Greek myths and Roman myths and legends

Greek mythology and other Roman myths did not actually exist. It was not until the end of Rome and China that Roman poets began to imitate Greek mythology to write their own myths. The Romans did not have such traditional legends as the struggle between gods in Greek mythology.

Roman traditions are:

Well-developed rituals, priests and a group of interrelated gods.

A series of rich legends about the birth and development of Rome, in which human beings play a major role and God sometimes intervenes.

This shows that the Romans' understanding of God is different from that of the Greeks. If you ask an ancient Greek who is De Miltel, he will say that De Miltel has a very beautiful daughter who was taken away by Hades, so De Miltel is very sad, and so on.

If you ask an ancient Roman who Silas was, he would say that Silas had a priest, who was lower than the priests of Jupiter, Mars myth and Quirinus, but higher than Flora and Pumuna. He would say that sayles was in the same group as Lipper and Libera, two other gods in charge of agriculture, and he might even name the little god who helped sayles.

Therefore, the "myth" of ancient Rome is not a story, but a complex relationship between God and God and between God and man.

The early religions in Rome later added many sometimes even contradictory new contents, especially absorbed many parts of Greek mythology. Today, our understanding of Roman mythology comes not from the records at that time, but from the descriptions of some scholars who tried to preserve those ancient traditions later. For example, Marcus Tilentius Varro lived in 1 century. Other Roman writers, such as Ovid, were deeply influenced by Greece in their writing, and they often quoted Greek mythology to fill the gaps in Roman mythology.

Roman god

Roman prayers and official priests divided their gods into two categories. The first kind is the primitive god of Rome ('Di Indigo'), and the second kind is introduced to cope with a catastrophe at a certain period in Roman history ('de novensides'). The first kind of gods had their own priests very early in Roman history, and they had fixed celebration days on the calendar. There are 30 such gods. In addition to these 30 great gods, Rome has had a group of special gods since very early, and they have their own special tasks, such as being responsible for harvesting. Some ancient rituals to be carried out during farming or sowing show that there is always a god involved in every operation, and the names of these gods are generally derived from the verbs of this operation. These gods can be called the helpers of the Lord God. The early Roman faith was not a polytheistic religion. These gods usually have only one name and one function, and their divine power is also very specific.

Roman gods and their celebrations show that ancient Rome was not only an agricultural society, but also very good at fighting and often participated in wars. These gods showed the needs of daily life in Roman society at that time. They enjoy the necessary rituals and sacrifices. For example, janus and Vesta guard gatekeepers and stoves, Lares protect land, houses, fences and poles, Saturn protects sowing, Seils protects grain growth, Pumuna protects fruits, and Consus and Ops protect harvest. Even Jupiter, the Lord of the gods, is respected for his showers to protect manors and vineyards. Through his lightning weapon, he is regarded as the master of mankind beyond everything, and through his vast territory, he is regarded as the patron saint of Roman troops when they are on expeditions abroad. The early important gods were the myth of Mars and Quirinus, and there was almost no difference between them. Mars myth is the god of young people and their activities, especially war. He died in March and October. Modern scholars believe that Quirinus is the patron saint of soldiers in peacetime.

In the early temples, besides Jupiter, Mars myth and Quirinus (their three priests were the tallest in Rome), there were also janus and Vesta. These early gods had no personality. They have no personal experience, no marriage and no children. Unlike Greek gods, they have no humanity, so there are not many records about their activities. Numa Pompeius, the second king of Rome, is often regarded as the founder of this ancient way of sacrifice. It is said that his companion and assistant was Geria, the Roman goddess in charge of springs and fertility. Later literary works called Geria a narcissus. But something new was added a long time ago. It is said that the Cobian family introduced Jupiter, Juno and Minova, who later occupied the most important position in Roman religion. Other new imports include the worship of Di Anna on Mount Evandin and Sibu Oracle, a book that predicts the world. It is said that Tucker bought it from a prophetess at the end of the 6th century.

