A question about time tunnel. ..

The plane went through the wormhole, went in at one end of the wormhole and came out at the other end. The worm connected ten minutes ago and ten minutes later, entered from that moment ten minutes ago (as if it disappeared on the radar), and came out from that moment ten minutes later (appeared on the radar again). The watch on the plane also went through this process. In these ten minutes, the earth is still turning. Except for the watches on the plane, all the other watches walked for more than ten minutes, and the process of crossing the wormhole did not take time. The watch on the plane coming out of the wormhole was ten minutes short, so it was ten minutes slow.

wormhole

More than 60 years ago, Albert Einstein put forward the "wormhole" theory. So, what is a "wormhole"? Simply put, a "wormhole" is a space-time tubule connecting distant regions of the universe. It can connect the parallel universe with baby universes and provide the possibility of time travel.

As early as 1950s, scientists had studied the "wormhole". Due to the limitation of historical conditions at that time, some physicists thought that the wormhole might be used in theory, but the gravity of the wormhole was too great to destroy everything that entered, so it could not be used for space navigation.

With the development of science and technology, new research has found that the super-strong force field of wormhole can be neutralized by negative mass to stabilize the energy field of wormhole. Scientists believe that antimatter also has a "negative mass" relative to the "positive matter" that produces energy, and can absorb all the energy around it. Like wormholes, "negative mass" was once thought to exist only in theory. However, many laboratories in the world have successfully proved that "negative mass" can exist in the real world and captured a small amount of "negative mass" in space through spacecraft.

According to the calculation of researchers in the Department of Physics of the University of Washington, the "negative mass" can be used to control the "wormhole". They pointed out that "negative mass" can enlarge the original tiny "wormhole" enough for the spacecraft to pass through. Their research results have aroused great interest from the aerospace departments of various countries, and many countries are considering funding the research of "wormholes", hoping that "wormholes" can be really used for space navigation.

Astronauts believe that although the research on "wormhole" has just started, its potential return can not be ignored. Scientists believe that if the research is successful, human beings may need to re-evaluate their role and position in the universe. Now that human beings are "trapped" on the earth, it takes hundreds of years to sail to the nearest galaxy, which is impossible for human beings at present. However, in the future space navigation, if a "wormhole" is used, it can reach distant places in the universe in an instant.

According to scientists' observation, the universe is full of millions of "wormholes", but few of them are more than 65438+ million kilometers in diameter, and this width is the minimum requirement for the safe navigation of spacecraft. The discovery of "negative mass" has created new opportunities for the utilization of "wormholes", which can be used to expand and stabilize tiny "wormholes".

Scientists pointed out that if the "negative mass" is transferred to the "wormhole", the "wormhole" is opened, and its structure is strengthened and stabilized, the spacecraft can pass.

The concept of wormhole originated from the study of Schwarzschild's solution. When analyzing the white hole solution, physicists found that the space-time of the universe itself could not be flat through an Albert Einstein thought experiment. If a star forms a black hole, then space-time is perpendicular to the original space-time at the schwarzschild radius, that is, at the horizon. In the uneven space-time of the universe, this structure means that one part of the black hole horizon will combine with another part of the universe, and then a hole will be created there. This hole can be a black hole or a white hole. This curved horizon is called Swansea throat, which is a special wormhole.

Physicists have been interested in the properties of wormholes since they were discovered in Schwarzenegger's solution.

Wormholes connect black holes and white holes and transfer substances between them. Here, the wormhole becomes an Albert Einstein-Rosen bridge, and the matter is completely decomposed into elementary particles at the singularity of the black hole, and then transmitted to the white hole and radiated through this wormhole (that is, the Albert Einstein-Rosen bridge).

Wormholes can also appear in the normal space-time of the universe and become sudden hyperspace pipes.

Wormholes have no horizon, only an interface with the outside world, and wormholes are connected in time and space through this interface. The interface between wormhole, black hole and white hole is a space-time pipeline and the connection of two closed space-time regions, where the curvature of space-time is not infinite, so we can safely pass through wormhole without being destroyed by huge gravity. The wormhole derived from theory has many characteristics, which are not detailed here due to the limitation of space.

Black holes, white holes and wormholes are still unsolved mysteries in the chapter of space-time and gravity in cosmology. Scientists have only obtained some indirect evidence about whether black holes really exist. Current observations and theories have also raised many new questions for astronomy and physics. For example, when a cold star that can form a black hole collapses, its density will already exceed that of nuclei, nucleons and neutrons ... If it continues to collapse, neutrons may also be crushed. So, what are the physical elements in a black hole? What is the opposition between repulsion and gravity that makes the black hole stay at a certain stage and stop collapsing? If there is no repulsion, the black hole will collapse indefinitely until its volume, density and internal pressure are infinite, which is not allowed by physical theory.

