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Learning strategies and problem-solving skills

First, master scientific learning methods.

1. Error analysis

In the process of learning, we should set up the wrong book to facilitate reading. So as to continuously consolidate knowledge points and avoid making mistakes again and again.

(1) Look at all the topics in the exercise book. Don't think that you can stop reading after finishing your homework. Please note that some of you may have written it correctly. If you don't understand anything, ask the teacher immediately. Strike while the iron is hot will have considerable effect.

(2) Focus on analyzing the wrong questions, take notes and indicate the reasons, and look for similar questions to strengthen memory and consolidate knowledge.

2. Method of taking notes

(1) Reading Notes

If you want to store what you have learned for a long time, extract it at any time and use it freely, you should take reading notes at any time when you are reading. There are mainly the following kinds of reading notes. (1) Copying notes is divided into full copying and excerpting. When making such notes, you should pay attention to proofreading after copying to avoid mistakes, and then indicate the source for future reference. (2) Card comments, the content of the card is not limited, and varies from person to person, but generally it should have information category, number, source, author's name, text and other contents. It should be noted that each card should write a content, which should be classified and filed in time or bound into a book. 3 comment notes, that is, in the margin of the page, write down your personal views and experiences on the original text. (4) Symbol notes, that is, symbols are marked between the original texts to deepen the understanding of the original texts. Common symbols are black dot, circle, straight line, curve, double line, dotted line, arrow, box, triangle, exclamation mark, question mark and so on. Two points should be paid attention to when taking notes on symbols: First, the meaning of symbols must be clear and consistent; Second, symbols should not be too dense, otherwise it is difficult to highlight the key points. (5) Summarize notes, that is, summarize and write the key contents of a book or an article in your own language.

(2) Listening notes

That is, listening to reports, lectures and lectures. The prominent contradiction in taking such notes is that the speed of taking notes can't keep up with the speed of speaking. Therefore, it is necessary to make "three notes and three no notes", that is, notes with key issues and difficulties that are not in the book; Small problems, understandable points, some of which are not remembered in the book.

(3) Observation records

That is, the records made when observing biological forms and life phenomena inside and outside biology classes. When making such notes, we should pay attention to details, contrast, process changes and grasp the characteristics.

3.

(1) analytical synthesis method

Analysis is a way of thinking that decomposes a whole knowledge into various parts for investigation, while synthesis is a way of thinking that combines all parts of knowledge into a whole for investigation. Analysis and synthesis are important methods often used in biology learning, and they are closely related and inseparable. If the analysis is not comprehensive, you will only see the trees but not the forest; If we only make a comprehensive analysis, we will see the trees but not the forest. In practical application, we can analyze first and then synthesize, analyze first and then analyze, and synthesize while analyzing.

(2) methods of comparison and classification

Comparison is a way of thinking that compares related knowledge to determine their similarities and differences. Comparison generally follows two ways: one is to find out the similarities between knowledge, that is, to seek common ground in differences; The second is to find out the differences on the basis of finding out the similarities of things, that is, to seek differences from the same.

Classification is a way of thinking that classifies knowledge according to certain standards. There are two kinds of classification methods commonly used in biology learning: one is scientific classification method, that is, from a scientific point of view, according to the essential characteristics of biology; The second is practical classification, that is, from a practical point of view, according to the non-essential attributes of organisms to classify.

Comparison and classification are prerequisites. On the one hand, only by comparing and understanding the similarities and differences of organisms can we classify them. On the other hand, only by classifying organisms can we compare them. Therefore, we should organically combine the two in the process of biology learning.

(3) Specific methods of the system

Systematization is a way of thinking that arranges all kinds of related knowledge in a certain order or system. Systematization is not only the classification of knowledge, but also the systematic arrangement of knowledge, forming a relatively complete system. In the process of biology learning, we often use the methods of writing an outline, listing solutions and drawing charts to systematically sort out what we have learned.

Concretization is a way of thinking that applies theoretical knowledge to specific and individual occasions. In biology learning, there are two ways to apply concretization: one is to apply what you have learned to life and production practice, and to analyze and explain some life phenomena; The second is to illustrate the theoretical knowledge of biology with some concrete examples in life.

