I want to learn Taishan dialect...

Firstly, I will select a few classic sentences for everyone to learn from. I will post a detailed introduction later. Highly recommended: Beat violence, Renzhao, I can’t even hear the sentence, Honghong, Sun Moon Lake! Personal pronouns: I**i33 (singular) -> I**i21 (plural); you ni33 (singular) -> you niεk21 (plural); qu k'ui33 (singular) -> qu k'iεk21 (plural); There is also a "non-specific third person" pronoun, which is equivalent to "other people" or "other people": 惗niεk55, which can be used alone or formed into "人惗", with the same meaning, no singular or plural. Note that its pronunciation is the same as the plural "you" except for the tone, but the meaning is completely different.

Demonstrative pronouns: k'*i21=this->k'*i215=here; nen21=that->nen215=there

Interrogative pronouns: nai21= Which -> nai215=Where

In terms of overlapping adjectives, Taishan dialect can overlap two words, and one of them rises and changes to express the degree. Generally, the first character changes tone to indicate a stronger degree, and the second character changes tone to indicate a weaker degree. For example, "红红" can mean "very red" (红15红11) or "a bit red" (红11红15), depending on which word has the inflection. The following is a sentence pattern unique to Taishan dialect:

I can’t even hear the sentence. (I can’t hear a word)

Vocabulary

The following vocabulary is some unique vocabulary and sayings in Taishan dialect:

Beating violently: the first time

Faqiao: ghost idea, the word "fa" is pronounced Yang Shang (21).

Narrowly escaped a mouse and bit a cat’s nose: a common saying describing extreme danger.

The ax is not as big as the handle: As the saying goes, the cost of the minor part of something is higher than the major part.

Three paparazzi spend the night together: a proverb that means doing things slowly.

Follow good people and be good people, and learn to worship gods from your mother-in-law: Sheng 21 Po, that is, the goddess, is a woman who performs rituals for people or tells fortunes.

Nan Xi Lao encounters a dog - no fine talisman: Xiehouyu, Nan Xi Lao, refers to a Taoist or monk who specializes in doing rituals for others; no fine talisman = no way, the same as Cantonese no 宮 Fu, but in This small word contains a double entendre.

I have never seen a big snake peeing, or a raw chicken leaking eggs - it is rare and strange: as a side note, a raw chicken refers to an uncastrated rooster. Complete post: Taishan dialect

Taishan dialect is a Cantonese Siyi dialect and is the representative language of Siyi dialect. In some contexts, Taishan dialect is synonymous with Siyi dialect.

Distribution Scope

Taishan dialect (Siyi dialect) is mainly distributed in Xinhui, Jiangmen City, Guangdong Province, China (originally known as Siyi, and later renamed Wuyi due to the addition of Heshan). The four counties (cities) of Taishan, Kaiping, and Enping, as well as parts of Jiangmen City and Heshan, and Chinese communities outside the mainland (especially North America). The urban area of ??Jiangmen speaks a vernacular with many pronunciation characteristics of Wuyi dialect.

Introduction to Jiangmen

Taishan dialect and vernacular are generally spoken in Wuyi, Jiangmen. Taishan is a famous hometown of overseas Chinese. There are 1.3 million overseas Chinese in Taishan and a local population of 1.1 million. Famous artists, such as the Wong Ka Kui brothers of Beyond, Chen Baiqiang, etc.

Language characteristics

[1] Taishan dialect (Siyi dialect) is a very distinctive one among the various dialects of Cantonese, and is obviously different from Cantonese. The differences are manifested both in pronunciation and in vocabulary.

Pronunciation

Like Standard Cantonese, Taishan dialect retains many phonetic features of ancient Chinese. In some aspects it retains more elements than standard Cantonese. For example, it completely preserves the four entering tones, and the four characters "Bei Bai Bo Bai" all have different tones (Bai and Bo have the same pronunciation in Cantonese).

