Questions about China's plays (hurry! I want it on Monday! )

Drama (drama)

[drama; Play used to refer to traditional operas in China, and later it was used as a general term for traditional operas, dramas, operas, ballets and poetic dramas in China.

Greek theatre

Drama refers to the general name of stage performance art that achieves narrative purpose in the form of language, action, dance, music and puppet. The concept of drama in literature refers to the script created for drama performance, that is, the script. There are various forms of theatrical performances, including drama, opera, ballet, musical, puppet show and so on.

[Edit this paragraph] Specific meaning

A comprehensive art has two meanings: in a narrow sense, it refers to a stage performance form that started with ancient Greek tragedies and comedies, first developed in European countries, and then became popular all over the world. Drama in English and drama in China. Broadly speaking, it also includes the traditional stage performances of some countries and nationalities in the East, such as China's operas, Japanese kabuki, Indian classical dramas, and Korean singing operas.

[Edit this paragraph] The concept of drama

An art form that attracts the audience's senses through stage performance, the center of which is the performance of actors. Therefore, it is also called "stage art" or "actor art" around the performance of actors. Drama contains many factors, such as literary factors (scripts) and musical factors (music accompaniment, sound effects and singing). ), artistic factors (scenery, lighting, stage scenery), dance factors (graceful movements and gestures of actors) and so on. It is a comprehensive art. In dramatic works, the contradictions and struggles between characters are called dramatic conflicts because of their different purposes. Dramatic works are always completed through the presentation, development and resolution of conflicts. The success of drama conflict is the key to the failure of drama, and the so-called drama is formed because of the unique, novel and rich connotation of drama conflict resolution. Due to the limitation of performance time, space and audience, the contradictions and conflicts in drama should be more concentrated, concise and sharp to reflect the contradictions and conflicts in real life.

Drama essence

In the 4th century BC, Aristotle expressed his understanding of the essence of drama in Poetics. He believes that all art is imitation, and drama is imitation of human behavior. Two centuries later, India's first drama theory work, Dance Theory, also pointed out: "Drama is imitation." /kloc-after the 0/9th century, there have been different views on the nature of drama, mainly including audience, conflict, upheaval, situation and laboratory.

The audience said: identifying with the audience is a necessary condition and the essence of drama. French drama theorist F. Sasay is the representative of this concept. He asserted that no matter what kind of drama works, it is for the audience. "Without the audience, there would be no drama", therefore, all the organs of drama must adapt to the audience's appreciation.

Conflict theory: represented by the French drama theorist Brent. At the end of 19, Bruntel pointed out that the stage is the place where people's conscious will is exerted, and the exertion of characters' conscious will is bound to encounter obstacles, and the subject must fight against them in order to overcome them, which constitutes a "will conflict", and the essence of drama lies in this. J.H. Lawson, an American drama theorist, attributed the essence of drama to "social conflict in which consciousness and will play a role". He believes that because drama deals with social relations, people's conscious will is bound to be restricted by social inevitability, so the real drama conflict must be social conflict. This concept can be expressed in one sentence: "There is no drama without conflict."

Disaster theory: British drama theorist W Archer denied Brent's "conflict" theory. He compared the novel with the drama, thinking that the novel is a "gradual" art, while the drama is a "crisis" art, and the drama deals with the dramatic changes in people's fate and environment, which is the essence of the drama.

Situation and Laboratory Theory: As early as18th century, the French philosopher D Diderot regarded "situation" as the basis of drama works. When Hegel talked about the characteristics of drama, he also linked "situation" with "conflict" and emphasized the ontological significance of situation. The existentialist philosopher and playwright J.-P. Sartre called his drama "situational drama" and described the object of the drama as people's choice in the situation. B Brecht regards drama as a scientific method and thinks that drama is a laboratory to test human behavior in a specific situation. This concept also defines the essence of drama from a specific angle.

The main components of Yuan Zaju script include 1 lyrics, 2 words, 3 themes, 3 modes and 4 Gongdiao.

1 Lyrics: Lyrics with music.

(2) Bai Bin: refers to "Daobai" in ancient operas.

Ke Fan: It refers to the action of traditional opera programs in China.

4 Gongdiao: Music tune

[Edit this paragraph] The origin of drama

A, singing and dancing, this theory can be analyzed into two kinds:

(1) According to the theory of court music and dance, the miscellaneous knowledge of Lushuige written by Nalan Xingde in the Qing Dynasty said: "The joy of the big clouds in the Liang Dynasty is for the old people, and the change of the immortals in the western regions is really started here." According to the fact that most ancient music and dances were dressed up with characters, Liu thought that "the dramatist originated from the ancient musicians and dancers ... but it was similar to the later operas." In the book Primitive Music, Dance and Drama in China, the dramatic factors of primitive music and dance are often systematically investigated, and it is considered that "simple music and dance in primitive society is the predecessor of perfect drama". Zhou's A Long History of China's Plays traces the earliest source of China's plays to "Zhou Qin's Music and Dance".

