Why did the Du Nan Three Cases appear at the time of the demise of the Ming Dynasty?

The Ming Dynasty was a dynasty with frequent major cases and unsolved cases. Exclusion of those once popular in street literature only related to high-level politics, from the four major cases of Hongwu in the early Ming Dynasty (see the four major cases of Hongwu, which are actually quite unjust), to the case of Yongle killing Zhou Xin, the case of Hongzhi Man Cang's son, to the case of Zuo Shunmen in Jiajing period, and the change of Renyin Palace caused by gifts (see? A farce to help Emperor Jiajing "recognize his father"-on the "big gift debate" in Ming Dynasty), four major cases in the late Ming Dynasty (demon case, attack case, red pill case and relocation case). Except for the four major cases of Hongwu in the early Ming Dynasty, which were dominated by Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming Taizu, who was famous for his iron fist, which had little influence on the normal national economy and people's livelihood, almost all other major cases became power struggles of various political forces such as emperors, queens, ministers and eunuchs, which formed serious internal friction. This internal friction greatly affected the cohesion of the high-level officials of the Ming Dynasty, consumed the national strength, damaged the image, and contributed to the final demise of the Ming Dynasty.

In the party struggle in the late Ming Dynasty, the performance of Lindong Party was not as aboveboard as they advertised.

But little known is that in the process of the fall of Beijing and the establishment of Hong Guang court in the south of the Yangtze River by descendants of the Ming Dynasty, they did not forget to continue to carry forward the "fine tradition" of their ancestors-out of the need of political struggle, they created the "Southern Crossing Three Cases", continued their struggle for power and interests, and accelerated the pace of the demise of the Nanming regime.

What we are going to talk about today is the "Du Nan Three Cases" and the party struggle behind it.

A background: Hong Guang's accession to the throne was the result of the struggle between the Lindong parties. In March of the seventeenth year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty, Li Zicheng began to attack Beijing. At this time, Shi Kefa, the minister of Nanjing Ministry of War, vowed to prepare for him. As a result, as soon as he crossed the Yangtze River and arrived in Pukou, the letter of suicide and martyrdom from Chongzhen arrived. After Shi Kefa sent out obituary, he consulted with Nanjing ministers such as Lu Daqi, Zhang, Jiang and James, assistant ministers of the Ministry of War, and wanted to establish a new monarch to safeguard the country. Please note that Shi Kefa invited ministers to discuss * * *, and they are basically members of Lindong Party and Fu She Society.

Just at this time, Zhu Yousong, the axe king of the Ming Dynasty, and Zhu Changfang, the king of Lu, fled to Huai 'an because of the war-the situation was chaotic and beneficial to the first month, so these two princes became the main candidates for the new emperor of Ming Dynasty.

The imperial court in Hong Guang lasted only eight months, so now even Zhu Yousong's portrait can't be found.

Because Zhu Yousong, the axe king, I have to insert a "demon case" here-it is said that Ming Shenzong Wanli was in heat at will, and she was lucky enough to have a maid-in-waiting, and as a result, she gave birth to the emperor's eldest son, Zhu Changluo. Like all people, Emperor Wanli wanted to "kill or bury"-he didn't like it, and planned to make his favorite son Zhu a prince. As a result, it was unanimously opposed by Empress Dowager Cixi and Manchu ministers (mainly Lindong Party), which led to the "national struggle", and then the national struggle led to the demon case.

The demon case * * * appeared twice, and it was suspected that Lindong party member distributed it in the name of "worrying about danger" and "continuing to worry about danger", alluding to the problems of the country and pointing to Zheng Guifei's desire to replace Zhu Changluo as the Prince of the East Palace. These two demon cases finally fell through, but under the constant pressure of one side, Emperor Wanli was forced to seal Zhu as a vassal state, which is the dispute.

After 15 years of national struggle, Zhu Changluo finally won the throne. As a result, this person died before sitting 1 month.

With this historical origin, it is certain that although it is not-but-Baath Party members do not like what Zhu Yousong, the son of Zhu, thinks.

