I have fallen behind a lot in biology now, and the college entrance examination will be held in 5 days. How can I achieve the best self-study effect?

Summary of Concluding Sentences in Compulsory Textbook (Part)

Introduction

1. Organisms have the same material basis and structural basis.

2. Structurally, all organisms are made up of cells except viruses. Cells are the basic units of the structure and function of organisms.

3. Metabolism is the general name of all chemical changes in living cells, and it is the basis of all life activities of organisms.

4. Organisms are irritable, so they can adapt to the surrounding environment.

5. All organisms have the phenomena of growth, development and reproduction.

6. The characteristics of biological inheritance and variation enable each species to remain basically stable and evolve continuously.

7. Organisms can adapt to a certain environment, and can also influence the environment.

Chapter I Material Basis of Life

8. The chemical elements that make up an organism can be found in inorganic nature, and none of them is unique to the biological world. This fact shows that the biological world and the abiotic world are unified.

9. The fact that the contents of chemical elements that make up an organism are quite different in organism and inorganic nature shows that there are still differences between the biological world and the abiotic world.

1. All life activities of various organisms must not be separated from water.

11. Sugar is an important component of organisms, the main energy substance of cells and the main energy substance of organisms for life activities.

12. Lipids include fats, lipids, sterols, etc. These substances generally exist in living organisms.

13. protein is an important organic compound in cells, and all life activities are inseparable from protein.

14. Nucleic acid is the genetic material of all living things, which plays an extremely important role in the genetic variation of living things and the biosynthesis of protein.

15. Any compound that makes up an organism can't complete a certain life activity alone, but only when it is organized organically in a certain way can it show the life phenomena of cells and organisms. Cells are the most basic structural forms of these substances.

Chapter II Cell, the basic unit of life

16. Various metabolic activities in living cells are closely related to the structure and function of cell membranes. Cell membrane has a certain structural feature of fluidity and a functional feature of selective permeability.

17. Cell walls can support and protect plant cells.

18. Cytoplasmic matrix is the main place for metabolism of living cells, which provides necessary substances and certain environmental conditions for metabolism.

19. Mitochondria are the main places for aerobic respiration of living cells.

2. Chloroplast is an organelle for photosynthesis in mesophyll cells of green plants.

21. The endoplasmic reticulum is related to the synthesis of protein, lipids and sugars, and it is also a transport channel for protein and others.

22. Ribosomes are places where protein is synthesized in cells.

23. Golgi apparatus in cells is related to the formation of cell secretions, mainly processing and transporting protein; Golgi apparatus is related to the formation of cell wall when plant cells divide.

24. Chromatin and chromosome are two forms of the same substance in cells at different times.

25. The nucleus is the place where genetic materials are stored and copied, and it is the control center of cell genetic characteristics and cell metabolic activities.

26. The structures of the parts that make up a cell are not isolated from each other, but closely linked and coordinated with each other. A cell is an organic and unified whole, and only by maintaining its integrity can it normally complete various life activities.

27. Cells proliferate by division, and cell proliferation is the basis of growth, development, reproduction and inheritance of organisms.

28. The significance (characteristic) of cell mitosis is that the chromosomes of the parent cells are accurately and evenly distributed to the two daughter cells after being copied, thus maintaining the stability of genetic characters between the parents and offspring of organisms, which is of great significance to the inheritance of organisms.

29. Cell differentiation is a permanent change, which occurs in the whole life process of an organism, but reaches its maximum in the embryonic period.

3. Highly differentiated plant cells still have the ability to develop into complete plants, that is, they maintain cell totipotency.

chapter iii metabolism of living things

31. metabolism is the most basic feature of living things and the most essential difference between living things and nonliving things.

32. Enzymes are a kind of biocatalytic organic substances produced by living cells, most of which are protein and a few are RNA.

33. The catalysis of enzyme has high efficiency and specificity; And it needs suitable temperature and pH value.

34. ATP is the direct source of energy needed for metabolism.

35. Photosynthesis refers to the process that green plants use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic matter for storing energy and release oxygen. All oxygen released by photosynthesis comes from water.

36. Osmosis must have two conditions: one is to have a semipermeable membrane, and the other is to have a concentration difference between the solutions on both sides of this semipermeable membrane.

