Tell me what you think of Zhuge Liang!

"Bright, dijon is long, the tower is short. Managing people's work is better than strategy. " This is the evaluation of Prime Minister Zhuge Liang by Chen Shou, the author of Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Is it possible to sum up the merits and demerits of Zhuge Liang's life? It is precisely because of this great historian's nonsense judgment that later some people dared to say that Kong Ming "fought conservatively and militarily". Nonsense: Kong Ming is too conservative in the battle. He only knew that Xu Tu was advancing slowly, but he didn't know that the fighting was unexpected. If Wei Yan's suggestion is adopted, Shu Han's ambition of "winning the Central Plains and restoring the Han Dynasty" may be realized! I don't think so: the world understood the situation at that time (including Chen Shou).

Let me see: Liu Xian is in charge. In order to avenge the death of General Guan Yu and the fall of Jingzhou, he took soldiers from all over the country and launched an eastward expedition against Sun Wu. At first, he was like a bamboo pole, winning one after another, but in the end he was defeated because of strategic mistakes. 600,000 troops were burned by Wu Dong general Lu Xun, and almost all of them were wiped out. He just escaped to Bai Di by light bike. Liu's momentary anger not only sacrificed his accumulated half-life fighting capital, but also greatly damaged his vitality, making him the worst country among the three countries, and he failed to recover his vitality until his demise.

If Liu Bei had been sober-minded, accepted Soochow's surrender, recovered Jingxiang's land, and reconciled with Soochow, then Longzhong's right decision would have been possible. However, with the death of Guan Yu, the loss of Jingzhou and the defeat of Yiling ... Shu Han faced one blow after another, and could no longer win the Central Plains and restore the Han Dynasty.

After Liu Bei's defeat, Prime Minister Zhuge Liang made every effort to form an army of 654.38+10,000 people, 654.38+10,000 ... This is nothing compared with the 600,000 completed by Liu Bei. It is this 65,438+10,000-strong army that Kong Ming once captured Meng Huo seven times and left Qishan six times. In the end, although he failed and died in Wuzhangyuan, he defended the attack, which prevented Wei Jun from attacking Shu and maintained the military balance among the three countries.

Zhuge Liang dared not adopt Wei Yan's suggestion, but Wei Yan's method was too risky. Looking at the forces of the three kingdoms at that time: Cao Wei had recovered from the defeat of Chibi, with about 500 thousand to 600 thousand elite soldiers; Sun Wu's fresh troops are no less than two or three hundred thousand; Before the defeat of Yiling, the strength of Shu Han was not weak, even stronger than that of Cao Wei and Soochow. However, of the 600,000 troops, only100,000 were available in the whole country. How dare he take risks easily?

Wei Yan suggested: "An army went out to praise China, along the east of Qinling Mountains and the meridian valley in the north; But 10, we can go to Chang 'an. The prime minister drove troops from the oblique valley, and some came from the east: if you do this, you will be west of Xianyang! "

Although Wei Yan's suggestion is reasonable, it is not difficult to find out from the analysis of the actual situation at that time that it is not in line with the strength of Shu Han. Shu Han was originally short of troops, so it was impossible to divide another 100,000 soldiers as surprise soldiers to achieve the goal of complementarity: you divide your soldiers, the enemy divides their soldiers, and finally the enemy becomes strong. Besides, Zhuge Liang has only one elite teacher, so it's good to win. If the raiders in the valley are ambushed and wiped out, he can't stand such a blow anymore and can't afford to play.

Looking at Wei Yan's Indiana Jones plan, it turned out to be just a military microcosm of Zhuge Liang's strategy of "one army staying in Wanluo and one army staying in Qinchuan". Such a suggestion, if it was in line with our own national strength and national conditions, should have been used long ago with Kong Ming's talent.

When Zhuge Liang was a teacher, he could say that he "worked hard until he died" and had expressed his inner world to the world. At that time, he may have seen the situation clearly: Cao Wei was so powerful that it was impossible to destroy Cao Wei Group with the power of Shu Han and realize his grand wish of "winning the Central Plains and restoring the Han Dynasty". However, he didn't give up, and he didn't want to let go of any hope. He hopes that he can make up for the lack of strength of Shu Han with his own wisdom. However, the reincarnation of heaven has made it impossible to revive the Han Dynasty. Although Cao Wei was a thief, it was impossible to destroy the Han Dynasty. For the rest of his military career, he traveled only to support the sky by himself.