In contrast, Zhu Changfang, the grandson of Ming Taizu Zhu Zaihou and the son of Lu Wang Zhu Yi, is not only one generation older than Zhu Yousong, but also has little relationship with the political forces of all parties in the Ming Dynasty, so he is an ideal candidate for the new monarch.

Therefore, Lu Daqi believes that although Zhu Yousong should be established in personal relations and order, he is drunk and greedy and has a bad character. Once Zhu's descendants come to power, the "three cases" will inevitably be investigated. At that time, no one wants to be an emperor. It is better to let Zhu Changfang be an emperor.

Lu Daqi's opinion was endorsed by Qian, Lei and others. If this result had changed in most of the Ming Dynasty, the opinions of senior civil servants representing the literati class would have basically become the final and decisive opinions-in the case of an empty throne, the only political force that could compete with the literati in the Ming Dynasty might be the stronger queen and eunuch, but now both of them are finished. Who else can, or dare, wrestle with civil servants?

If Chongzhen were alive, Lindong would really have the final say.

Not to mention, there is.

Don't forget, if the party wants to represent the civilian group, it must ask colleagues of Zhejiang Party, Chu Party, Qi Party, Qin Party and Yan Party to agree or disagree, especially Yan Party. Although Wei Zhongxian, the leader of the Yan State Party, was punished after Chongzhen ascended the throne, the remaining party was either brought to justice or dispersed, but as one of the biggest political forces in the late Ming Dynasty, the Yan State Party was still dormant like a hundred-legged worm, waiting for the opportunity to rise.

For example, the prefect of Fengyang, who was stationed in Jiangbei at that time, made friends with Ruan Dacheng and Liu Kongzhao, the remnants of Yan. After learning that the Fu She Party wanted to establish Zhu Changfang as emperor, it immediately contacted the company commanders Liu Liangzuo, Liu Zeqing, Huang Degong, Alex Gao and others to jointly establish Zhu Yousong and make a real move to deter Nanjing.

At this time, although the Qing army had not moved south, the capital of the Ming Dynasty had been captured by Li Zicheng, and Emperor Chongzhen was also killed in battle. However, these Ming dynasty veterans did not set out to avenge and recover lost land. Instead, they were prepared to fight a civil war for power and profit, which really made people speechless.

Fortunately, Shi Kefa and others were wise. They persuaded all officials to welcome Zhu Yousong to Nanjing and called him a supervisor. At the beginning of May, Ma Shiying also enlisted troops to enter Nanjing and led ministers to persuade him to enter Nanjing. On May 15, Zhu Yousong proclaimed himself emperor, and announced that he would change Hong Guang to Emperor Hong Guang the following year.

If there were no Shi Kefa, I'm afraid the adherents of the Ming Dynasty would have fought a civil war long ago.

Ma Shiying was promoted from humble white body to assistant minister of the Ministry of War, and a few months later he was promoted to minister of the Ministry of War. Liu Zeqing, Liu Liangzuo, Huang Degong and Alex Gao were also promoted to the company commanders of four towns in Jiangbei because of their achievements. The company commanders in these four towns are incompetent and greedy. When they arrived, they supported themselves and fought endlessly for power and profit, ignoring training and preparation at all.

Yandang came on stage. It is naturally not good for Lindong Fushe Party to stand on the wrong side. Shi Kefa was expelled from the north of Dushi River in Beijing. Although Lu Daqi made some efforts, he, Jiang, Gao Hongtu and others were successively dismissed. The court of Nanming was occupied by a group of wild geese and shameless villains.

The second background: Hong Guang imperial court.

At that time, Lu Daqi wrote a letter to impeach Ma Shiying, and he made it very clear that the court in Hong Guang was malodorous at that time:

"Amplification with dissidents, self-defeating, but illegally on the hydrophobic also. It is said that he enlisted troops into the DPRK, stayed in the imperial court, and tried to join the center of Ruan Dacheng. The son took Tong Chou as the commander in chief, and the daughter's brother-in-law failed to perform his duties. The general who made him proud, Yue, Tian Yang and Yang as the first offenders, all became officials, and their names were in a mess. Janice, Zheng Sanjun, I'm not saying I have nothing, but I dare to be straight, and I will eventually return to the right person in the sea; Being a scholar and a great scholar doesn't mean that I don't have a skill, but going back to evil will be an endless disaster for the Zongshe. Neglect and answer with the country. " (Ming History Volume 279 Biography 167).