Introduction of other gods

With the occupation of the surrounding areas by Rome, the nearby gods were also absorbed. The Romans respected the gods of the occupied areas just as they respected the gods of Rome itself. In many cases, these newly introduced gods were formally invited to the new holy land established for them in a special ceremony in Rome. 203 years ago, a sacred object representing Cybele was officially introduced into Rome from its place of origin. In addition, the expansion of Rome attracted foreigners, who were allowed to continue to worship their own gods. This is how Mitra came to Rome. He was very popular in the army, so his worship was brought to England. Besides Caster and looks, Di Anna, Minova, Hercules, Venus and other small gods also came to Rome with Rome's conquest of Italy. Some of these gods were invented by Italy itself, and some originally came from Greek culture. Later, every major Roman god found a corresponding Greek god with more humanity, and added their attributes and myths.

Rome as a God

Some temples worship Rome, which may indicate that a god was appointed as Rome.

But in fact, this is a metaphor, giving the country a humanized representative. This humanization first appeared on coins in the first 269 years. Outsiders may think that Rome is deified, but this is just speculation. To emphasize this metaphor, the Romans built the first temple for Rome in Smyrna in BC 195. It is also easy to confuse the deification of Roman emperors, such as Augustus the Great, especially the religious ceremonies set up for him by some Roman politicians.

festival

Roman religious calendar reprinted the Roman acceptance of gods in occupied areas. There were only a few religious festivals in early Rome. But some early festivals remained until the last moment of pre-Roman Christianity. These include the reproduction and atonement ceremonies of primitive agricultural people. The arrival of a new god brings a new festival. Later, there were more festivals on the calendar than working days. The most important festivals are Saturnalia and Pastoral Festival.

The Saturnalia Festival of the Empire lasted for seven days, from 65438+February 65438+July to 65438+February 23rd, which was also the winter solstice. During this time, all businesses stopped, slaves were temporarily free, people exchanged gifts, and many people got married. The faun festival was originally an ancient festival to celebrate the Italian faun Lupocus. This festival was celebrated in Lupokus Cave on the hill of Berun Town on February 65438+5, 2005. Mount Bermuda is the legendary place where Romero and Lemo, the founders of Rome, were adopted by a wolf when they were children. According to Roman legend, a shepherd found the twins in the wolf's den and took them home to raise his wife.

roman temple

The temples in Rome reflect Rome's acceptance of other gods in the world. The oldest temples, such as Jupiter, Juno and Minova, which were built on Mount Capitole 509 years ago, are modeled after Etruscan temples. Like the Etruscan temple, it stands on a towering foundation. Unlike Greek temples, Greek temples have upward steps all around, while Etruscan temples only have steps at the entrance. The surface of the temple is also different from that of the Greek temple. Its colonnade is deeper than the colonnade of the Greek temple (one * * *, there are six pairs), and only the entrance has a colonnade. The Greek temple has a week-long colonnade. The temple is divided into several large rooms, each of which is dedicated to different gods. The temples of Ai Xisi and Celabis in the Arena of God of War are representative works of religious architecture in late Rome. They were made of Egyptian materials, and they worshipped the Hellenistic Egyptian gods. The most special temples in Rome, Jupiter, templo mayor and Pantheon. The Pantheon was built by Hadrian from 1 17 to 138, which contained all the gods. It replaced a smaller similar temple. In 607, the Pantheon was transformed into a Christian church. Today, it is the Italian National Memorial Hall, where san rafael and some kings who contributed to the Renaissance Mentor are buried.

The decline of Roman religion

The Hellenization of Roman religion, and more importantly, the spread of Greek philosophy among the well-educated people in Rome, made the old ceremony less and less valued, and the status of the old priests plummeted before 1 century. Apart from political needs, many high-ranking aristocrats who should have accepted these positions from birth simply don't trust these ceremonies, and people with low education are becoming more and more interested in foreign ceremonies. Even so, the' pontifex maximus' and the fortune teller ('fortune teller') still have a high political status. Caesar used his position as the highest priest to exert political influence on other priests.

Augustus the Great reformed and rebuilt the old religious system, and he integrated all the priests himself. Although the old ceremony (in fact, people traded with God, and people served God in exchange for God's protection) had nothing to do with morality, Augustus transformed it into piety and religious belief discipline and used it as a system to prevent internal unrest. At this time, Virgil's long poem Aeneas made the legend that the Trojan hero Aeneas founded Rome very popular.

The reform of Augustus the Great could not prevent Roman religion from paying more and more attention to the worship of the Roman emperor, and later the Roman emperor was deified after his death. This trend existed in Caesar's time before the establishment of the Roman Empire. Augustus, Claudius, Vespin and Titus were all deified, and few emperors after Marcus Cocceius nerva were not deified.

