Li Bai, a poet, made innovations in ancient poetry.

Li Bai, a poet, made innovations in ancient poetry.

Li Bai is a very conceited poet. In a group of poems entitled "Antique", he lamented that "if you don't do it for a long time, you will lose me" and criticized that "beauty is not precious since you came to Jian 'an". He said: "I aim to delete the story and reflect the spring. "If Xi Sheng has a stand, he will never win." Inheriting the fine tradition and poetic style of the Yuefu in Han and Wei Dynasties, it has become a means for Li Bai to stimulate the spirit of poetry, which is mainly reflected in his creative practice of imitating Yuefu.

Li Bai's Yuefu poems follow the ancient themes of Yuefu in a large number, or use their original intention or reverse their original intention, which can imitate ancient wonders. Its innovative consciousness is mainly manifested in two aspects: on the one hand, borrowing ancient inscriptions to write reality has a distinct spirit of the times. For example, Returning from the Summit, Song of Guarding, Journey to the North Gate, Chivalrous Journey, etc. , all belong to fate, like the poem "Antique", which expresses the author's feelings about real life and has profound implications and sustenance; On the other hand, I write my own feelings with ancient questions, because the theme and title of Yuefu contained in ancient questions triggered the author's feelings and associations at a certain moment, and used it to express my feelings. On the other hand, Yuefu poetry, because of its emphasis on subjective lyricism, can better reflect the personality characteristics of Li Bai's poetry creation, which is unprovoked and powerful. Its beauty is often between solvable and unsolvable. It can be said that it has sustenance, and it can also be said that it is just expressing feelings, and it is strange to want to fall from the sky.

For example, the Yuefu title in Shu Dao Nan implies that it is difficult to achieve great things, which touched Li Baichu's grief and indignation when he entered Chang 'an to pursue success. He used the moral of this ancient topic to express his sigh:

Hey, hey, it's dangerous! It's hard to get through the Shu Road, and it's hard to get to the sky. Until the two rulers of this area forced their way through in the foggy age. Forty-eight thousand years have passed. Don't talk to Qin Sai. And Dabaishan, to the west, still has only one bird path, all the way to the peak of Emei. Once it was broken by an earthquake, some brave people lost it, and then the ladder stone pile was hooked. On the high flag, six dragons drive the sun, and far below, the river lashes its twisted channel. Such a height is difficult for a yellow crane, poor monkey, they only have claws to use. The Green Mud Mountain is made up of many circles. For every hundred steps, we have to turn nine times in the middle of its mound. Panting, we passed Orion, passed Jingxing, and then fell to the ground with our arms folded and groaned. We don't know whether this road to the west will never end. The road ahead is getting darker and darker. Nothing can be heard except the cries of birds surrounded by ancient forests. The male bird rotates smoothly and follows the female bird. Jathyapple, what comes to us is the melancholy voice of Du Fu, a sad empty mountain. It's hard to get through the Shu Road, and it's hard to get to the sky, and it turns pale when you smell it. The highest cliff is less than a foot from heaven, and the withered pine trees hang low on the cliff surface. And a thousand waterfalls one after another, and sending stones spinning through ten thousand valleys, all these dangerous dangers. Why do people from afar come here? Although the pass of the watchtower is strong and steep, one person guards it and ten thousand people can't beat it. What if he is not loyal, but a wolf to his companions? . There are hungry tigers in the daytime, and there are poisonous reptiles at night. Their teeth and fangs are ready to kill people like hemp. Although the Silk City is beautiful, I'd rather go home soon. The difficulty of Shu Dao is difficult to go to the sky, and it is difficult to squint at the west.

Through the repeated lamentation that "it is difficult to pass through the Shu Road, but it is difficult to go to the sky", the preciseness of the Shu Road Peak and the preciseness of turning thousands of valleys into stones are rendered, which contains the poet's endless feelings about the difficulties of the world.