Zhu Yousong is not a good bird either-as Lu Daqi said-he drinks too much, craves pleasure and doesn't care about state affairs: "There are old horses in the world." ("San An Ji" Volume 4 "Ming Gu Yanwu") entrusted military affairs to Ma Shiying, who was fortunate enough to do dark business in the same class. For example, in the name of the big wedding, collecting folk beauty has almost become his top priority: "Where there is a women's home in Beijing, regardless of age, the door is closed, and then the gold is released, and the other room will take care of it. Neighborhood crying is mercenary. " (Volume 12 of Selected Works of Zhunshan Gardens reveals a "Wang Ming duo") The beauty of Nanjing can't satisfy him, so he sent people to Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui and other places to search for it, so that "because of the decree, Vietnamese and China people are infatuated, day and night." ("Qi Diary" Qi Ming Biao Jia) Even when the Qing army was about to Enemy at the Gates, less than two months before the fall of the court, Zhu Yousong was most concerned about his beauty:

"All the ministers fell to the ground in defeat. For a long time, he said:' I haven't had time to worry about this, and the children in the pear garden are not good. I want to choose a wide range of good families to fill the court, but I hope you will leave early. "("History of the Southern Ming Dynasty ",Chapter 3, Section 5)

Zhu Yousong's debauchery is a veritable king of national subjugation, but it doesn't mean that he doesn't care about anything serious-for example, Zhu Yousong is quite keen on the throne of the emperor under his ass.

Zhu Yousong was emperor for eight months, and his main thoughts were on beauty.

In Zhu Yousong's view, the biggest threat to his throne is neither "rebellion" nor the aggressive Qing army from the south, but the three sons of the dead Emperor Chongzhen. Because when Li Zicheng attacked Beijing, no one could tell the whereabouts of the third son of Chongzhen in the flames of war, and Zhu Yousong was naturally afraid of his death. In July of the seventeenth year of Chongzhen, it was announced that Prince Zhu Cilang, Wang Zhu Cijiong and Wang Zhu Cizhao had been killed according to the rumor of a humble little official (Chao Shi Gu Yuanling in Yangchun County had never arrived). And in February of the following year, I couldn't wait to formally send a letter, "Crown Prince Cihuan said condolences, Wang Cihuan said condolences, and Wang Cican said condolences" ("Nandulu" Volume II "Li Qingqing"), which made a conclusion on the death of Chongzhen's third son.

At the same time, Zhu Yousong and party member, who tried to establish a strong king Zhu Changfang, also hated each other. Although Zhu Yousong has only been in office for eight months, and he has been busy "choosing concubines" most of the time, a fierce political struggle broke out around his accession to the throne. Among them, the "great compassion case", "false prince case" and "Tong Fei case" that made Zhu Yousong half crazy all have the shadow of the political struggle between Zhu Yousong and Lindong Fuxing Party.

Let's talk briefly about the process of the Du Nan III case.

1, the case of great compassion.

The protagonist of this case, Dabei, is a monk in Huizhou. It is said that the layman surnamed Zhu also met Zhu Changfang, the king of Lu, who regarded him as his family. At the end of the seventeenth year of Chongzhen, compassion came to Nanjing, and Zhu Yousong's people in Nanjing were startled by a mouth:

"In Shen Jia in September, the Great Compassion Monk came from the north, claiming to be brothers, and the San Francisco people in Gaidong also spoke arrogantly. They were ordered by the first emperor to be crowned again, and said that the first emperor did not drive. When I first arrived in Guanzhou, Longjiang, I wrote a big letter (), threatening that the soldiers had arrived. Our troops are on board now, and they say that Nanjing will be destroyed. Hearing this, he was confused. He reported that Guanguan Temple had driven all the boats to Guanyin Gate, but thousands of them were driven away at night. Liu Kongzhao, a famous minister, patrolled the river and bound him to reward Jin Wu and Feng Kezong and ordered the punishment department. " ("The Next Story of Xianyan" Lu Qingqi)