During the imperial period, many foreign gods were very popular, such as the worship of Egyptian goddess Ai Xisi and Persian god Mitra, and so was Christianity. Although Christianity was strongly persecuted during the period from Nero to Diocletian, it continued to expand. Constantine the Great ruled alone from 324 to 337, and finally established Christianity as the state religion. Since 392, Dior I has banned all other worship.

The main god of ancient Rome

Ancient Roman mythology has a profound influence on European culture. The constellations in the sky were originally named after mythical figures and gods by the Greeks, but at present the academic circles all use Roman names.

Janus, the door god of Janus, has two faces before and after or four faces in four directions, symbolizing the beginning.

Jupiter, the king of Jupiter. Zeus Zeus, corresponding to Greek mythology.

Juno Juno, goddess, corresponds to Hera Hera in Greek mythology.

Mercury, the messenger of God, corresponds to Hermes in Greek mythology.

Venus, the goddess of beauty and love, is equivalent to Aphrodite in Greek mythology.

Mars, the god of war in Mars mythology, corresponds to Ares in Greek mythology. But the image is much more positive than Ares.

Saturn, the father of Jupiter, corresponds to kronos in Greek mythology.

Maya Maya Mercury's mother, the goddess of flowers.

Di Anna, the moon goddess in Di Anna, corresponds to Artemis in Greek mythology.

Apollo Apollo, the sun god, Greece and Rome have the same name.

Minerva, the goddess of wisdom in Minova, corresponds to Athena in Greek mythology.

Ceres in Seils corresponds to Demeter in Greek mythology.

Vulcan, the husband of Venus, corresponds to hephaestus in Greek mythology.

The God of Neptune, corresponding to Boston in Greek mythology, the younger brother of Jupiter.

Pluto, the god of Prouteau, corresponds to Hades, the younger brother of Jupiter in Greek mythology.

Cupid little love god, the son of Venus, corresponds to eros in Greek mythology.

Aurora, the goddess of dawn in Aurora, corresponds to Eos EOS in Greek mythology.

The origin of Greek mythology

In Greek mythology, the primitive form of the universe is chaos. Chaos gave birth to Gaia, followed by Erebus；; Darkness) and Niquette (night; Night). Eribos and Niquette's brother and sister gave birth to light and sky. Then Caia gave birth to the sky, Uranus, the god of the sky. Uranus and Caia unite to become the masters of the world. They gave birth to six men and six women, namely the twelve titans. In addition, they also gave birth to three one-eyed trolls and three hundred-armed trolls. It is said that Uranus hates his children and hides them in Caia's body. Gaia encouraged her children to resist. Cronus castrated Lanos with a scythe made by Gaia, thus ruling the world. But from Lanos' blood, a giant and a vengeance were born. Uranus and Cronus are old gods in Greek mythology.

Cronus and his sister Rhea gave birth to three boys and three girls. Cronus was afraid of being x by her children, so when they were born, she swallowed them. Rhea is very sad. Before her youngest son Zeus was born, she turned to Gaia, the mother of the earth, for help, fled to Crete, hid Zeus in a cave, and gave Cronus a stone wrapped in diapers as a baby.

Zeus later defeated Cronus and forced him to spit out his brothers and sisters again. Brothers and sisters thanked Zeus and made him a Lord. Zeus and his two brothers Poseidon and Hades divided the world: Zeus ruled the sky, Poseidon ruled the ocean and Hades ruled the underworld. Zeus, his brothers, sisters and children have become new gods. Most of Greek mythology is about the story of a new generation of gods.

In Greek mythology, the earth is oblate. The center of the earth is either Olympus or Delphi, which is famous for divination. The earth is divided into two parts with equal area by the sea from east to west. The seaside is a blessed place, where even mortals can enjoy eternal happiness.

The land of God is located on Mount Olympus. Twelve major gods and some minor gods known to the world live on Mount Olympus all the year round, such as eros, the goddess of youth and cupbearer, the goddess of graces in charge of social entertainment, and the nine muses in charge of literature, art and science. What about the spinning human life? Dumb [5] forced to say? Reina? Fate, and so on.