Another example is "drinking":

Have you seen how the water of the Yellow River flows from the sky to the sea and never returns? Have you seen the lovely hair in the bright mirror in the high room, although it is still silky black in the morning, it turns into snow at night? Oh, let a man with spirit take risks where he wants to go, and never point his golden cup at the moon empty! . Since God has given talents, let them be used! As for the money, although it is scattered, it will get together again. Cook a sheep, kill a cow, sharpen your appetite, and let me, 300 bowls, take a big drink! . Master Cen, Dan Qiusheng can drink and drink endlessly. Let me sing you a song! Please listen to me. What are bells and drums, delicacies and treasures? Let me get drunk forever and never be rational! . The sober and sage of the old days were forgotten, and only the drinker kept his name. Chen bought a barrel of wine with 10 thousand gold coins at a banquet in the temple, and everyone laughed and said one-liners Why do you say, my master, your money is gone? , to buy wine, we drink together! . Five flower horses, Hsi Chin, give them to the boy in exchange for good wine. Whatever you want, sell eternal sorrow.

The old theme of Yuefu in this poem contains the meaning of drinking and singing. Based on this, the poet associated himself, expressed the heroic spirit of "since God has given talents, let them play their role", and wrote in time that binge drinking has the momentum and strength of a surging river. It not only gives full play to the theme of the original song, but also fully shows the poet's wild and confident personality. Li Bai integrated his personality temperament into the creation of Yuefu poems, forming a flowing lyrical way with a sense of movement. Speaking of syllables, this movement is manifested in the uneven sentence levels and the ups and downs of rhythm, especially in miscellaneous Yuefu poems.

Although Li Bai's Yuefu poems "imitate the past", they are full of "I" and show a wild and frank personality. For example, in Fu Liangyin, "If you want to go to the dragon to see the Lord, Lei Gong drums. The emperor threw a pot of jade girl, and lightning flashed at three o'clock, and it began to rain. You can't go through nine doors, and those who close the door are angry. " Another example is "Three Books of Songs: It's Hard to Walk":

The road is as wide as the blue sky, but there is no way out in front of my eyes. I am ashamed to follow those who have no guts to bet on cockfighting and dogs for pears and nuts. I don't mean to grovel in the door of power, as Feng Xuan complained. At that time, people in Huaiyin laughed at the ministers of the Han Dynasty for their cowardice and incompetence, but they were jealous of Jia Yi's Excellence. You see, in ancient Yan Zhaowang, Guo Kun was highly valued, Hui Zhejie was embraced, and the corporal was humble. Juxin and Le Yi were grateful for their kindness. They tried their best to serve the monarch with their talents. But Yan Zhaowang died early, who can reuse the wise men like him? It's hard to go. Come back.

From intonation to momentum, it is Li Bai-style, characterized by expressing subjective feelings with first-person expression and discussion, which completely breaks the traditional writing method of Yuefu narrative. When poets choose Yuefu as an old topic to express their feelings, they often make creative hair growth and association according to the meaning and emotional tendency of this topic in ancient poems, highlight their subjective feelings with bold exaggeration and clever metaphor, and form a majestic momentum with bold and unrestrained writing. Li Bai brought his romantic temperament into Yuefu theme, thus giving Yuefu with an ancient theme a new life and pushing Yuefu poetry creation to an unparalleled peak. Li Bai's representative works of Yuefu, such as Shu Dao Nan, Jiang, Fu Liang Yin and Difficult to Go to Heaven, are mostly composed of five or seven words. In terms of system and style, there is no substantial difference between this kind of prose Yuefu and the popular Song Style in Tang Dynasty. In fact, Li Bai's Yuefu poetry creation has completed the fundamental transformation from the ancient style of Han and Wei Dynasties to the ancient style of Tang Dynasty.