Taishan dialect *** contains 9 tones. Referring to Cantonese, the tones are recorded as Yinping/Yinqu (clothing/meaning), Yinshang (leaning), Yangping (moving), Yangshang (with), Yang goes away (Yi), middle enters (hundred), Yin enters (north), low Yang enters (Bo), and high Yang enters (White). When using the fifth-tone notation method, the key values ??of these tones are 33, 55, 11, 21, 32, 33, 55, 21, and 32 respectively. Compared with Cantonese, the tonal values ??have changed, merging Yin Ping and Yin Qu, while the low Yang Ru, which was originally merged into the middle Ru tone, remains independent.

In addition, Taishan dialect also has tone-shifting phenomena, which mainly include three situations:

rising tone-shifting, which raises the tone value of a word to the highest at the end. Except for Yin Shang and Yin Ru, all other tones can be raised or changed. In addition to the entrance tone, there are 4 types of tones that can be raised and changed, which adds 4 types of actual pronunciation modes:

33->35 For example: student 33 certificate->student 35[3]

11->15 Such as: money 11->wage 15[4]

21->215 such as: the 21 (this) -> the 215 (here) [5]

32->325 For example: Hua 32 Shuo -> Speech 325

When the tone changes, an e55 syllable will be added to the end of the original word. Even sometimes the tone change of a word that is not in the tone can be e55, but the meaning remains the same. For example, 21 and 55 = 215. This modulation is widely used and is often used at the end of nouns (including monosyllabic words). Scholar Deng Jun believes that it is equivalent to the Er-ization phenomenon in modern Standard Chinese.

Because the word e55 is sometimes used as an auxiliary after the verb, the form is similar to the rising and changing tone, and there is also a similar phenomenon of being simplified into a tone change, so it needs to be analyzed. For example: follow me = follow me. If you pronounce it fast, it will become follow me. In this case, because the word "欸" has grammatical meaning, it is not the same as the inflection of the noun. There is no conclusion yet as to whether the two similar modulations are related.

Gaoping changes the tone, changing the tone of a character into Yin Shang or Yin Ru depending on whether the original pronunciation is Ru tone, with a tone value of 55. It is used in some words, often because the 33 tone value in Taishan dialect corresponds to the 55 tone value in Cantonese, so the tone is inherited in some words. For example, the pronunciation of the character after "上高" (上上) is the same as in Cantonese. In addition, this kind of tone variation is also widespread in standard Cantonese.

Deep-lowering tone change, changing the tone of a character into yang-shang or low-yang-ru depending on whether the original pronunciation is ru tone, the tone value is 21. The characteristics are as follows:

It can be used to escape existing words. For example, the word "Dou" is used for "nest", "cave" and other meanings or used as a quantifier. Use low-lowering inflections for other meanings. Adjust value 32.

Sometimes the meaning of the transposed words remains completely unchanged, but different combinations have different pronunciations. For example, the character for fish in "Octopus 11" remains unchanged, while the character for fish in "Cuttlefish 21" changes intonation.

The transposed word can appear at the beginning of the word. For example: Carpentry 32 -> Wood 21 Head

After lowering the tone, you can also raise it again, such as "Buy Fish 215".

In addition, there are some scattered tone changes. The research on tone modification in Taishan dialect is currently insufficient and is at the inductive stage, and there is no clear conclusion on when to use which tone.

Taishan dialect changes the ancient characters with t as the initial consonant (such as da) into zero initial consonants, so there are a large number of words with zero initial consonants. When these words follow a nasal syllable, they are pronounced as one syllable. There are also some similar sound changes.

In addition, some words often have two pronunciations, Wen and Bai, and the pronunciation of some words follows or imitates the Cantonese pronunciation rather than following the local pronunciation.

Grammar

An outstanding feature of Taishan dialect’s grammar is the expression of singular and plural personal pronouns. Unlike Standard Cantonese and Modern Standard Chinese, it does not use word endings (Cantonese "勋", Standard Chinese "men") to distinguish, but is expressed through internal inflections such as tone changes and phonetic changes. In addition, "gai" in demonstrative pronouns means "this" and "here", and "恁" means "that" and "where" are also distinguished through inflection [6].