Zhuge Liang is not short-sighted, but incompetent for his job. He has no capital to risk Indiana Jones. This is a failure, a human error!

Chen's words are absurd and heretical! ! !

How high is Zhuge Liang's military talent?

Zhuge Liang's military ability-this is the most controversial issue. In fact, there is no need to argue about this issue. In authoritative dictionaries such as Ci Hai and Encyclopedia Britannica, only two people mentioned the great "home" in the Three Kingdoms period: one was Cao Cao, a politician, strategist and writer (or poet), and the other was Zhuge Liang, a politician and strategist. So, why is there an argument? This is because subverting history has become a feature of historians and their fans today-many historical figures have been evaluated for hundreds or even thousands of years. If you don't subvert history and disagree with the traditional historical evaluation, how can you make a blockbuster and attract attention? Therefore, I must find some benefits for historical figures who can't speak well in the past (such as Yang Di, Qin Gui and Li Hongzhang); I must also find something wrong with the historical figures (such as Yue Fei and Zhuge Liang) agreed in the past. Thus, historians are no longer the yamen of Qingshui, but they can still become the people who get rich first. However, can history be subverted at will?

First of all, as a military theorist, Zhuge Liang's military writings are unparalleled in the Three Kingdoms period: the southern expedition, the northern expedition, the military essentials, biographies, military orders (upper, middle and lower) and so on. In "Gangwon", "the husband is eager to learn the truth, but the military well does not draw; Rations are not ripe, not hungry; Arms don't get cold before things happen; Not enough military curtains, not sleepy. The words "No fan in summer, no shelter from rain, and companionship with others" have been regarded as the motto of military commanders in past dynasties (including people of insight in other industries);

Secondly, Zhuge Liang was the best military inventor in the Three Kingdoms period. He deduced the Eight Arrays Diagram, which reached the peak of China's traditional military array method. He invented the wooden ox and flowing horse, which was the most advanced means of transportation for military logistics supply at that time; He was the most lethal long-range weapon at that time, and his invention was unparalleled at that time.

Of course, in such a war-torn era of regime change, whether you are a strategist or not depends mainly on his military practice, that is, whether you have fought with all soldiers and his record. Talking about this, I can't help but make a comment first:

Ever since Professor Yi Zhongtian of Xiamen University became very close to Cao Cao (in fact, this so-called "affinity" is not necessarily true, and its purpose is nothing more than pretending to be amazing in order to attract attention), Jia Xu and Guo Jia have been wildly boasted in CCTV- 10 Lecture Room, and their so-called military talents have been praised by many fans and some listeners who are satisfied with a little knowledge. I don't deny that they are indeed important advisers of Cao Wei Group, who have planned significant strategies for Cao Cao on many key occasions and issues. But it's not surprising that people who didn't have universally recognized military theory works like Sun Wu, who didn't command troops on the battlefield and personally commanded wars, became "military wizards". Tian Feng, Jushou and even Chen Gong, under Lu Bu in Yuan Shao camp, made accurate and good analysis and suggestions for their owners, but Yuan Shao and Lu Bu were not wise leaders, so the talents of these counselors were ignored by future generations. In fact, they are not as good as Jia Xu and Guo Jia except that they can't choose a wise Lord! Guo Jia did give Cao Cao a lot of good ideas, but not every victory of Cao Cao originated from Guo Jia's strategy: for example, in the battle of Guandu, when he was at loggerheads with Yuan Shao, Cao Cao wanted to retreat, but Yu Xun, not Guo Jia, stopped him. What's more, even if Guo Jia were here, Cao Cao was not defeated. For example, Puyang was defeated by Lu Bu, Wancheng was defeated by Zhang Xiu, and Liu Biao, Zhang Xiu and Jia Xu were recruited. Why did Yi Zhongtian turn a blind eye to this? Jia Xu, too, Cao Caozheng Wancheng defeated Zhang Xiu, and Jia Xu had no choice but to surrender. After Zhang Xiu rebelled against Cao Cao, he attached himself to Liu Biao. Cao Cao went to the army to break it. Jia Xu is also helpless. Cao Cao retired because Yuan Shao captured several capitals. At this time, Jia Xu's inspiration came, which led to "Jia Wenhe expected the enemy to win" (at this point, the description in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms is basically the same as that in the History of the Three Kingdoms). Why does Yi Zhongtian only mention the "expected enemy victory" behind him but avoid talking about what he can do in front of him? Guo Jia or Jia Xu, if you have any ideas, can make suggestions to Cao Cao. If they have no ideas, they can keep silent and let others make suggestions. Besides, Cao Cao himself is resourceful. Zhuge Liang is different. Liu Bei should ask Zhuge Liang about big things and small feelings, and Zhuge Liang should give whatever he wants. Is it better or worse? Ma Su's advice to Zhuge Liang is always accurate. If he didn't guard the street pavilion later, can he also be called "a natural military wizard whose military ability surpasses Zhuge Liang"? If it can be regarded as a military wizard only on paper, then Zhao Kuo can be called "the first military wizard in the world". Sean, one of three outstanding heroes of early han dynasty, was not called a strategist or a "military wizard". Jia and Guo are called "military wizards", which is really a "military anecdote". In Romance of the Three Kingdoms * Pang Tong, Chen Shou said: "Chen is mainly about Xun, and he is right. Is the country evil?" -Pang Tong and Yu Xun (called "my ovary" by Cao Cao) are neck and neck, and Fa Zheng is on an equal footing with Cheng Yu and Guo Jia-even Pang Tong and Yu Xun are above Guo Jia, not to mention Jia Xu.