Li Bai's creative achievements are higher than Yuefu's, but the boundary between them is not easy to distinguish. Generally speaking, Xiangyang Song, Fufeng Song, Xiyue Yuntai Song to Send Dan Qiu Zi, Youth Travel, Gulang Yuexing, Yin, Yu Hu Yin, Liang Ge and Yu are all representative works of Long song. In these works, lyricism is more intense. The poet unfolds the chapter with subjective feelings and intentions as the axis, flying and imagining, alternating between reality and reality, opening and closing the pen, sometimes going down the river, sometimes jumping in a long span, not talking about leveling, not seeking confrontation, and writing at will. Such as "Yu Hu Yin":

Martyrs bump into jade pots and cherish their old age. Three cups of sword dance autumn moon, suddenly singing and crying. At the beginning of the phoenix, purple mud appeared, and the emperor called it a royal banquet. Praise the Lord for nine days, stir up red waves and green sages. Turn the dragon into a dragon and give coral a white jade whip. The world doesn't know that Dong Fangshuo, the great hidden Golden Gate, is a fallen fairy. Xi Shi Ying smiled and frowned, and the ugly girl was tired. Although the king loves moths and eyebrows, there is nothing he can do to kill people in his palace.

Another example is climbing Mount Tianmu in my dream:

The sea can talk about Yingzhou, and water and fog are hidden outside the method. But the more people talk about the mother mountain, the clouds are light or visible. On a straight line leading to heaven, its peak enters heaven, topped with five sacred peaks, and casts a shadow across China. The Paradise Terrace Mountains are 100 miles long, and it is here that they begin to extend to the southeast. My heart and my dream are in Wu Heyue, flying over Jinghu Moon overnight. The moon lit up my shadow and I came to Yanhe. Xie 'an is still there, with a loud voice and rippling blue waves. I wore Xie's earliest spiked shoes and climbed the Qingyun ladder. Halfway through the sunny ocean, the sacred rooster crows in space. Thousands of turns, flowers lure me, stones slow me down. The day suddenly ended. Bears, dragons and storms on mountains and rivers disturb forests and shake mountains. Clouds are darkened by rain, and streams are pale by fog. God of thunder and lightning, landslides in hills, caves, stone gates and sinkholes. An impenetrable shadow, but now the sun and the moon illuminate a golden and silver terrace. Wearing rainbow clothes and riding the wind, all the queens of the clouds came and came down one by one. With the tiger as the harp and the phoenix as the dancer, the images of fairies are arranged in rows. I moved, my soul flew and suddenly began to grow. My pillow and mat are the lost clouds in which I once lived. This is the consistent way of human happiness, and all kinds of things will always flow to the east like water. So I'm leaving you. I don't know how long it will take. But let me, on my green slope, raise a white deer. When I need you, ride to you, great mountain. Oh, how can I bow and scrape to those people with high status and important positions? They never want to be seen with a sincere face!

This kind of Li Bai-style lyric is like a storm, which rises and falls suddenly, like flowing water, pouring thousands of miles, and lofty sentiments gush directly from the chest.

Li Bai's Song of Escorting Yu Shuhua to Climb the Building said:

Since yesterday, I have to leave Bolt and me behind. It hurts my heart even more today. Autumn geese are escorted by Changfeng, and I treat them in this villa and drink my wine. The bones of great writers are all your brushes. In Tianyuan, I grew up beside you, Xiao Xie. We all yearn for the distance and want to go to the blue sky to embrace the bright moon. But since the water is still flowing, although we cut it with our swords and raise our glasses to drown our sorrows. Since the world can't satisfy our desire, I will loosen my hair and get on a fishing boat tomorrow.

After Li Bai entered Chang 'an and was rejected in the name of "paying back the money", this poem was arrogant and conceited, and an uncontrollable feeling of grief and indignation was like a volcanic eruption. Strong grievances and resentment did not weaken its arrogant pretense, but "but since the water is still flowing, although we cut it with the sword", its grief was so great that it escaped proudly and became more impassioned. Wine turned into sadness and heroism, and the poet was able to express his depressed sadness, so hearty and intense, and it was fascinating and exciting to see the hero in grief. This is beyond the reach of ordinary people.