In short, at present, we know very little about the nature of black holes, white holes and wormholes. They are still mysterious things, and many problems still need further discussion. At present, astronomers have indirectly discovered black holes, but white holes and wormholes have not really been discovered, just theoretical terms that often appear in science fiction works.

Wormhole is also a tiny cave, which existed in the cosmic period conceived by Hawking. American scientists have done in-depth research on this. In the current universe, the "cosmological term" is almost zero. The so-called cosmic term is also called "vacuum energy". In the space without matter, energy also exists in it, which was put forward by Einstein. The expansion of the universe In the early days of the universe, the cosmological term is necessary. In the elementary particle theory, it is also believed that the energy in vacuum is naturally presented. So, why did the universe become zero before the cosmic project? Coleman explained: in the early universe before the explosion, wormholes connected many universes, and the size of cosmic terms was cleverly adjusted to zero. Thus, one universe may produce another universe, and there may be countless such tiny caves in the universe, which can lead to the past and future of one universe or other universes.

A rotating or charged black hole is connected to a corresponding white hole. You can jump into the black hole or jump out of the white hole. This combination of black holes and white holes is called wormholes.

Finally, even if wormholes exist and are stable, it is very unpleasant to pass through them. Radiation passing through wormholes (from nearby stars, cosmic microwave background, etc. ) moves the blue color to a very high frequency. When you try to cross the wormhole, you will be burned by these x-rays and gamma rays. Wormholes appear almost simultaneously with black holes.

Physicists have always believed that the gravity of wormholes is too large, which will destroy everything that enters them, so it is impossible to use them for space travel. However, if there is a wormhole in the universe, it can be said that if you stand at one end (entrance) of the wormhole at 12: 00, you will come out at the other end (exit) of the wormhole at 12: 00.

Black holes and black holes can also be connected through wormholes. Of course, no matter how strong this connection will be, it is only a connected "cosmic prison".

Wormhole, also known as Einstein-Rosen Bridge, is a narrow tunnel that may exist in the universe and connect two different time and space.

There are several versions of wormholes.

One is a tunnel of space, just like a ball. If you want to walk along the sphere, it will be far away. But if you follow a diameter in the ball, the wormhole is this diameter.

The second is the connection between black holes and white holes.

Third, you said just visiting. According to Einstein, you can travel in time, but you can only watch it, just like watching a movie, but you can't change what happened, because time is a line and events end one after another. You can't change the beads or adjust the order.

Up to now, we have been talking about ordinary "perfect" black holes. In detail, the black hole we are talking about does not rotate and has no charge. If we consider that the black hole is rotating and/or charged, things will become more complicated. In particular, you may jump into such a black hole without hitting a singularity. In this way, a rotating or charged black hole is connected to a corresponding white hole, and you can jump into the black hole and jump out of the white hole. This combination of black holes and white holes is called wormholes.

White holes may be very far away from black holes; In fact, it may even be completely disconnected from our region in a "different universe"-a space-time region except the wormhole itself. A convenient wormhole will give us a convenient and quick way to travel long distances, even to another universe. Maybe the exit of the wormhole stopped in the past, so that you can travel through it in reverse time. On the whole, they sound cool.

But before you decide that this theory is correct and plan to look for them, you should first know two things. Wormholes almost certainly don't exist. As we said above, they are effective mathematical solutions of equations, which does not mean that they exist in nature. Especially when black holes are formed by the collapse of ordinary matter (including all black holes that we think exist), wormholes will not be formed. If you fall into one of them, you won't suddenly jump out. You will hit the singularity, which is the only place you can go.

Also, even if wormholes are formed, they are considered unstable. Even a small disturbance (including the disturbance you try to pass through it) will cause it to collapse.

After that, even if the wormhole exists and is stable, it is very unpleasant to pass through it. Radiation passing through wormholes (from nearby stars, cosmic microwave background, etc. ) moves the blue color to a very high frequency. When you try to cross the wormhole, you will be burned by these x-rays and gamma rays. Wormholes appear almost simultaneously with black holes.

After Schwarzschild discovered the Schwarzschild black hole, theoretical physicists explored the Schwarzschild solution of Einstein's ordinary equation for almost half a century. Including Kerr's solution, Resler-Northom's solution and Newman's solution, all of which are the results of the research around Schwarzenegger's solution. The wormhole I want to introduce to you here is also a descendant of Schwarzenegger.