In order to "compete" with Zhuge Liang, some people also talked about Zhou Yu and Sima Yi. However, did they "compete"?

At most, Zhou Yu fought a tough battle of "Battle of Red Cliffs", or at his own "home". Even Battle of Red Cliffs didn't fight alone: "The right ... is to send Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu, Lu Su and other 30,000 water troops to show respect for the late master (Liu Bei) and reject Tsao Gong. Tso Gong was defeated in Chibi ... "-"The History of the Three Kingdoms * Zhuge Liang Biography "; "Right then sent more than, etc. And (Liu) are preparing to rebel against Tsao Gong. When it came to Chibi ... the army retreated and protected the Confederate army. Prepare * * * to chase after Yu et al.)-"The reflection * Zhou Yuchuan". No matter from which information, Battle of Red Cliffs was not played by Zhou Yu alone. Zhou Yu's contribution is really great, but it can't be all on his head;

As for the comparison between Sima Yi and Zhuge Liang, let's take a look at how Zhang Yan, a neutral person outside the Shu, Han and Wei Dynasties, evaluated it-"Notes on the Three Kingdoms of Pei Songzhi * Biography of Zhuge Liang": "Zhang Yan of Wu Dahong wrote in" Memories "that the book" Essays on Liang and Sima Xuan "said: ... The Wei family crossed the middle earth, and the Liu family was in Yizhou, which was called the overlord of the world. Zhuge and Sima were honored by the international community, known by the Lord, or made contributions, or registered in Iraq and Romania. Pi, the equipment is absent, and the successor system is appointed by Bao, assisting the young master and living up to his promise. He is also a minister of a country and a sage of overlord. Looking at recent events through past lives, we can draw the advantages and disadvantages of the two phases and explain them in detail.

Kong Ming rose from the land of Bashu, followed by the land of a state, and became a big country on one side, covering one-ninth of the military and civilians. However, he paid tribute to Dawu and defended the enemy in the north, which made the agricultural war orderly and the criminal law neat. Tens of thousands of soldiers marched in Qishan, so they had Yinmahe and Luo Zhizhi.

Zhong Da is ten times the size of the world, and it is a fortified city. It has no intention of being an enemy, so it is just to protect itself and let him know that he has come and gone. This man will not die, so he will think about it for several years. When he plans, it will be cool and harmonious. China will not put his saddle on, and the outcome has been decided. "

"There are fewer talents in Zhong Da today than in Kongming"-this is an objective evaluation!

Let's get down to business and talk about Zhuge Liang's military practice and achievements. As far as Wen Tao's military strategy is concerned, Cao Cao was second to none in the Three Kingdoms period, but after Zhuge Liang came out to assist Liu Bei, Cao Cao did not take any advantage. With Zhuge Liang's assistance, Liu Bei changed from "not being good at fighting, losing every battle and overwhelming with death" (Notes on the Three Kingdoms of Pei Songzhi) to being invincible. Kong Ming not only helped Liu Bei "take Jingzhou first, then Sichuan" when the world was basically divided up, but also realized the prophecy in Longzhong Dui. Some scholars even led hundreds of thousands of troops to help Chibi break Cao, and directly took Chengdu from Jingzhou, which made Cao Wei, a powerful northern expedition, feel uneasy all day long. Besides, his opponents are very strong. Needless to say, Cao Wei Group is the Yizhou Liu Zhang, who has lived in Sichuan and Sichuan for a long time and has been a local strongman for generations. It is also a terrain that is easy to defend but difficult to attack, and Zhuge Liang can also help Liu Bei win the battle (Sichuan, Sichuan and Pang Tong are meritorious deeds, but they died young). It was Zhuge Liang who finally solved the problem. Is this something that "general military capabilities" can do? During the Three Kingdoms period, no one, including Cao Cao, could surpass the era when Zhuge Liang led troops to fight. If his military ability is not good, how can Liu Bei and Liu Chan make him the supreme commander of the army for a long time? Class is over long ago!