Li Bai's songs completely broke all the inherent forms of poetry creation, with no support and changeable brushstrokes, reaching the magical realm of unpredictable and random swaying. Not only do feelings go down in anger, but the change of sentence length and the scattered syllables all show its rhythm and melody, which causes the momentum of poetry, highlights the power of poetry and presents a heroic and elegant poetic style. Li Bai's unique artistic personality, extraordinary verve and life are soaring in his songs, which fully embodies the spirit of the times in the prosperous Tang Dynasty and has the masculine beauty of growing up. Tang Wenzong once wrote a letter: "Take (Li) poetry, Pei Min's sword dance and Zhang Xu's cursive script as three unique skills" (Biography of Li Bai in the New Tang Dynasty). Because these three are typical representatives of the pursuit of romantic personality in the art of the prosperous Tang Dynasty.

Because Li Bai mainly shocked the poetry world with ancient poems such as Yuefu and Gexing, people think that he is not good at modern poetry, which is inaccurate. Li Bai, a teenager, wrote all metrical poems in Shu, which shows that he learned to write poems from the near body, from the metrical style, and the sentences were neat; Then make a breakthrough, or enter Yuefu with the law, or enter the law with the momentum of ancient poetry, use it flexibly and not stick to one pattern. In his Song of Xia Sai, the poem "Five In the snow in Tianshan Mountains, no flowers, only cold" is a successful work of five-character rhythm, although it uses the old topic of Yuefu. Night Sleeping in Niuzhu is his masterpiece of five laws, which is set in ancient times and has continuous significance without binary opposition. The beauty of Li Bai's poems is varied, including majestic, magnificent and romantic momentum, and natural and bright feelings, which are mainly reflected in his quatrains.

Among Li Bai's modern poems, quatrains have the highest artistic achievement and are also the most popular. His five stunts can express endless feelings in concise and lively language, which is full of fun, concise and rich in meaning. Such as "Sitting alone in Jingting Mountain":

The birds flew without a trace, leaving the lonely clouds free and unfettered. You look at me, I look at you, and there are only my eyes and Jingting Mountain's eyes.

This is an excellent four-line poem, which is used to write a moment with transcendental interest. When sitting alone, the lonely mood and the silent mountain scenery suddenly disappear, making people feel the warmth of being close to nature. Man and the mountain are spiritually connected and integrated in an instant. It seems effortless for a poet to express this feeling of understanding, but in the invisible encounter between man and mountain, there seems to be infinite feelings that need not be said and infinite charm. Another example is Grandma Pavilion:

The saddest place in the world is this farewell acie law. Spring breeze will also want to leave the pain of parting, instead of urging this willow tree to turn green.

Writing about the parting pain of the spring breeze, saying that the spring breeze blows and the willow color is not green seems to deliberately prevent people from breaking the willow branches to bid farewell. Xiao Yi's words are very clear, the scenery is simple, and his feelings are only a moment's understanding, but the meaning is profound. The quatrain system is short, suitable for writing a place's scenery and an instant mood, but it is easy to become superficial, so it is concise and implicit; But if deliberately tempered, it is easy to become a chisel, so it naturally becomes the world. It is required to express as many emotional implications as possible in a short space.

Li Bai's quatrains are fresh, but they contain elegant and unique Shen Feng. His bright personality and freely adaptable temperament are reflected in his quatrains, which form a fresh and elegant emotional charm. Such as "Jia Scheeren with punishments assistant minister Ye You Dongting five notes" the second:

In the autumn night, the south lake is clear of water and smoke. How can you ride the sky? Let Dongting Lake enjoy some moonlight on credit and enjoy the moon and drink happily.

Make water, moon and white clouds as a whole into a glass world, and the wonderful imagination generated in this world makes it as beautiful as a fairy. Fifth:

Whether Di Zi Xiaoxiang can go or not, there is no autumn grass in Dongting. Ming Lake sweeps open the jade mirror, and Danqing paints Junshan.