(4) Abstract and generalized methods

Abstraction is a way of thinking to extract the non-essential attribute or essential attribute of knowledge. Abstraction can be divided into two levels: one is the abstraction of non-essential attributes; The second is the abstraction of essential attributes.

Generalization is a way of thinking that links the non-essential attributes or essential attributes of related knowledge. It also has two levels: one is the generalization of non-essential attributes, which is called perceptual generalization; The other is the generalization of essential attributes, which is called rational generalization.

Abstraction and generalization are also prerequisites and complement each other. In the process of learning, we should consciously generalize abstractly, so as to achieve a correct and in-depth grasp of knowledge.

4. Memory method

(1) Simplified mnemonic method

That is, by analyzing the teaching materials, find out the main points and simplify the knowledge into regular words to help remember. For example, the molecular structure of DNA can be simplified as "5432 1", that is, five basic elements and four basic units, each unit has three basic substances, and many units form two deoxynucleic acid chains, which become a regular double helix structure.

(2) Associative memory method

That is, according to the content of the textbook, skillfully use association to help memory. For example, remember that the composition of plasma can be associated with food in the kitchen, just remember water, eggs, sugar and salt (water is water, eggs are protein, sugar refers to glucose, and salt represents inorganic salts).

(3) Comparative memory method

In biology learning, there are many similar nouns that are easily confused and difficult to remember. For such content, you can remember it by comparison. Comparative method is to list the relevant nouns, and then compare them from the scope, connotation, extension and even words to find out the differences. This contrast is sharp and easy to remember. For example, assimilation and alienation, aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration, hormone regulation and nerve regulation, material circulation and energy flow.

(4) contour memory method

There are many important and complicated contents in biology that are not easy to remember. The core content or key words of these knowledge can be extracted as the outline of knowledge, and grasping the outline is beneficial to the memory of knowledge. For example, the material metabolism of higher animals is very complicated, but there are certain rules to follow. No matter what kind of organic matter is metabolized, it usually goes through five processes: digestion, absorption, transportation, utilization and excretion. These ten words become the outline of memory knowledge.

(5) diffraction memory method

This method takes an important knowledge point as the core, and establishes as many connections as possible with other related knowledge through the divergent process of thinking. This method is mostly used to summarize or review chapter knowledge, and can also be used to link related knowledge scattered in various chapters. For example, taking cells as the core, we can diffract the concept, discovery, theory, type, composition, structure, function and division of cells.

Second, pay attention to integrating theory with practice.

1. Connect with nature and reality

There are many animals and plants living in farmland, grassland, Woods, parks, gardens, zoos, courtyards and roadsides near the residence. When studying related knowledge, visiting these places is of great benefit to understanding and mastering theoretical knowledge. When learning the knowledge of biology and environment, we should think of protecting local animal and plant resources and protecting the surrounding ecological environment.

2. Contact with actual production

Many principles in biology are closely related to industrial and agricultural production. When learning these principles, we should consider which problems it can help solve in production. Doing so not only helps to master the principle, but also serves the local economic construction. For example, after learning the principle of grafting, a middle school student insisted on practicing after class and quickly improved his skills. One autumn, he and his parents grafted nearly 10,000 peach and pear seedlings, which contributed to the local garden planting industry.

Contact with real life

The relationship between biological knowledge and real life is more direct and universal, so it is more important to closely connect with real life in biological learning. Life actually includes existing common sense of life and future life behavior. Common sense of life can help us understand biological knowledge, which can also guide our life behavior.

(1) Use common sense of life to help understand biological knowledge.

Some difficult biological theories can often be understood by common sense of life. For example, in the part of the textbook "Physical Health" about body temperature regulation, the textbook reads: "The parts of the human body that produce heat include skeletal muscles and internal organs. The heat generated in quiet time mainly comes from internal organs, and the heat generated in strenuous exercise mainly comes from skeletal muscles, accounting for more than 90% of the total heat. The heat generated during strenuous exercise is 10 ~ 15 times higher than that at rest. " In order to better understand these contents, we can contact the common sense of life when watching football matches outdoors in winter. If you watch a football match outdoors in winter, you will feel cold even if you wear cotton-padded clothes for a long time, but those athletes who participate in the competition are still sweating, even though they only wear shorts. This is because the audience is in a quiet state, and only the internal organs produce heat, which produces less heat, so they feel cold; The athletes in the competition are in a state of strenuous exercise, not only the internal organs produce heat, but also the skeletal muscles of the whole body produce a lot of heat, so they look very hot.