Greek mythology depicts the sea as two dynasties. The old dynasty flourished under the rule of Cronus and was founded by the titans oceanus and thetis. They gave birth to 3000 rivers and countless sea goddesses. Later, nereus, the son of Gaia, the mother of the earth, became an elder in the ocean, famous for his prophetic genius, knowledge and love for truth and justice. His daughter married Poseidon, Zeus' brother, thus unifying the old and new dynasties of Hai.

In the world of Greek mythology, ghosts are on the other side of the ocean, below the limit edge of the known world. The barren river bank there will never see the sun, and the boundary of the ghost country is two rivers: the Styx, which is terrible and sacred to the gods, and the Acheron, which is sad. Ka Rong, a ferryman, received the dead on the sad river bank, while burroughs, a three-headed dog, guarded the gate of the underworld to prevent the dead from escaping from there. The ghost kingdom was ruled by Zeus' brother Hades and his wife Persephone.

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Characters in Greek mythology

1 Zeus (known as Jupiter in Roman mythology), the highest god in Greek mythology, is in charge of lightning, and man and god are co-owners.

2. Apollo, the son of Zeus in Greek mythology, was in charge of light, youth, music and poetry. And often appear as a teenager with a bow and arrow.

3. Athena, the goddess of wisdom in Greek mythology, the patron saint of Athens.

Pandora, the first woman in Greek mythology. Beautiful and deceitful, she secretly opened a box given to her by Zeus, which contained diseases, madness, sin, jealousy and other evils, and flew out together, leaving only hope at the bottom of the box, so the world was full of disasters. "Pandora's Box" has become synonymous with "the source of disaster".

5. Prometheus, the god who benefits the world in Greek mythology. Stealing skyfire and bringing it to the world, and teaching people various skills, angered Zeus, was locked on a cliff in the Caucasus, and was pecked to death by condors. He was a hero who resisted rape and sacrificed everything for mankind.

6. The Sphinx, the gorgon in Greek mythology. Often let passers-by guess, guess that pedestrians are going to be killed; Later, because the answer was revealed by Oedipus, he committed suicide. Later, it is often used to refer to people like "mystery". The Egyptian Sphinx has the same name.

Diana, Venus, Cupid.

Brief introduction of Greek mythical figures

Apollo Apollo

Ancient Greek mythical figures. The son of Zeus and the goddess Leto. Al Simis' twin brother.

It is generally believed that the myth about Apollo originated in Asia Minor, because he sided with Troy in the Trojan War, and there were many other temples there. Others believe that it originated in northern Greece, and the Hupperpoli claimed to be descendants of Apollo.

There are many myths related to Apollo, including:

He killed Long Pitong and built a temple where Delphi defeated him.

Take part in the battle between the gods of Olympus and the genie;

In the Trojan War, his priests were insulted by the Greeks, and he attacked them by torturing them.

Hermes invented the lyre and gave it to Apollo, making him the god of music.

Cassandra, the princess of Troy, fell in love with him and was endowed with the gift of prophecy, but the princess later broke her promise and Apollo failed her prophecy.

In order to get rid of his pursuit, the goddess Daphne became a laurel tree, known as the holy tree of Apollo;

He also teamed up with Poseidon to help Troy, build an unbreakable wall and so on.

Apollo is generally accepted as the sun god and called Phobos (meaning light). On the one hand, he protects agriculture, on the other hand, his sunshine is regarded as a golden arrow and has the function of a god of war. The common image of Apollo is mostly a young man without long hair, holding a harp, bow, aegis and so on.

Aphrodite

Aphrodite

Ancient Greek mythical figures. She is the daughter of Zeus and Dione, the goddess of the sea. She was born in the waves, so she is called Anadiomene (meaning out of water).

Originally it was one of the goddess of harvest. After the formation of Olympus, it was regarded as the goddess of love, sex and beauty.

The earliest places to worship her were Cyprus, Coutela Island and Asia Minor. Later, her worship was introduced to Greece.

As the goddess of the sea, her sacrifice is dolphins;

As the goddess of harvest, her sacrifices are sparrows, pigeons and rabbits;

As the goddess of love, she has a magical treasure belt. When a woman in ancient Greece got married, she would give her a belt she knitted.

Legend has it that her priestess exchanged her body for money to serve her, which was related to the marriage system at that time.

