a large radome is installed at the vertical tail, which can not only attack large surface ships such as aircraft carriers, but also directly attack enemy shore-based important targets. Military experts pointed out that WIG aircraft have many navigation modes, such as water surface, WIG zone and high altitude. Flexible use, fast speed and long battery life are very suitable for carrying out various tasks such as anti-submarine, air defense, mine clearance and mine laying. In addition, the WIG aircraft has good maneuverability, its directional controllability and motion stability are better than that of the aircraft, its pilots do not need special training, and its maintenance is simpler and more convenient than that of the aircraft. In particular, the WIG aircraft has a high lift-drag ratio when flying in the ground effect zone, and its fuel consumption is more than 30% lower than that of ordinary aircraft under the same load and flight speed, so it has good economy and voyage. Ekranoplan Ekranoplan (Russian: экраноплан) is a ground effect aircraft designed by Aleksev Central Design Bureau of the former Soviet Union. In the 1980s, during a photo reconnaissance of the Caspian military base of the former Soviet Union, American spy satellites found that they were secretly trying something strange that looked like both an airplane and a ship. Unlike seaplanes, it sails at high speed almost close to the water surface. The West gave it a name-"Ekranoplan". After the end of the cold war, a large number of data were decrypted and the truth came out. It turns out that the "Ekranoplan" secretly developed by the former Soviet Union is a wing-in-ground effect ship. The so-called "ground effect" is the abbreviation of ground effect, which means that the ground produces an effect of reducing the induced drag of the wing, increasing the lift-drag ratio and significantly improving the lift of the aircraft during low-altitude flight and take-off and landing. A large number of wind tunnel tests show that the ground effect is the most obvious when the wing height from the ground is 15% of the wing length, and the lift-drag ratio of the wing can be increased by more than 30%. This area is called the ground effect area. The aircraft flying in the geo-effect zone seems to be gently lifted by a mysterious force, so some people call it "the hand of God". With a voyage of 7,500 kilometers, Ekranoplan can transport 850 soldiers around the world at a speed of 800 kilometers per hour without being detected by any radar. As early as 1975, the German Federal Intelligence Agency knew that there was a Ekranoplan model with a takeoff weight of 500. With a wingspan of 50 meters, it can carry about 200 tons.
Edit this passage made in China.
The father of China WIG aircraft is Sydney, who graduated from Tsinghua University. 1998 is a historic year in the development of China WIG aircraft. In the first half of this year, 12 Albatross 3 (XTW-3) continued its sea trial in the waters near Beihai Port in Guangxi. In the second half of the year, China Institute of Science and Technology Development demonstrated DXF 100 15 WIG aircraft (boat) at the press conference held in Zhanghe Reservoir, Jingmen, Hubei. In February, 65438, the 15 dynamic air cushion wing-in-ground effect ship (boat) Swan (model 75 1) also made a water skimming demonstration at the press conference held by Shanghai Shipbuilding Industry Corporation in Dianshan Lake, Shanghai, and announced that it passed a series of tests and was accepted by China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation. What is more gratifying is that the "Albatross" type 4 20-seat aluminum alloy hydrofoil developed by China Ship Science Research Center organized by China State Shipbuilding Corporation entered the final assembly at Qiuxin Shipyard on 1998, and it is expected to be completed on 1999 and start the sea trial. This series of achievements has made the development of WIG aircraft in China a gratifying step towards practicality, engineering and commercialization. The above boats are all 12 ~ 20 passenger ships, weighing 4 ~ 8 tons, and generally belong to small wing-in-ground effect ships of the same class. However, different aerodynamic layout structures, different main hull lines, main wing sections and shapes, different structural materials and technological measures, different propeller matching devices and different take-off and landing schemes are adopted. The further optimization of operating water needs to be observed gradually in practice. In recent years, relying on domestic technical strength, we have fully absorbed technical reserves such as aviation technology, pneumatic technology, aero-engine technology, air cushion technology and high-performance overall technology. After a lot of arduous and intense research experiments, technical research and design calculation, we have made different degrees of technical progress in design and technology, accumulated various successful experiences and setbacks, and formed three technical teams with their own strengths and characteristics in the competition. There is no formal classification specification document for design and construction of WIG at home and abroad. Starting from 1990, China Classification Society sent the drawing review center of Shanghai Ship Inspection Bureau to participate in the drawing review of Albatross 2, and then participated in the drawing review of Albatross 3, 4, 75 1 and DXF 100. 