(2) According to the ancient song and dance theory, the first sentence of A General History of China Opera edited by Zhang Geng and Guo Hancheng said: "The origin of China opera can be traced back to the song and dance of primitive times." We know that all art originates from labor, and China's songs and dances are no exception. Shun Dian said, "When a stone strikes, all animals dance together." The so-called animal dance is not as mysterious as later Confucianism. It is said that even animals came to worship and dance when saints were alive. This kind of dance is played by knocking on stones or knocking on stones with hands. There were no drums at that time, so it was primitive. It was only later that drums appeared, and the so-called "drum dance" went further. This dance may be a primitive religious ceremony before going out hunting, or it may be a celebration ceremony after returning from hunting. In the article Lu Chunqiu. Ancient music ",said:" The son of heaven stands tall, the quality is the joy of the valley, and the song is the voice of the valley. It is a drum with skin and a stone like the jade of god. " This is a legend about ancient music and dance in the Warring States period. Through the description of this song and dance, we can see a scene of a primitive hunter hunting in the mountains: "While whistling, all kinds of pottery tools threatened the beast, so the beast ran away like a wolf and was finally arrested." The primitive artist "Zhi" (actually not one person, but all people at that time) created hunting dance according to the reality of life. At this time, the so-called "beast", of course, the scenes at this time are artistic, and music and dance are rhythmic. This kind of dance has a strong sense of ceremony. It is to call the patron saint or ancestor of the clan to pray for this harvest, or to thank the gods when they come back from hunting. But no matter what ceremony, no matter how heavy the primitive religious cloak is, its practical significance is a kind of exercise and exercise for labor, which not only exercises the proficiency of hunters, but also cultivates young hunters. There is a record in Shun Dian that "Dian Yue teaches children". The annotation of Xunzi is aristocratic children, but there are no nobles in primitive society, so I'm afraid they are young warriors. What is it to teach young soldiers with music and dance instead of training them? Because its content is an imitation of the original hunting action.

Since it is imitating labor, it can be said to be the most primitive performance.

Primitive dance is always accompanied by songs. They never dance silently, but cheer and sing at the same time. "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals. "Ancient Music" also said: "Ge Zhile, three people fuck oxtail. My mind is full of songs. " I can imagine the situation.

In primitive society, song and dance are not only hunting dances, but also war dances, which are similar in nature to hunting dances. In the farming era, a series of agricultural festivals such as "wax" and "Yu" came into being. Wax statues were held at the end of the year to reward eight gods related to agriculture. On this day, members of the commune enjoy themselves, drinking, singing and dancing. This trend remained until the Spring and Autumn Period. "Confucius' family conversation. "Visiting Hometown" said: "Zi Gong cares about wax. Confucius said: Is giving a gift a pleasure? Right: If people in a country are crazy, it's fun to give them something unknown. Confucius said: A hundred days' suffering, a day's pleasure and a day's benefit are beyond your knowledge. " It can be seen that this is entirely the joy of working farmers after a year of hard work.

According to legend, "waxing" was initiated by Yi Jia, and it is obvious that Yi Jia is a god farm, which is a custom closely related to the period of agricultural development. "Harmony" is a sacrifice for rain in drought. In Li Zhou Guan Chun's "Zongbo", it is recorded: "A wizard ... if the country is in a drought, he will dance handsomely." Although the record of Zhou Ji is a matter of slave society, it is obviously a custom left over from primitive times. In addition, it has been quoted in many festivals of primitive communes.

Dance. For example, when men and women fall in love, there is also a festival where people get together to sing and dance. In the Han nationality, this festival is a day to worship clan ancestors, and the dance is said to be called "Wan Dance". The so-called "jumping on the moon", "rocking the horse" and "singing the city" of the southwest nationalities may be the forms left over from this festival.

One of the main characteristics of primitive song and dance is its nationality. In slave society, with class, the artistic situation changed. At this time, the sacrificial ceremony is no longer a national festival song and dance, but has become exclusive to slave owners and nobles. Yu, the first to pass the world on to his son, immediately "appointed as the leader of the tribal alliance to show his achievements" after he successfully controlled the flood. According to legend, he went to heaven three times, stole "nine tricks" (namely "Jiu Shao") from the sky, and performed in "The Field of Damocles". From then on, the slave owners and nobles praised their achievements with songs and dances belonging to the whole people. There is a chapter in Lu Chunqiu. In Ancient Music, it was also said: "Tang Nai ordered Yi Yin to change the Nine Movements and Six Columns into songs of Dabao to see its goodness. However, the dance of "Great Martial Arts" is a tribute to Zhou Wuwang and Duke Zhou's martial arts in destroying merchants and quelling slave rebellion. This is the so-called "martial dance", dancing with shields and weapons in hand, and "Shao dance", praising how the rulers of the Zhou Dynasty managed the country in an orderly way and how the world was peaceful. This is called "Wen Dance".

Now, from the "Historical Records of Le Shu", I quote a passage about the martial arts dance as follows:

Bin Moujia sat in front of Confucius, who chatted with him and had a good time ... Confucius said, "... a happy man is like a successful man, who always works hard and stands on the mountain." The matter of the prince of Wu is also vigorous, and the ambition of the squire is also the rebellion of Wu. The rule of Wu, too, and Wu's "martial arts" started from the north, and later became a success, destroyed the business, and 30% went south. The Duke of Zhou left and right, and sixty percent recovered. He worshipped the son of heaven, clamped vibration and cut four times, and conquered Wei in China.

And into, things flea also, stand in compose for a long time, waiting for the governors. "

Judging from this explanation of Dawu dance, it contains a story. Although dance is not enough to express its content, it also tends to tell stories.