37. The absorption of mineral elements and osmotic water absorption by epidermal cells in the mature area of plant roots are two relatively independent processes.

38. Sugar, lipid and protein can be transformed, and they are conditional and mutually restricted.

39. Only through the internal environment can somatic cells of higher multicellular animals exchange materials with the external environment.

4. Under the regulation of nervous system and body fluids, a normal organism maintains a relatively stable internal environment through the coordinated activities of various organs and systems, which is called homeostasis. Steady state is a necessary condition for normal life activities.

41. For organisms, the physiological significance of respiration is manifested in two aspects: one is to provide energy for the life activities of organisms, and the other is to provide raw materials for the synthesis of other compounds in the body.

chapter iv regulation of life activities

42. phototropism experiment found that the part that feels light stimulation is at the tip of coleoptile, while the part that bends towards light is at a section below the tip.

43. The effects of auxin on plant growth are often twofold. This is related to the concentration of auxin and the types of plant organs. Generally speaking, low concentration promotes growth and high concentration inhibits growth.

44. Seedless fruit can be obtained by coating a certain concentration of auxin solution on the pistil stigma of unpolluted tomato (cucumber, pepper, etc.).

45. The growth and development process of plants is not regulated by a single hormone, but by a variety of hormones.

46. Hypothalamus is the hinge of regulating endocrine activities.

47. The related hormones have synergistic and antagonistic effects.

48. The basic way for the nervous system to regulate various activities of animals is reflex. The structural basis of reflection activity is reflex arc.

49. After being stimulated, neurons can generate and conduct excitement; Excitement is transmitted between neurons through synapses, and the transmission of excitement between neurons can only be unidirectional.

5. In the central nervous system, the higher center that regulates the physiological activities of human beings and higher animals is the cerebral cortex.

51. The main way for animals to establish acquired behavior is conditioned reflex.

52. Judgment and reasoning are the highest form of animal acquired behavior development, and they are the functional activities of the cerebral cortex, which are also obtained through learning.

53. In animal behavior, hormone regulation and neuromodulation are coordinated, but neuromodulation is still in a dominant position.

54. Animal behavior is formed under the coordination of nervous system, endocrine system and motor organs.

Chapter V Reproduction and Development of Organisms

55. The offspring produced by sexual reproduction have the genetic characteristics of their parents and have greater living ability and variability, so they are of great significance to the survival and evolution of organisms.

56. Vegetative reproduction can make offspring keep the traits of their parents.

57. As a result of meiosis, the number of chromosomes in the newly produced germ cells is reduced by half compared with that of the original germ cells.

58. The homologous chromosomes of synapse are separated from each other during meiosis, which indicates that chromosomes have certain independence. When two homologous chromosomes move randomly to which pole, different pairs of chromosomes (non-homologous chromosomes) can be freely combined.

59. In the process of meiosis, the number of chromosomes is halved in the first meiosis.

6. One spermatogonia undergoes meiosis to form four sperm cells, and the sperm cells undergo complex changes to form sperm.

61. An oocyte undergoes meiosis to form only one egg cell.

62. For sexually reproducing organisms, meiosis and fertilization are very important for maintaining the constant number of chromosomes in the somatic cells of the progenies of each organism, as well as for the inheritance and variation of organisms

63. For sexually reproducing organisms, the starting point of individual development is the fertilized egg.

64. There is no endosperm in mature seeds of many dicotyledonous plants, because endosperm is absorbed by embryos during the development of embryos and endosperm, and nutrients are stored in cotyledons for future seed germination.

65. The formation of flower buds marks the beginning of reproductive growth.

66. The individual development of higher animals can be divided into two stages: embryonic development and post-embryonic development. Embryo development refers to the development of fertilized eggs into larvae. Postembryonic development refers to the development of larvae into sexually mature individuals after hatching from egg membrane or endogenous from mother.

Chapter VI Inheritance and Variation

67. DNA is a substance that makes R-type bacteria have stable genetic changes, and various characteristics of phage are also passed on to their offspring through DNA. These two experiments prove that DNA is genetic material.

68. Modern scientific research has proved that genetic material includes RNA besides DNA. Because the genetic material of most organisms is DNA, DNA is the main genetic material.