On Mount Olympus, she was regarded as the wife of hephaestus, but she fell in love with others many times: she had an affair with Ares, the god of war, and gave birth to five children; Have children with Hermes; He gave birth to Aeneas and the hero Snees. In Homer's time, she was often with the goddess of sequence, the goddess of graces and her son eros, the goddess of love. In Rome, she merged with Venus, the goddess of local fertile plants, and became the goddess of harvest and love. Because she was the mother of Aeneas, she was regarded as the female ancestor of Emperor julius.

Many of her early images were in their prime and radiant, and later she was often portrayed as a naked woman. The most famous is the Greek sculpture in the 2nd century BC, also known as Venus of Milos. The statue is a marble circular sculpture, 2.04 meters high, carved by Alexander, found in the cave of Milos Island in the Aegean Sea in 1820, and is now in the Louvre Museum in France. The statue is noble and dignified, and its plump chest, rounded shoulders and flexible waist present a mature female beauty. The structural and dynamic changes of the human body are diverse and subtle. Statues reflect rich inner vitality and human spiritual wisdom. The style of the works is close to the works in the heyday of classicism in the 4th century BC, which was rare in the Hellenistic period. The statue's mutilated upper limbs constitute a unique beauty.

Achille

Achilles

Greek mythical figures. The hero in Homer's epic.

Wang Pei Ryukyu, son of Milmidong in Saglia, and thetis, the goddess of the sea, are handsome and agile and have a reputation for agility.

He was destined to live a long life or a short life but glory, and he chose the latter. Knowing that he could not survive the Trojan War, he decided to go to war.

Homer's epic describes his contribution to the Trojan War.

He was the most outstanding general in the Greek army. He refused to take part in the war because his coach Agamemnon took his captive briseis. Troy took the opportunity to attack, and his good friend Patroclus put on armor and went into battle to save the Greek army. Unfortunately, he died. He regretted his stubbornness, made peace with Agamemnon, fought again, defeated the Trojans and killed the Trojan Lord Hecktor.

Legends after Homer's epic mainly describe his childhood life and his achievements in the late Trojan War.

It is said that after he was born, his mother drowned him in the Styx in order to make him invulnerable, but his heel pinched by his mother failed to soak in the Styx, which became his achilles heel.

Achilles went on to make many achievements after killing hector. Then Paris shot him in the heel and died. After his death, he lived in the underworld and ruled the undead.

2 Brief introduction of characters in Greek mythology

Ares

Ares

Greek mythical figures. The myth about him mainly comes from Homer's epic.

He is the son of Zeus and Hera. He is bloodthirsty, belligerent and ferocious. He is the embodiment of bloody fighting, but his martial arts is not very high.

In the Trojan War, he helped the Trojans against the Greeks. He was stabbed by the Greek hero Diomedes and defeated by Athena.

He was handsome and admired by Aphrodite, but he was caught red-handed by Aphrodite's lame husband hephaestus during a tryst with Aphrodite, which became a joke of the gods.

The worship of him in ancient Greece was not very popular, and there was almost no special place to worship him. Some myths say that he is the ancestor of magical people.

In Roman times, he was confused with Mars in Rome. Mars is a very revered god in Rome, juxtaposed with Jupiter. As the father of romulus and remus, the founder of Rome, Mars became the ancestor of the Romans. Mars may have something to do with agriculture at first, but after being confused with Ares, he continued to be worshipped simply as a god of war.

Eros

Eros

Little love god in Greek mythology. One of the ancient gods. At first, people thought that eros was born by the giant god Keos and the gods in heaven or on earth. Later, it was thought that it was born by Ares or Zeus (or Hermes) and Aphrodite, and its image and function also changed. He became an immortal handsome boy with two golden wings and a bow and arrow with love magic on his shoulder. Air, land, water and even all living things underground are under the control of the power of his love. He was alert, cunning and mischievous, and even made Zeus and his mother endure the torture of love. As little love god, he usually serves as the emissary of Aphrodite to complete her various love missions. He is also the god of youth friendship. During the Hellenistic period, many young eros appeared as eros's entourage. During the Roman period, eros was confused with little love god Amor in Roman mythology. The most touching love story of eros is the love legend between him and Psyche, which is described in detail by the Roman writer Aplus in his novel Metamorphosis.

Odysseus experienced a land of darkness and death.