(2) using biological knowledge to guide life behavior

Biological phenomena and biological principles are closely related to human life. When learning biological knowledge in this field, it can play a guiding role in life behavior by intentionally connecting with your own life reality. For example, after learning about bacteria and roundworms, you should consciously wash your hands before and after meals. Do not drink unclean raw water, eat raw fruits and vegetables and wash them.

Third, the problem-solving process of biology short answer questions

The process of solving biological short problems is the process of applying knowledge, which basically belongs to the process from known to unknown. So it is not exactly the same as the process of acquiring new knowledge. From the perspective of thinking, the process of answering questions includes five links: generalization, association, recall, judgment and answer. Let's take the process of solving a problem as an example to illustrate.

For example, a partition with small holes divides the tank into two chambers, and phospholipid molecules are introduced into the small holes of the partition to form a film. The solution with low potassium ion concentration is added to the left chamber of the tank, and the solution with high potassium ion concentration is added to the right chamber. (1) The positive electrode and the negative electrode are inserted into the left and right chambers respectively. It is found that potassium ions cannot enter the right cavity from the left cavity because. (2) If a small amount of valinomycin (polypeptide) is added to the left ventricle at this time, it is found that potassium ions can enter the right ventricle from the left ventricle because. (3) If the electrode is removed at this time, as a result, potassium ions cannot enter the right ventricle from the left ventricle because. (4) The above experiments prove that.

1. Summary

Generalization is to summarize and refine the materials provided by the topic. So as to find the focus of the problem, and finding the focus is the basis for solving the problem correctly. By analyzing and summarizing the experimental steps, experimental phenomena and questions raised in the above examples, it can be concluded that the focus of the problem is the conditions required for the reverse concentration gradient movement of potassium ions.

2. Lenovo (brand name of computer)

Association is to start from the focus of the problem, find out the connection with the learned knowledge, and then determine the combination point of the problem and knowledge. Finding the right combination point is a key step to solve the problem successfully. In the above example, the combination of problem and knowledge is to actively transport substances into three forms of cells.

remember

Memory is to find out the specific content that combines some knowledge. For the above example, it is necessary to recall the principle of active transportation, that is, under the condition of providing energy, with the assistance of the carrier, the substances selected for absorption are transported from the low concentration side to the high concentration side.

judge

Judgment is to judge the questions in the exam according to the relevant theoretical knowledge. In (1), due to the lack of carriers, active transportation cannot be completed. The failure to complete the active transportation in (3) is due to the lack of energy. Because (2) it has energy and carrier, and can complete active transportation.

answer

Answering a question is to describe the answer to the question with standardized biological terms and concise language. The answer of the previous example: (1) There is no carrier on the phospholipid membrane, and potassium ions cannot enter the right ventricle from the left ventricle through active transport; (2) Potassium ions are transported from the left ventricle to the right ventricle by using valinomycin as the carrier and the energy provided by the electrode plate; (3) insufficient energy, unable to carry out active transportation; (4) Active transportation is characterized by the need for carriers, energy consumption, and substances from low concentration to high concentration.

Five, the problem-solving methods of biology multiple-choice questions

1. Forward deduction method

Forward deduction is to directly infer or calculate the answer according to the known conditions of the topic, and then compare it with the alternative answer given in the topic, and the same is the selected answer. This method is often used to solve multiple-choice questions whose answers are determined by calculation or whose test objectives belong to recitation level.

For example, a couple with normal behavior, the first child gave birth to an albino son, then the probability that the second child and the third child are albino is.

a 1/4 B 1/8 C 1/ 16D 1/9

Albinism is an autosomal recessive genetic disease. The couple with normal behavior gave birth to an albino son in their first child, so it can be concluded that both genotypes must be heterozygotes (Aa). Therefore, the probability of having an albino child in the second birth should be 1/4. The probability of giving birth to an albino child in the third fetus is also 1/4. So the probability that the second child and the third child are albinos should be1/4×1/4 =116. So you should choose C.