69. The ever-changing sequence of base pairs constitutes the diversity of DNA molecules, and the specific sequence of base pairs constitutes the specificity of each DNA molecule. This explains why organisms have diversity and specificity at the molecular level.

7. The transmission of genetic information is accomplished by the replication of DNA molecules.

71. The unique double helix structure of DNA molecule provides an accurate template for replication; Through base complementary pairing, the replication can be ensured accurately.

72. The offspring are similar to their parents in traits, which is because the offspring obtained a copy of DNA copied by their parents.

73. Genes are DNA fragments with genetic effects. Genes are arranged in a straight line on chromosomes, and chromosomes are the carriers of genes.

74. The gene expression is realized by controlling the synthesis of protein by DNA.

75. Because the arrangement order (base order) of deoxynucleotides of different genes is different, different genes contain different genetic information. (that is, the sequence of deoxynucleotides of a gene represents genetic information).

76. The arrangement order of deoxynucleotides of DNA molecules determines the arrangement order of ribonucleotides in messenger RNA, and the arrangement order of ribonucleotides in messenger RNA determines the arrangement order of amino acids, and the arrangement order of amino acids finally determines the specificity of protein's structure and function, thus making organisms show various genetic characteristics.

77. All genetic traits of organisms are controlled by genes. Some genes control the metabolic process by controlling the synthesis of enzymes; Another situation in which genes control traits is to directly affect traits by controlling the structure of protein molecules.

78. Gene separation phenomenon: When two biological pure copies with a pair of relative traits are crossed, the first generation only shows dominant traits; The second generation showed the phenomenon of character segregation, and the quantitative ratio of dominant characters to recessive characters was close to 3: 1.

79. The essence of gene separation phenomenon is that it is located in a pair of homologous chromosomes in heterozygote cells and has certain independence. When an organism undergoes meiosis to form a gamete, the alleles will separate with the separation, enter two gametes respectively, and be passed on to the offspring independently with the gamete.

8. Genotype is the memory factor of trait expression, while phenotype is the expression form of genotype.

81. The essence of the law of free combination of genes is that the separation or combination of non-allelic genes located on non-homologous chromosomes do not interfere with each other. In the process of meiosis to form gametes, alleles on homologous chromosomes are separated from each other, and non-alleles on non-homologous chromosomes are freely combined.

82. The essence of the law of gene linkage and exchange is that when meiosis forms gametes, different genes located on the same chromosome are often linked together to enter gametes; When meiosis forms tetrads, alleles on homologous chromosomes sometimes exchange with the exchange of non-sister chromatids, resulting in gene recombination.

83. There are two main ways to determine the sex of organisms: one is XY type, and the other is ZW type.

84. There are three sources of heritable variation: gene mutation, gene recombination and chromosome variation.

85. Gene mutation is of great significance in biological evolution. It is the fundamental source of biological variation and provides the original raw materials for biological evolution.

86. Gene recombination through sexual reproduction provides an extremely rich source of biological variation. This is one of the important reasons for the formation of biodiversity, which is of great significance to biological evolution.

Chapter VII Evolution of Organisms

87. The process of biological evolution is essentially a process in which the gene frequency of a population changes.

88. The basic view of modern biological evolution theory with natural selection as its core is that population is the basic unit of biological evolution, and the essence of biological evolution lies in the change of gene frequency of population. Mutation and gene recombination, natural selection and isolation are three basic links in the process of species formation. Through their comprehensive effects, the population differentiates and eventually leads to the formation of new species.

Chapter VIII Biology and Environment

89. Light plays a decisive role in the physiology and distribution of plants.

9. The survival of living things is influenced by many ecological factors, which are isomorphic to the living environment of living things. Living things can only survive if they adapt to the environment.

91. Protective color, warning color and mimicry are all adaptive characteristics gradually formed by long-term natural selection in the process of evolution.

92. The relativity of adaptation is the result of the interaction between the stability of genetic material and the change of environmental conditions.

93. Biology and environment are interdependent, mutually restricted, and also influenced and interacted with each other. Biology and environment are an inseparable and unified whole.

94. In a certain area, individuals of the same species form a population, and different populations form a community. Various characteristics of population