Odysseus

Odysseus

Characters in Greek mythology and legend. Roman myths and legends called it Ulysses or Jurica Seth. He was the king of Itaka Island in western Greece and participated in the Trojan War. Before going to war, he joined a Greek mission to see Priam, king of Troy, in order to peacefully resolve the dispute caused by Paris robbing Helen, but it ended in vain. During the period of 10 when the Greek allied forces besieged Troy, Odysseus was brave and good at fighting, and made great achievements repeatedly. He provided a Trojan horse to attack the Trojan from the inside. On the way home from Troy with his companions, he offended Poseidon by stabbing Polyphemus, the cyclops, and was blocked by Poseidon many times. Poseidon went through difficulties and obstacles. He defeated the sea monster kyrk, overcame the temptation of Sewu's wonderful singing, crossed the residence of the sea monster Schula, and got rid of the seven-year imprisonment of the goddess Calypso. Finally, in the tenth year, he was lucky enough to return to his hometown of Ithaca alone, and together with his son Taylor Marcos, he killed the pursuer who pestered his wife and squandered his wealth, and the family was reunited. The story of Odysseus is described in detail in Homer's epic. Legends after Homer's epic supplement Odysseus' experience, but highlight the negative characteristics of his character and describe him as a hypocritical, cunning and timid person.

Oedipus

Oidipous

Characters in Greek mythology and legend. First seen in early epics. He is the son of the king of Thebes, Raus, and Horgos (called picas in the epic). Laos knew from the divination that he would be killed by his son, so he tied his feet after his son was born and ordered his servants to abandon him in the mountains. The servant did not do as the king said, and gave the baby to the shepherd in Lubos, Wang Bo, Corinth. The childless king of Corinth adopted the baby as an adopted son, named Oedipus, which means "a man with swollen feet" (when the baby was thrown into the sea, the waves washed the baby to Sichuan and was adopted by the king). When Oedipus grew up, he was called "abandoned child". He went to Delphi for a visa, learned that he was going to kill his father and marry his mother, and decided not to go home and wander in a different place. When he came to the border of Thebes, he met a group of passers-by and the two sides had an argument. Except one slave, all the others were killed by Oedipus, and the first one was his biological father, Raios. On his way to Thebes, he guessed the riddle of the banshee Sphinx, which made the banshee jump off the cliff in shame and ended the disaster in Thebes. Thebes thanked him, made him king, married his queen Horgoste, and gave birth to two men and two women. Then there was famine and plague in Thebes, and God said that he would expel the killer of the king to eliminate the disaster. Oedipus tried his best to find out that the murderer was himself. When the prophecy came true, Horgos committed suicide and Oedipus blinded himself. There are different opinions about the future fate of Oedipus. One said that he lived in Thebes until he died of old age, and the other said that he cursed his son to expel him, went out to wander and died in the suburbs of Athens.

Poseidon

Poseidon

Poseidon in Greek mythology. Brothers of Zeus, Hades, etc. Homer said that he was younger than Zeus, and hesiod and many later writers said that he was older than Zeus. After the rule of Olympus, headed by Zeus, Zeus, Hades and him were divided into three parts, and he shared the jurisdiction over the ocean. His palace is at the bottom of the sea (Igay on the north coast of the Peloponnesus). His weapon is a trident, which can cut mountains and stones and make waves.

There are many legends about him. For example, he was punished to serve laomedon, King of Troy, with Apollo. Because the old American East refused to pay, he sent sea monsters to the local area to sabotage. He once competed with Athena for the sovereignty of Attica. The spring water he dug (when he said to send horses) was not as popular as the olive tree of the goddess, so the goddess won. He resented Odysseus for stabbing his son Polyphemus, the cyclops, and made Odysseus drift on the sea for a long time.

Poseidon is a very old god. His name was mentioned in the inscriptions of more than 2000 BC, saying that he shook the earth and ruled it, so he may be the land god at that time. After he became Poseidon, he still retained the nickname of Land God, and at the same time, as the master of the ocean, he pushed the original regional Poseidon to a secondary position.

On some islands in Asia Minor and Aegean Sea, his worship is particularly popular. As a sea god, most of his temples were built on cliffs and corners. In Rome, he was confused with Neptune. Neptune, an Italian native god, had a similar function, and Neptune Festival was held every June.