1June, 1995, a special communication group for wing-in-ground effect ship safety was established, and the Subcommittee on Design Equipment of the International Maritime Organization was informed. Our expert group will participate in the international working group on the preparation of safety requirements for WIG ships. With the support and participation of China's WIG R&D units, Shanghai Ship Inspection Bureau published the WIG Inspection Guide at the beginning of 1998, which was compiled into the guiding document of China Classification Society GD0 10-98. Although there are still many problems to be discussed in the content and the regulations are not perfect and authoritative, this document also reflects the progress of our country's WIG technology and related work, fills the gap and improves our country's technical status in the International Maritime Organization. WIG aircraft is a new type of water vehicle that faces the market and serves the battlefield in 2 1 century, and it is also an important goal of high-tech industrialization with the prospect of combining military and civilian and transforming peacetime and wartime. However, we must be soberly aware that the development of WIG ships in China is still in the primary stage, and we should not be blindly optimistic and overestimate the ability to develop practical ships. The noteworthy problems are as follows: (1) In order to improve commercialization, several types of boats that have been tested in the inner lake area or offshore area have entered practical engineering technology. For example, keep stable maneuverability under various sea conditions and working conditions, reduce the vibration and noise of the whole boat, heat insulation and fire prevention measures, practical measures for launching and landing, etc. It must be thoroughly solved, and some need to increase basic theoretical research. (2) Safe navigation in bad weather, especially in complicated conditions with wind and waves at sea. In this respect, it is necessary to further solve the seakeeping to meet the requirements of annual operation time or offshore operation. Therefore, the depth and breadth of the test should be increased, and all design parameters must be strictly examined and verified under the test outline developed by users in order to obtain guaranteed performance. (3) Comparison with civil aircraft, high-speed cars, trains and other high-performance ships. In order for WIG aircraft to truly occupy the market in the future modern means of transportation, great efforts must be made in economy, safety and comfort. It is necessary to improve the aircraft's own technology from the technical and economic indicators such as lift-drag ratio, weight ratio of carrying boat, fuel consumption per passenger kilometer, and also include the areas where new ship types need to be improved. (4) Most ground-effect aircraft developed in China still use Lycoming series piston engines imported from the United States. Only swans are made in China, and some ships have imported propellers, transmission shafts and composite materials. How to fully localize in the future has to be put on the agenda. (5) In recent years, foreign countries, not only Russia, have also made great progress in the development of ground-effect aircraft, and they also show many characteristics. On the basis of domestic self-reliance research, we should extensively absorb and learn from foreign advanced technologies to avoid repeating the mistakes or detours of other countries, and carry out exchanges and cooperation in various ways. Moreover, only by accurately understanding the development level of foreign countries can we correctly evaluate the technical level that China has reached at present. It seems that all this needs to be solved by the research and development unit of WIG and its leading department, and needs the cooperation of other supporting industrial departments, shipping and tourism departments, military and marine management departments, adopting a more reasonable mechanism, strengthening organization and leadership, and making joint efforts to build a new generation of WIG in 2 1 century.
Edit the latest progress of this paragraph.
1 and tianyi-1 -DF- 100 are the first generation of practical ground effect aircraft in China, which are manufactured by Hongtu Aircraft Factory by the ground effect aircraft research center of China Institute of Science and Technology Development in combination with the overall design of the 605th Institute of China Aviation Industry Corporation and the partial design of the 70th1Institute of China Aerospace Industry Corporation. The chief commander is Sydney, the chief engineer is Gu Songfen and Cui Erjie, and the deputy chief engineers are Chen Hongruo and Song Mingde. DF- 100 was successfully developed on 1995, and 10/0 was successfully tested in Zhanghe Reservoir, Jingmen City, Hubei Province. R&D and its application process: 1995 was established, and 1998 developed the first prototype. In 2000, it was put into commercial operation in cooperation with Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province. Visitors can visit Taihu Lake by ground effect aircraft. DF- 100 is mainly used for commercial operation and can carry 15 passengers. Equipped with two 300-horsepower aero engines, the length is16.15m, the height is 4.9 1 m, the width is10.98m, and the maximum horizontal flying speed is 200km/h. Payload 1 125 kg, cruising altitude 0.6- 1.2 m, and flying wave-resistance height 0.9-1.4 m. As a new type of transportation, WIG aircraft has high speed, no danger of high-altitude accidents, no need to build an airport, and can fly smoothly and comfortably in rivers. 2. Kitty Hawk is the first amphibious ground-effect aircraft used for transportation and landing in the former Soviet Union. Its chief designer is Aleksev, produced by Nizhny Novgorod Shipyard. The aircraft was designed in the 1960s and made its first flight at 1972. I'm not modest either. It's online.
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