2. Inverse method

Inverse deduction is derived from alternative answers, and the answer that meets the meaning of the question is the selected answer. This method is mostly used for multiple-choice questions with more alternative answer information.

For example, pea safflower is dominant to white flowers. The following parental combinations can produce offspring with the same phenotype but different genotypes by crossing with the following strains.

Homozygous white flowers and homozygous safflower

Heterozygous safflower and homozygous safflower

Homozygous white flowers and heterozygous safflower

D heterozygous safflower and homozygous safflower

There is a situation that "the phenotype is the same, but the genotype of the offspring is different", so D is considered first.

The genotype of heterozygous safflower is Rr, and the genotype of homozygous safflower is RR. Rr can produce R and R gametes, Rr can produce R gametes, and individuals with RR and RR genotypes can appear in their offspring, and their phenotypes are all safflower, which just conforms to the meaning of stem. So you should choose d.

3. Push forward and backward and usage

The combination of forward push and backward push is to push forward from the stem of the question, get an intermediate conclusion, and then push back from the alternative answer. The answer that matches the intermediate conclusion is the selected answer. This method is suitable for more complicated multiple-choice questions.

Hairy legs (F) are more dominant than bare legs (F). Pea crown (E) is dominant over single crown (E). At present, there is a rooster A and two hens B and C. These three chickens are pea crowns, which are crossed with A, B and C respectively. The characteristics of their descendants are as follows:

(1) A× B→ hairy pea crown, naked pea crown

(2) A × C → hairy pea crown, hairy single crown

The genotype of rooster a is.

A F far east

the best

C F f E e

D F f E E

According to the answer, rooster A's personality is a hairy pea crown, from which it can be inferred that the genotype of rooster A is F, E, A, B, C and D, all of which are consistent with them, and then four alternative answers are deduced one by one, and B is contradictory to (1). D is in contradiction with (2). A contradicts (1) and (2). Only c is consistent with (1)(2). So you should choose C.

4. Exclusion method

Exclusion means that according to the conditions given by the stem and the questions raised, the unreasonable answers in the alternative answers are excluded one by one, and the rest are alternative answers. This method is suitable for various forms of multiple-choice questions.

In plant cells, a large number of organelles that produce ATP are.

chloroplast

B ribosome

Golgi apparatus

D mitochondria

Chloroplast decomposition can produce some ATP in photosynthesis, but not a lot of ATP; Ribosomes can not only produce a lot of ATP, but also consume ATP in the process of synthesizing protein. The activity of Golgi apparatus also consumes ATP. Only mitochondria can produce a large amount of ATP during aerobic respiration. So, the answer to this question is D.

5. Comprehensive analysis method

For some multiple-choice questions that are difficult to judge the correct answer directly, it is often necessary to carry out detailed analysis, rigorous reasoning and correct judgment to get the correct answer. This method is called comprehensive analysis. This method is often used to solve complex multiple-choice questions.

Among the parents, grandparents and grandparents of a color-blind boy, except his grandfather, everyone else has normal color vision. The boy's color blindness gene comes from.

Grandfather a

Grandma B.

Grandfather c

(paternal) grandmother

Color blindness is a recessive sex-linked genetic disease, and the genotype of color-blind boys is XbY. According to the cross-genetic characteristics of sex-linked inheritance, the boy's color blindness gene comes from his mother. According to his mother's normal color vision, we can know that his mother's genotype is XBXb, and according to his grandfather's normal color vision (no color blindness gene), we can know that his mother's pathogenic gene comes from his grandmother. Therefore, the correct answer to this question is D.

6. Matters needing attention in answering biological questions

1. Check the problem carefully.

Careful examination of questions is the premise of correct answer. After seeing a test question, we must first understand the meanings of all the concepts involved in the topic and the functions of some important words, and eliminate the confusion of superficial phenomena, so as to ensure an accurate understanding of the meaning of the question.