Some people (including Yi Zhongtian, who is now on fire) deny Zhuge Liang's military talent according to a sentence in Chen Shou's "The History of the Three Kingdoms", which is really absurd. If you don't say this, as a courtier in the Western Jin Dynasty, can you understand where he would leave his master Xuan Di Sima Yi? Even so, he had to praise Zhuge Liang through Sima Yi's mouth: "The Story of the Three Kingdoms * Zhuge Liang Biography": "When the army retreated, Wang Xuan (Sima Yi) executed his camp and said," What a genius in the world! " "This is not kua zhuge liang's military talent, but kua his political and diplomatic talent?

There are always people who say that Liu Bei won this victory and that victory, but why don't you think about it? Before getting Kong Ming, Liu Bei looked west like a lost dog. After winning Kong Ming, he was invincible, moving from one victory to another. Is it because he suddenly made a start after winning Kong Ming, and it has nothing to do with Kong Ming?

For example, some people say that it was Liu Beigan who set Wang Bo on fire, and it has nothing to do with Zhuge Liang, because Zhuge Liang has not yet come out of the mountain. Is that really the case? Pei Songzhi's Notes on the Three Kingdoms: "Liu Bei was defeated in the 13th year of Jian 'an, and sent Liang to Wu and Liang Jianxing for five years to resist the Northern Expedition. It has been twenty years since he was overthrown. However, the first encounter with light was one year before the defeat. "That is to say, Zhuge Liang was born in the twelfth year of Jian 'an. And "In the 12th year of Jian 'an, Cao Gong went north to levy black pills" (same as above). After Cao Cao went north to levy black pills, Xia Houdun and Yu Jin were defeated by Wang Bo. How can we be sure that Zhuge Liang has nothing to do with burning Wang Bo?

Let's take a look at what the world says about Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang: Notes on the Three Kingdoms of Pei Songzhi: "When Liu Bei attacked Shu, the Prime Minister slapped him and said,' Is Liu Bei useless? If you are not good at fighting, you will be invincible and you will die. Why do you need people? "Scholar Fu Gan said,' Liu Bei is generous and can enlist the financial strength of the people. Zhuge Liang was aware of the change, well-founded, and worked hard for it; Zhang Fei and Guan Yu are brave and loyal, and they are all enemies. What's bad for them? ""A man who is not good at fighting, loses every battle, and is eager for success "has finally become one of the three pillars. Without Zhuge Liang's" conspiracy ",which is not the case!

As early as in "Longzhong Dui", Zhuge Liang said: "... if you have an advantage, you can benefit from it and protect its rock resistance. The west is prosperous, the south is prosperous, the sun quan is outside, and the politics is built inside; If the world changes, a general will be ordered to lead Jingzhou troops to Wan and Luo, and the general will lead Yizhou people out of Qinchuan. Who dares to see the general without eating kettle pulp? "

Then, why did he attack Cao Wei before "the world changed"? Some people say that Zhuge Liang relied on his own belligerence. But the problem can't be seen this way:

After Liu Bei's death, Liu Chan succeeded to the throne. It is well known that this is a fatuous emperor. With Zhuge Liang around, Liu Shu can protect himself, but once Zhuge Liang dies, Liu Shu will inevitably become something in the mouth of others (or Cao Wei or Sun Wu), which is also well known to all. Therefore, Zhuge Liang must complete the great cause of reunification when he is alive, even if he is unable to do so. The so-called "I try my best to die; As for failure and frankness, I don't know. " (Zhuge Liang's "Model").

Knowing this, it is not surprising that Zhuge Liang frequently conquered the strongest Cao Wei with the weakest Liu Shu. However, the weak Shu Han failed to complete the great cause of reunification after all. In this regard, Chen Shou, the author of the Three Kingdoms, believes that "there is a destiny to return to, and there is no wisdom." It should be said that this view is more accurate. However, some people criticized Zhuge Liang's military talent for this. Such people are really superficial!