Nerve-racking Zhu Yousong hurriedly let the capital prefect Zhao Zhilong interrogate the case. As a result, Zhao Zhilong found that the monk's political views were very similar to those of Lindong party member, except for his disturbing speech:

"Today, Wang Xianming should be the son of heaven. He hopes that Hong Guang will give way ... Wang Enshi's people, everyone should take it, and should be seated with him." ("Nandulu" Volume 4 "Li Qingqing")

This news made Ruan Dacheng, the party's sworn enemy and minister of the Ministry of War, a treasure, so he made a "blacklist"-including Qian, Shi Kefa, Gao Hongtu, Jiang, Zhang, Liu, Qi Biaojia and so on 100 people to prepare for Daxing Prison. At the same time, it is prepared to characterize this case as a major rebellion case in which Lindong party member supported Lu Wang to proclaim himself emperor in an attempt to overthrow the Hong Guang regime and destroy his sworn enemy.

There are not many good guys and bad guys in Hong Guang imperial court, but the worst thing is this product.

Unexpectedly, the Great Compassion Monk, though seemingly mentally abnormal, is a tough guy of steel, and would rather die than echo such a scumbag as Ruan Dacheng:

"The Lord of the case, and yue night and schemer Liu Kongzhao, generation also. Dachengmi sent his name to the prison and said,' Check this book. If it is yours, I will lend you my life.' Great sorrow said:' I am dead, how can I be tired? Actually, I asked for fire. If you don't achieve your goal, you will be angry for a while, but you will abandon your great sorrow for the city. "("Xian Yan Xia "Lu Qing" Qi ")

Therefore, the case of great compassion fell through, and neither Ruan Dacheng nor Lindong Fushe Party could help anyone, but it set off a prelude to the party struggle in the Ming Dynasty.

2. The fake prince case.

It was also at the end of the seventeenth year of Chongzhen that a young man wearing dragon underwear was discovered by Miss Gao of Cracking Temple. He claimed to be the Crown Prince. Gao had never seen a prince who was born hard to distinguish between true and false. Knowing that this matter was serious, he hid the teenager (Gao's practice was quite strange). Who knows that this young man ran out all day and attracted the attention of outsiders. Gao had no choice but to report the matter to the court, so Zhu Yousong sent officials to hold letters.

In March of the first year of Hong Guang, the boy arrived in Nanjing and was immediately taken care of by the Royal Guards. Before his identity was determined, Zhu Yousong first gave the conclusion:

"A younger son said he was the son of the first emperor. If he is the son of the late emperor, he is my son. When he is raised, he will not lose anything. " ("Nandulu" Volume II "Li Qingqing")

Zhu Yousong and Emperor Chongzhen Zhu Youxiao are cousins, so there seems nothing wrong with his first half sentence, but the problem is that if this child is really a prince, then this family is Daming Orthodox. Is it reasonable for you to send Zhu Yousong a sentence "Keep your shirt"?

Emperor Chongzhen grew into three sons, all of whom disappeared after the fall of Beijing.

As for jumping to conclusions in such a hurry? Is it too guilty?

Fortunately, in the process of identity confirmation, Wang Duo, a college student working in Beijing East Palace, saw at a glance that the "Crown Prince" was an impostor:

"As soon as I saw it, I immediately said,' This dummy is fake, and Plough Shan Gui is also a prince?' ..... People still remember that the first emperor, the East Palace, was big and square, loud and generous, with a thick back and a proud head. He walked in the village and stood upright. Today, I stood in front of him and said,' Do you know me?' You should say' no'. Someone once said that people who have not attended classes for three years are embarrassed and don't know who the minister is. I'm sure it's fake. The priest asked again, "Where are the books?" ? Say,' Wenhua.' I'm afraid it's at the end of the temple Ask again:' What's your position on several occasions?' I secretly remembered that there were ten operators in the reading, I didn't know. I was angry ... Royal Guards ordered me to tie them up. Without geometry, this son is crying and kneeling for it, sighing:' I was an impostor, but I was fooled and didn't dare to drink it in the ears of the princes. The villain Wang is known by his surname. He is a literati, his father is pure blood, and his mother is Xu. Those who recruit villains are seduced by yin. "(Selected Works of Zhunshan Garden, Volume 11, Book 4, Wang Mingduo)

Wang Duo's testimony should be credible.