Graft the branches of a hairless peach tree onto a hairy peach tree. The genotype of hairless peach plants is aa, and that of hairy peach plants is AA. In the case of selfing, the genotype of the embryo cell of the seed on the next branch is AA.

A Aa B AA and Aa C AA D AA and Aa

We must first understand the concept of grafting. Grafting belongs to asexual reproduction. Aa and AA do not cross, but AA and AA intersect, so it is impossible to produce. The correct answer can only be C. If you don't analyze it carefully, you may mistake A for aa and AA hybrids.

Get to the point

A test question, whether it is itself or its related content, will contain many factors. In the process of solving the problem, we should eliminate the interference of secondary factors and grasp the key to solve the problem so that the problem can be solved smoothly.

Hundreds of years ago, there were dense forests on the Loess Plateau in China, which later became barren hills. The main reasons are as follows.

A cold current from the north is coming.

Excessive land reclamation destroyed the ecological balance.

There was a drought in C, and bare land thousands of miles away.

Frequent crustal movement

This topic focuses on the basic knowledge of ecological balance. There are two reasons for destroying the ecological balance: one is natural factors, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods and droughts, landslides and so on. Second, human factors, such as human unreasonable exploitation and utilization of nature and environmental pollution. Man-made factors are the main causes of barren hills and hills. So you should choose B.

Step 3 master the law

The answers to some questions are regular. Mastering and applying the rules will make the answer quick and accurate. .

Geography learning method

First, grasp the "concept" and emphasize "digestion"

When learning geography, we should pay attention to the study of concepts, digest, understand and absorb all geographical concepts one by one, leaving no room for food. Only when the concept is clear can the problem of judgment and reasoning be correct. It is necessary to list those concepts that are particularly confusing and compare their differences one by one. Such as celestial bodies and celestial spheres; Corona and prominence; Perihelion and apohelion; Angular velocity and linear velocity; Time zone and time zone; Short wave radiation, long wave radiation; Cyclones and air masses; Weather and climate; Cold wave and cold current; Minerals and deposits; Karst and lava; Ecosystem and ecological balance; Geological process and geological structure; Land, territory, etc. Of course, concept learning is not isolated, but should be carried out in the process of analyzing and solving problems.

Second, grasp the "principle" and emphasize "understanding"

Start with the basic knowledge and go through the "geographical principles" step by step. For example, the reason of uneven heat distribution on the earth's surface; The basis for the emergence and division of the four seasons and five belts; Monsoon and monsoon climate formed by sea-land temperature difference; The relationship between temperature and air pressure; The relationship between height and temperature and pressure; Causes of horizontal and vertical movement of air; Power and process of water cycle; Mechanism of occurrence and change of internal and external forces; Conditions of ecological balance; Effects of light, heat, water and soil on agricultural production; Factors affecting industrial layout; The unity of opposites between human beings and the environment and so on. After mastering these principles and laws, it is convincing to analyze things.

Third, grasp the "comprehensive" and re-contact.

Comprehensiveness refers to the integrity and unity of the geographical environment, and refers to the internal relations among the elements of the geographical environment and their mutual influence and restriction. For example, why does the Amazon basin become the largest tropical rain forest in the world? This is not only determined by latitude, but also closely related to atmospheric circulation, topographic structure and ocean currents. Why does Western Europe become a typical temperate maritime climate? The influencing factors are also various. In the multi-angle, multi-level, all-round and comprehensive analysis, we should make the following efforts:

1. Do a batch of comprehensive typical training questions in a planned way, and learn how to comprehensively consider problems from natural factors to economic factors.

2. The geographical environment is a whole, so we should pay attention to the internal relations between the elements.

Fourth, pay attention to "sex" and emphasize "personality"

The geographical environment is both * * and individual. Therefore, in the process of learning, we should pay attention to the summary of things and the analysis of personality.

Fifth, grasp "induction" and seek "law"

This is the thinking mode of inductive reasoning, which sums up universal laws from special geographical things. After observing and analyzing the ocean current systems in the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean, according to their distribution and causes, it can be concluded that (1) each ocean has a complete ocean current system; (2) Except for the northern Indian Ocean, the currents in tropical and subtropical waters in the northern hemisphere move clockwise (anticyclone type) and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere; (3) Every circulation system is warm in the west and cold in the east. The above conclusions are universal laws derived from the analysis of the three major ocean currents.