Beautiful lake, beautiful legend, ethereal and clear; Picturesque realm shows a clear state of mind beyond the world. Among Li Bai's Seven Musts, landscape poems and farewell poems are the most and the best. He has a temperament that blends with nature. With his naive childlike innocence and the combination of mountains and rivers, he has a novel inspiration. No matter how he writes about scenery and romance, he has a smooth elegance and a hearty charm. For example:

The purple mist is illuminated by sunlight, and the waterfall hangs in front of the mountain. On the high cliff, it seems to be thousands of feet high, which makes people think that the Milky Way has fallen from heaven to earth. (Look at Lushan Waterfall)

The Yangtze River splits the Tianmen Peak like a giant axe, and the green river flows around the island. The green hills on both sides are neck and neck, and a boat meets leisurely from the horizon. (Looking at Tianmen Mountain from afar)

Early in the morning, I bid farewell to Jiangling city, which is high into the sky, thousands of miles away, and the boat is only one day away. The cries of apes on both sides of the strait are still unconsciously crowing in their ears, and the canoe has passed the heavy green hills. ("Early Baidu City")

Old friends frequently waved to me, bid farewell to the Yellow Crane Tower, and traveled to Yangzhou in this beautiful spring filled with catkins and flowers. My friend's sail shadow faded away and disappeared at the end of the blue sky, only seeing the first line of the Yangtze River and heading for the distant horizon. (The Yellow Crane Tower bid farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou)

I asked Yu what he was doing in Bishan, but I just laughed. Peach blossoms and flowing water suddenly go away, and the world is not human. (question and answer in the mountains)

Masterpieces similar to the Seven Wonders are numerous in Li Bai's poems. Most of these works describe the poet's aesthetic feelings and emotional moments in the embrace of nature and daily life, and they are natural and natural works at one stroke. It shows the beauty of nature, ordinary humanity and human feelings, simple and true, full of life interest, and has a kind of beauty of "clear water produces hibiscus, carved naturally".

Li Bai's quatrains, especially the seven-character quatrains, have the characteristics of entering the law from the ancient times and playing freely, and are integrated into the expressive techniques of opening and closing Yuefu songs at will and running through the charm. Xu's Debate on the Origin of Poetry said: "Taibai's seven-character quatrains are the most successful." In addition, the influence of Yuefu folk songs on Li Bai's quatrains is also extremely obvious. Among his 159 quatrains (79 quatrains of five and 80 quatrains of seven), there are about 45 works imitating Yuefu folk songs, accounting for nearly one third. Many of them are well-known works. For example, "the foot of my bed is so bright, will it have frosted?" In Silent Night Thinking. Looking up, I found it was moonlight, sinking again, and I suddenly remembered home. "At that time, I realized, made it very clear, and spoke the most touching point in the thick homesickness, which caused people's common * * * sound under the Millennium. Such as Yu Jiefen, five poems, eight female words, four poems about Xiangyang and six poems about Hengjiang. It is also an excellent quatrain in Li Bai's Yuefu works, with fresh and simple folk flavor and lively folk sentiment. For example, the third part of "Five Poems of Yue Nv" wrote: "The lotus plucking girl in the west field sings back when she sees the guest. Laugh into the lotus, don't be ashamed. "This kind of natural sentence pattern similar to folk songs is purely inspiration or inspiration, which is the most in Li Bai's five or seven-character quatrains. As far as the works are natural, fresh and lively, the achievements of Li Bai's quatrains are unparalleled.

A quatrain is an instant presentation of Li Bai's emotional world, and its cheerful personality, frank feelings and free and easy temperament are all reflected in an instant, and immediately become a swan song after blurting out. Hu Yinglin's "Internal Poems" said: "Taibai's five or seven words are absolutely unique, and every word is god, and the article is god." Among the poets in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, Wang Wei and Meng Haoran were good at five-character poems, while Wang Changling and other seven-character poems were well written. Li Bai is the only one who is good at both. He wrote a quatrain!