When physicists think of white holes, wormholes first appear in Schwarzschild's solution. Through an Einstein thought experiment, they found that space-time can be curved, not flat. In this case, we will find that if the star forms a black hole, then this space-time is completely perpendicular to the original space-time in the schwarzschild radius, that is, the horizon. In an uneven cosmic space-time, this structure assumes that one part of the black hole's horizon will combine with another part of the universe, and then a hole will be created there. This hole can be a black hole or a white hole. This curved horizon is called Swansea's throat, which is a specific wormhole.

Physicists have been curious about the nature of wormholes since they were discovered in Schwarzenegger's solution.

Let's first look at the classic function of wormholes: connecting black holes and white holes to form an Einstein-Rosen bridge, completely transforming substances into elementary particles at the singularity of black holes, and then transporting them to the place where the white holes are located (namely Einstein-Rosen bridge) through this wormhole and radiating them out.

Of course, the wormhole mentioned above is just a way to transfer substances between black holes and white holes, but the role of wormholes is far more than that.

Black holes and black holes can also be connected through wormholes. Of course, no matter how strong this connection will be, it is only a connected "cosmic prison".

Wormholes can not only be used as tools to connect holes, but also appear in the normal space-time of the universe and become hyperspace pipes that suddenly appear in the universe.

Wormholes have no horizon, only a decomposition surface with the outside world. Wormholes are connected with hyperspace through this decomposition plane, but the curvature of spacetime here is not infinite. Just like a curve in a plane is tangent to another curve, in the wormhole problem, just like a four-dimensional pipe is tangent to a three-dimensional space, in which the curvature of space-time is not infinite. So now we can safely pass through the wormhole without being destroyed by great gravity.

So what are the attributes of wormholes?

By using the theory of relativity, we get some very simple and basic descriptions of wormholes without considering some quantum effects and any energy except gravity. These descriptions are very important, but because we are studying black holes, not holes in the universe, I will only briefly introduce the properties of wormholes here, and I will not involve some related theories and descriptions of these theories here.

What are the attributes of wormholes? The most important one, described in the theory of relativity, is used as the informing train in the universe. However, the second important property of wormholes, that is, what quantum theory tells us, clearly tells us that wormholes can't be a cosmic telling train. The existence of wormholes depends on a strange property and substance, and this strange property is negative energy. Only negative energy can maintain the existence of wormholes and keep the decomposition surface between wormholes and external space-time open continuously. Of course, on the basis of finkelstein frame of reference, Dirac found that the choice of frame of reference can help us analyze physical problems more easily or more difficult. Similarly, negative energy is very easy to realize in Dirac's other frame of reference, because the expression of energy is related to the speed of the observed object. This conclusion also plays a very important role in the membrane gauge theory. According to the different frame of reference, negative energy is easy to realize. When an object approaches a wormhole at a speed close to the speed of light, the energy around the wormhole naturally becomes negative. So you can enter the wormhole at a speed close to the speed of light, and this speed is too big from the speed of light, and it is impossible for objects to enter the wormhole anyway. This is one of the special properties of wormholes.

But the wormhole is not so calm. What I said earlier is the wormhole in the theory of quiet relativity. In the quantum theory of violence, the nature of wormholes has changed greatly.

Let's first look at the wormhole in the black hole, that is, the sub-universe formed around Schwarzenegger's throat and singularity.

The quantum vacuum fluctuation around the black hole will be "fed" by the gravitational energy of the black hole under the action of the huge gravity of the black hole and become very energetic radiation. This energy will mercilessly destroy all forms of wormholes.

In a wormhole that is not surrounded by a black hole, because there is also no "feeding" of the huge gravity of the black hole, the wormhole itself cannot be opened for long. Wormholes are likely to be opened randomly, but they are more likely to disappear suddenly. The wormhole opened for a very short time, only a few Planck's time. In such a short "life", even light can't complete half the distance of the wormhole, but because the wormhole disappears halfway, it disappears into the whole time and space, becoming a real four-dimensional space-time group traveler.

Moreover, when no object passes through the wormhole, the wormhole is still relatively "longevity". Once an object enters the wormhole, if the object is negative energy, then fortunately, the wormhole will be opened; But if the object is positive energy, then the wormhole will "perish" before "natural death". In the universe, there is energy radiation passing through every corner of the universe almost every moment, and these radiations are positive energy, so it is almost certain that there are no wormholes under natural conditions.

A rotating or charged black hole is connected to a corresponding white hole. You can jump into the black hole or jump out of the white hole. This combination of black holes and white holes is called wormholes.