Sixth, grasp the "general" and push the "special"

Seven, grasp the "contrast" to find "similarities and differences"

Eight, grasp the "technique" to promote "wisdom"

Geographic computing is a kind of ability that can't be ignored in "double bases". In order to cultivate and improve the ability of geographical operation, the following classification exercises should be done;

(1) Scale and distance, distance conversion.

② Conversion between local time and time zone.

③ Calculation of absolute height, relative height and contour line.

④ Calculation of vertical temperature.

⑤ Calculation of solar altitude angle.

⑥ Conversion between sidereal day and Solar Day.

⑦ Calculation of the length of day and night.

⑧ Calculation of population density and natural population growth rate.

Pet-name ruby calculation of various percentages, etc.

Through repeated practice, master the calculation skills skillfully, and clarify the nature, characteristics and changing rules of geographical things from the calculation results.

Nine, grasp "reading pictures" and "space"

Maps have vivid and intuitive functions, which can cultivate the ability of observing, imagining, developing thinking and memory, and further understand the spatial distribution, spatial connection and spatial combination of geographical things.

In order to cultivate the habit of consulting and drawing maps, it is required to:

(1) The pictures in the book must be understood one by one, and learn to analyze and use them.

(2) Make full use of the atlas and fill in geographical things according to the requirements and specifications.

(3) Whether it is a plan, a three-dimensional diagram, a schematic diagram or a landscape diagram, it is required to draw a general outline to deepen the impression and memory.

The memory principles and methods of geographical knowledge

In the process of geography teaching in middle schools, there are a lot of place names, geographical data, geographical things and geographical phenomena that students need to understand or master, and the amount of recitation in textbooks is very large. According to the characteristics of the subject and students' age and psychological characteristics, the memory law is used to explore the memory methods and improve the memory effect. Its basic guiding principles are as follows:

One is to change mechanical memory into meaningful memory. The effect of reciting depends strongly on the understanding of the material. Teachers can help students find out the internal relationship between several mechanical memory materials and become some meaningful memory materials. Take several sets of geographic data about the Yangtze River as an example:

The flow of the Yangtze River is 6300 kilometers. When studying the Rift Valley in East Africa and the other three major rivers in the world, their length and the length of the Yangtze River form a numerical group: 6000 km (Amazon River), 6600 km (Rift Valley in East Africa), 6200 km (Mississippi River) and 6400 km (Nile River). One percent of these numbers can form an order similar to that of arithmetic progression, and so can other numbers.

The Volga River, the longest river in Europe and the longest inland river in the world, has a flow of 3,600 kilometers, and its first two digits are just the opposite of the Yangtze River.

The second is to change abstract memory into image memory. In middle school geography teaching, map is the most commonly used form of visual image. Maps have the characteristics of accurate orientation, intuitive data, vivid expression and clear internal relations of geographical elements. They are second languages and indispensable tools for learning geography. Reading, filling and analyzing pictures can not only "seek images from pictures" but also "reason from pictures". Even the "planning in the map" map is the information source for acquiring knowledge, the information base for storing knowledge, and the blueprint for memorizing, analyzing, synthesizing and applying geographical knowledge. Teachers should have the basic skills of drawing while talking, guide students to draw and fill in while listening, form the habit of drawing maps, learning with pictures and memorizing with pictures, change the memory of words and sound waves into the comprehensive memory of word system and image symbol system, mobilize the senses of ears, eyes and hands, stimulate the brain in many ways and improve the memory effect.

Thirdly, there are many ways to learn geography from local memory to comprehensive memory, such as graphic memory, directional memory, sequential memory, list memory and "best" memory. Here is a brief introduction to the methods of learning and memory.

1. Understanding method

Practice has proved that memory is unforgettable through understanding, because understanding is the basis of memory. The so-called understanding is to master the internal interrelated laws of geographical things and phenomena. The deeper the students understand the problem, the faster the memory will be, and the stronger the memory will be. Through reasoning and judgment, the effect of "drawing inferences from others" can be obtained. For example, the types and characteristics of climate around the world are the key and difficult points in geography teaching. If we don't analyze and understand the main factors that affect the climate, but only rely on mechanical memory to remember it, it is a temporary and unstable memory, which can't explain the characteristics and causes of climate in various places.