Compared with being an official, Wang Duo is better at calligraphy and painting, and enjoys the same reputation as Dong Qichang, and is known as the "King of South, East and North".

Many ministers of the Hong Guang Dynasty served in the Chongzhen Dynasty, and many of them met Prince Zhu Cilang. For example, Liu Zhengzheng and Li Jinglian, who used to be officials in the East Palace, "all said that the prince's eyebrows are longer than his eyes", which means that the "prince" looks wrong; Zhu Yousong "also ordered the eunuch Qiu of the old East Class to recognize him. See clearly, I don't know. So the group doubts are slightly solved. "(The above two quotations are from Nandulu, Volume V, Qing and Li Qing).

Judging from the above historical records, at least there is no objection to the identity of this "prince" within the court of Nanming. However, the truth of the matter can't stop people who are interested in making waves, so rumors about the "forbidden prince" are flying all over the sky, which also causes an uproar among civil and military officials outside the capital. In history, "Nanjing scholars are all in uproar", and ministers such as Yuan Jixian, Zuo Bo Liangyu in Ningnan, Guangchang, Liu Bo and Liang Zuo protested one after another. Among them, Zuo Liangyu even set out to the east, claiming to be "on the side of the king" ... Zhu Yousong, who was full of grievances, couldn't tell even with his mouth full.

Zuo Liangyu is a self-respecting warlord. He only made friends with Lindong party member and was beautified by them.

Fortunately, the Qing army quickly occupied Nanjing, and Zhu Yousong was taken to Beijing to be beheaded. From then on, there is no need to worry about these things.

3. The Kimmy case.

At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, a woman named Tong met Yue, the governor of Henan Province, and claimed to be the princess of succession (Zhu Yousong). She was separated from Zhu Yousong when she was trapped in Luoyang and Tubo Wang Fu. Yue He Guangchang and Deng Bao sent someone to escort Tong to Nanjing. Zhu Yousong denied it immediately after receiving the report, but he still couldn't stop Tong from being taken to Nanjing, so he had to be sent to prison for trial by Feng Kezong, the governor of Royal Guards.

Tong's self-report is as follows:

"... thirty-six years old. He entered the palace at the age of seventeen and was posthumously named Cao Neijian. There is yellow in the East Palace and plum in the West Palace. Brother Yu Zi of Li Sheng, I don't know where the chaos is. In the fourteenth year of Chongzhen, Shi gave birth to a son, named Brother Jin, who chewed his arm as a souvenir and is now in Ningjiazhuang. "("Sanyuan Notes "Volume II, Hong Guang's" Li Qingqing ")

Zhu Yousong immediately retorted:

"Follow princess li martyrdom, before and after the early death. Besides, I am the king of the county first, so why should I have the East Palace and the West Palace? " ("Nandulu" Volume 5 "Li Qingqing")

According to relevant historical records, what Zhu Yousong said is true. According to the system of the Ming Dynasty, all princes and princesses who were vassals had to be canonized by the imperial court, otherwise they would not be recognized. In October of the second year of the Apocalypse, the Ming court sent "the project to Wei Dazhong, and pedestrians sealed Fu Fu, You Song and his concubine Huang" (Volume 27 of Records of Ming Xizong). Children's voices say that Zhu Yousong has "East Palace and West Palace", which is purely a matter of watching too many plays, and the so-called "Cao Neijian" is even more irregular in her memorial ceremony. More importantly, it has never been mentioned in the official history that Zhu Yousong has a son, and the statement of "Brother Yu" and "Brother Jin" is definitely out of thin air.

There are fake relatives who are out of tune all day long, and no one can stand it.

In Zhu Yousong's anger, Feng Kezong was dismissed, tortured the children's family, and soon died in prison, and public opinion was once again "stunned".