White holes may be very far away from black holes; In fact, it may even be in a "different universe"-that is, a space-time region, completely disconnected from our region except the wormhole itself. A convenient wormhole will give us a convenient and quick way to travel long distances, even to another universe. Maybe the exit of the wormhole stopped in the past, so that you can travel through it in reverse time. On the whole, they sound cool.

But before you decide that this theory is correct and plan to look for them, you should first know two things. Wormholes almost certainly don't exist. As we said above, they are effective mathematical solutions of equations, which does not mean that they exist in nature. Especially when black holes are formed by the collapse of ordinary matter (including all black holes that we think exist), wormholes will not be formed. If you fall into one of them, you won't suddenly jump out. You will hit the singularity, which is the only place you can go.

Also, even if wormholes are formed, they are considered unstable. Even a small disturbance (including the disturbance you try to pass through it) will cause it to collapse.

Finally, even if wormholes exist and are stable, it is very unpleasant to pass through them. Radiation passing through wormholes (from nearby stars, cosmic microwave background, etc. ) moves the blue color to a very high frequency. When you try to cross the wormhole, you will be burned by these x-rays and gamma rays. Wormholes appear almost simultaneously with black holes.

Physiologists have always believed that if the wormhole attracts too much force, it will destroy everything that enters it, so it can't be used for traveling in Yuzhou.

Black holes and black holes can also be connected through wormholes. Of course, no matter how strong this connection will be, it is only a connected "cosmic prison".

Wormholes can not only be used as tools to connect holes, but also appear in the normal space-time of the universe and become hyperspace pipes that suddenly appear in the universe.

Wormholes have no horizon, only a decomposition surface with the outside world. Wormholes are connected with hyperspace through this decomposition plane, but the curvature of spacetime here is not infinite. Just like a curve in a plane is tangent to another curve, in the wormhole problem, just like a four-dimensional pipe is tangent to a three-dimensional space, in which the curvature of space-time is not infinite. So now we can safely pass through the wormhole without being destroyed by great gravity.

The existence of wormholes depends on a strange property and substance, and this strange property is negative energy. Only negative energy can maintain the existence of wormholes and keep the decomposition surface between wormholes and external space-time open continuously.

According to the different frame of reference, negative energy is easy to realize. When an object approaches a wormhole at a speed close to the speed of light, the energy around the wormhole naturally becomes negative. So you can enter the wormhole at a speed close to the speed of light, and this speed is too big from the speed of light, and it is impossible for objects to enter the wormhole anyway. This is one of the special properties of wormholes.

Let's first look at the wormhole in the black hole, that is, the sub-universe formed around Schwarzenegger's throat and singularity.

The quantum vacuum fluctuation around the black hole will be "fed" by the gravitational energy of the black hole under the action of the huge gravity of the black hole and become very energetic radiation. This energy will mercilessly destroy all forms of wormholes.

In a wormhole that is not surrounded by a black hole, because there is also no "feeding" of the huge gravity of the black hole, the wormhole itself cannot be opened for long. Wormholes are likely to be opened randomly, but they are more likely to disappear suddenly. The wormhole opened for a very short time, only a few Planck's time. In such a short "life", even light can't complete half the distance of the wormhole, but because the wormhole disappears halfway, it disappears into the whole time and space, becoming a real four-dimensional space-time group traveler.

Moreover, when no object passes through the wormhole, the wormhole is still relatively "longevity". Once an object enters the wormhole, if the object is negative energy, then fortunately, the wormhole will be opened; But if the object is positive energy, then the wormhole will "perish" before "natural death". In the universe, there is energy radiation passing through every corner of the universe almost every moment, and these radiations are positive energy, so it is almost certain that there are no wormholes under natural conditions.

Wormholes have two natural generating mechanisms:

First, it is the powerful gravitational energy of black holes;

The second is the rapid rotation of kerr black holes, and its Rennes-Tile effect tears some small holes in space-time in the energy layer around the black hole. These small holes are punctured under the action of gravitational energy and rotational energy and become some very small wormholes. These wormholes can determine where their exits are under the action of gravitational energy of black holes, but it is impossible to complete them completely now, because quantum theory and relativity have not been fully combined.

Personal hypothesis

I, a wormhole is like a river, and the objects I pass through are like ships, which go down the river;

A wormhole is like a cylindrical magnet. The strong magnetic force line breaks down the passing objects at the entrance, runs in the cylindrical pipeline in the form of waves, and decreases at the exit. The passing object is like an obstacle, which causes a certain part of the wave to deform, and then this deformation reaches the exit.

It may also involve shear waves, longitudinal waves, reflection, refraction and diffraction of waves, inhomogeneity of matter, irregularity of space, and cosmic holes like bubbles in water.