For example, the rivers in Changbai Mountain in the three northeastern provinces are rich in hydraulic resources. First of all, we should understand that the hydraulic resources of rivers depend on the flow and velocity. Changbai Mountain is rich in rainfall, so the flow is large; Rivers pass through mountains, so the water flows quickly, thus forming rich water power. In this way, it is not only remembered that the Yalu River and Songhua River in Changbai Mountain are rich in hydraulic power, but also it can be inferred that Xin 'anjiang River, Minjiang River, Xijiang River and Lancang River are equally rich in hydraulic power, because they also flow through mountains and hills and are also wet areas.

2. "Discovery" method

The so-called discovery memory method is a method to strengthen memory by discovering problems and focusing on solving problems in the process of learning and reviewing geography. For example, when students attend classes, do problems and answer questions, they often find that their concepts are unclear, the main points are irrelevant and forgotten. In view of these problems, we should solve them one by one in a down-to-earth manner according to the textbooks. This is also a process of re-learning and reviewing, and it is also a process of strengthening memory. Especially when reviewing, we should systematize and generalize the geographical knowledge we have learned and review it chapter by chapter, so that we can find our own weak links, solve them in time, understand and learn, and strengthen our memory.

3. Purpose and method

It is not difficult to imagine that students are not clear about the purpose of learning geography, and the memory effect must be bad.

4. Formula method

This method is catchy, interesting, concise, novel and unique. It is not only easy to learn and understand, but also easy to remember. It is a veritable "regional fast food".

For example, the formula of main mountain ranges in China (see topographic map of China):

Himalaya (mountain), Hengduan Mountain,

Mount Gangdise and Kunlun,

Tianshan and Qilian mountains,

Altai Mountain, Helan Mountain,

Large and small Xing 'an Mountains, Changbai Mountain,

Yinshan Mountain, Yanshan Mountain and Taihang Mountain,

Keywords Qinling Mountain, Wushan Mountain, Dabie Mountain,

Nanling Mountain, Wuyishan Mountain and Taiwan Province Mountain.

The oral memorization method is most suitable for young students, and it is an effective method for them to learn geography. Generally speaking, they are good at reciting, and the effect will be better if they can refer to the map for memory.

5. Contact information: connection knowledge. Association is the basis of memory, so relevant knowledge is easy to remember. For example, in the southern coastal areas, the low latitude and long coastline lead to no winter in summer, high temperature and rainy days, so the river flow is large, the flood season is long, agricultural production is two or three times a year, and rice and sugarcane are rich. Because of the causal relationship, it is easy to remember. Another example is the connection point, which connects the memory through line extension. For example, take the railway station as a point, then widen around along the railway line, or extend the surface to remember. Of course, you can take any city or other important geographical things as a point, extend the line, expand the area and remember each other. 6. Comparison method: Association is also used for comparison. It is customary to do it in the form of a list. 7. Tabular method: List the characteristics, distribution and causes of similar geological phenomena into a comparison table, so as to make it general, organized, clear and symmetrical, which is beneficial to memory. 8. Classification: the relationship between memory and classification. While learning a new lesson, we should be good at connecting with what we have learned, especially comparing the same type of content, so as to achieve the goal of "reviewing the old and learning the new". 9. Systematic method: systematize knowledge. 10. Map method: In principle, in the whole learning process, from study to review, you can't leave the map and cross it. It can determine the geographical orientation and regional scope, display the size, height, distance, shape and distribution of geographical things, make it easy to clarify the mutual relationship and internal relationship between geographical elements, and make students understand the geographical laws.

1 1. Practice: As the saying goes, "Practice makes perfect", and "familiarity" depends on "practice". Geography textbooks include not only writing system and image system, but also homework system. Not much homework but "smart". We should work hard on the word "Qiao" and choose to practice purposefully. Carrying out necessary tests can effectively improve students' memory efficiency.