Personal pronouns: I**i33 (singular) -> I**i21 (plural); you ni33 (singular) -> you niεk21 (plural); qu k'ui33 (singular) -> qu k'iεk21 (plural); there is also a "non-specific third person" pronoun, which is equivalent to "others" or "people": 惗niεk55, which can be used alone or formed into "人惗", with the same meaning, no singular or plural. Note that its pronunciation is the same as the plural "you" except for the tone, but the meaning is completely different.

Demonstrative pronouns: k'*i21=this->k'*i215=here; nen21=that->nen215=there

Interrogative pronouns: nai21= Which -> nai215=Where

In terms of overlapping adjectives, Taishan dialect can overlap two words, and one of them rises and changes to express the degree. Generally, the first character changes tone to indicate a stronger degree, and the second character changes tone to indicate a weaker degree. For example, "红红" can mean "very red" (红15红11) or "a bit red" (红11红15), depending on which word has the inflection.

The word "double" is a unique quantifier in Taishan dialect. It is pronounced as "tree" in Cantonese and Standard Chinese. The Cantonese quantifier "啲" is subdivided into two, Nai (nai55) and ? (nit55) to different degrees. The former expresses a greater quantity than the latter. As for "啲多", it becomes "豼子" (nit55du35)

In terms of syntax, most of it is the same as Cantonese, but the following sentence pattern is unique to Taishan dialect:

I can’t even hear the sentence. (I can’t hear a word)

Vocabulary

The following vocabulary is some unique vocabulary and sayings in Taishan dialect:

Beating violently: the first time

Faqiao: ghost idea, the word "fa" is pronounced Yang Shang (21).

Narrowly escaped a mouse and bit a cat’s nose: a common saying describing extreme danger.

The ax is not as big as the handle: As the saying goes, the cost of the minor part of something is higher than the major part.

Three paparazzi spend the night together: a proverb that means doing things slowly.

Follow good people and be good people, and learn to worship gods from your mother-in-law: Sheng 21 Po, that is, the goddess, is a woman who performs rituals for people or tells fortunes.

Nan Xi Lao encounters a dog - no fine talisman: Xiehouyu, Nan Xi Lao, refers to a Taoist or monk who specializes in doing rituals for others; no fine talisman = no way, the same as Cantonese no 宮 Fu, but in This small word contains a double entendre.

I have never seen a big snake peeing, or a raw chicken leaking eggs - it is rare and strange: as a side note, a raw chicken refers to an uncastrated rooster.

Representing languages ??and dialects

Taishan dialect (Siyi dialect) is centered on Taishan Town, Taishan. The farther away from this center, the closer the pronunciation is to Cantonese Cantonese (Guangzhou) talk). Therefore, the dialect spoken in the urban areas of Heshan and Jiangmen is closer to Cantonese. The representative language of Taishan dialect is Shuibu dialect, and its pronunciation is more different from vernacular than other Taishan dialects.

Highlights: Sun Moon Lake

In Taishan dialect, the words "sun" and "moon" are easy to confuse, but these two words do not have the same pronunciation, and the difference is not even very small. However, due to differences in local dialects, the pronunciation of the word "月" in Kaiping Chikan Pian dialect is exactly the same as the pronunciation of the Chinese word "日" in Taishan Shuibupian dialect. Unfortunately, there are many people with both accents in Kaiping City. Therefore, the character "three months" is often omitted due to continuous reading, and is confused with "three days". In this case, be sure to ask the other party to clarify whether there is a "piece" in the middle, because "three days" is ungrammatical. This is a "tan" (meaning trap here) that beginners may encounter, so it is called "Sun Moon Lake".

Notes

1. The entry tone in Taishan dialect is the same as the entry tone in all places, with three endings: -p, -t, and -k.

2. The actual pronunciation is similar to the Cantonese yin-sounding pronunciation

3. The actual pronunciation is similar to the Cantonese yang-sounding pronunciation, which is the Cantonese intonation of the word Qian in this example

4 . The actual pronunciation is similar to the standard Chinese pronunciation

5. Since the Taishan dialects are quite different from each other, the pronunciation listed here is for reference only. Taking personal pronouns as an example, the differences between places are very obvious. But the basic rules are the same, and the inflections are generally the same.