Napoleon was defeated in the French-Russian war, and the final battle of Waterloo made him powerless to return to heaven, but no one in the world denied his status as a strategist.

Throughout Cao Cao's life, although there were many advisers to advise him, he also suffered repeated defeats and battles, especially after the destruction of Yuan Shao and the capture of Jingzhou, and his strength was the best in the world. However, he was defeated in Chibi, and later he was defeated by Xia's general and Liu Bei in the campaign to levy Hanzhong. But no one denies Cao Cao's status as a strategist;

Zhuge Liang, on the other hand, relied entirely on his own personal wisdom to command thousands of troops in the Western Expedition. More often, he was in the position of defeating the enemy and winning the enemy, but he was still able to attack the city and seize the pass freely. How can he be "mediocre in military ability"? This is a double standard.

What's more, is the Northern Expedition really futile? The first Northern Expedition captured three counties, although they were recovered, but the migrants entered Hanzhong and strengthened their national strength. In the second Northern Expedition, the enemy general Xinmeile Co., Ltd. was beheaded for some reason when withdrawing troops, which scared off Wei Jun. The third Northern Expedition captured Wudu and Yin Ping counties, which expanded the territory of Shu Han. The fourth time, Cao Wei stormed Shu, and Zhuge Liang resisted the strong with weakness, lifted his weight lightly, and defended the enemy from behind, easily repelling Sima Yi's invasion; In the fifth Northern Expedition, Zhuge Liang confronted Sima Yi and achieved the results of "three thousand ranks of armor, five thousand collars of armor and three thousand and one hundred crossbows". When he retired because of poor food and grass, he also shot and killed the famous Zhang He. The sixth Northern Expedition arrived in Weishui, directed at Chang 'an, and fought against 200,000 people with an army of100000, taking the initiative to attack and winning successively. Cao Wei, who has the strongest national strength, and his commander Sima Yi dare not fight. As Zhang Yan mentioned earlier said: "If this person does not die, sticks to his will, keeps thinking for years, and strives for success day by day, it will be cold and harmonious, and China will not put on his saddle, and the situation of victory and defeat has been decided"-if it were not for Zhuge Liang's death and the battle of Wuzhangyuan, the final victory would surely belong to Zhuge Liang.

As for some people who think that Zhuge Liang's reputation is praised by The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, it is even more absurd. The person who said this has neither basic historical knowledge nor basic literary knowledge: "Zhuge's prestige transcends the earth, and there is only reverence for his face." In order to plan the strategy of the world, generations seem to be Luan Feng's Luan Feng. Yi Yin and Lv Shang are neck and neck, and their command of military operations is calm, which makes Xiao He Cao Can far behind. Although I knew that the Han family was hopeless, I still risked my life and left. " Who speaks highly of Zhuge Liang? Poet Du Fu. Could Du Fu in the Tang Dynasty also be influenced by the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms in the Ming Dynasty?

Anyone who has been to Wuhou Temple in Chengdu knows that there is a monument in Chengdu to Wuhou Temple of Zhuge, the Prime Minister of Shu, which was built in the fourth year of Yuanhe (AD 809). The author of the tablet is Du Fei, a famous figure in the middle Tang Dynasty, with outstanding achievements. Liu, a writer, is Liu Gongquan's brother and a great calligrapher, and the seal engraver was the outstanding seal engraver at that time. Because writing, calligraphy and seal cutting have always been called unique, this monument is called the "Three Wonders Monument". Is it also influenced by the romance of the Three Kingdoms? The inscription says: "The Shang father (Jiang Ziya) is Zhou, A Heng (Yi Yin) is Shang Fu, Zhang Zhong and Yan Ying, Zong He and Zhang Liang were born in different generations, so they are reasonable in different places and have a rich meeting." Is such a high evaluation also influenced by the romance of the Three Kingdoms? Actually, to be more accurate, Luo Guanzhong, Mao Zonggang and others were influenced by their predecessors, not the Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Because, after all, people's lives are hundreds of years closer to the Three Kingdoms period than we are.

Finally, let me end this article with another poem from Du Fu's Ode to Zhuge Liang, which reads: "Where is the Hall of Fame? In a pine forest near the Silk City. The steps are dotted with green grass in spring, and birds are chirping happily under the leaves. The third call aggravated his state affairs, and he gave his sincerity to two generations. But before he conquered, he died, and since then the heroes have been crying on their coats. "