Confucius, a man who can spread Taoism-Show you the charm of Confucius (read Fan Deng) 2022-0 1- 13.

Thank you very much to the editor of The Analects for presenting us with a group of heroic pictures. Besides Confucius, his disciples are also worthy of our study and admiration.

Yan Hui is sensitive and studious, straightforward and brave, Zi Gong is modest and smart, Ran is smart, once participated in honesty and diligence, careless and honest ... These people gathered around Confucius in pursuit of an ideal personality, sharing weal and woe and drifting from place to place.

The greatness of Confucius lies in that he thought about almost all the troubles and problems of life for us and gave us appropriate answers as much as possible. Don't go to extremes, be mean. Mean to the extreme, that is, appropriate to the extreme. Seeking benevolence is everyone's due pursuit, and it is also the pursuit of making themselves happier. In the end, when you and benevolence become one, you will achieve what Confucius said: "Do whatever you want."

Brief introduction of the author

Ni Peimin

1954 was born in Shanghai, and worked as an electrician in Shanghai No.1 Iron and Steel Plant during the Cultural Revolution. 1978 was admitted to Fudan university, with a bachelor's degree in philosophy from Fudan university (1982) and a master's degree in modern western philosophy (1985), and was recommended to go to the university of Connecticut for further study. 199 1 obtained a postdoctoral degree in philosophy from the University of Connecticut. He has taught at Trinity College and Montana State University. At present, he is a professor in the Department of Philosophy of Grand Canyon State University, head of the Department of East Asian Studies, a visiting professor in the Department of Philosophy of the University of Hawaii, a member of the International Society of Asian and Comparative Philosophy, and an English version of Chinese and Foreign Comparative Philosophy Series. He was the president of China Philosophers Association in North America, the president of China Association in West Michigan and the president of China School.

Jinghua Du Jie

The following is an interpretation of the essence of Confucius: a talented person is for the reference of book lovers. Welcome to share. It shall not be used for commercial purposes without permission.

catalogue

First, Confucius is a historical figure.

Second, the origin of Confucius

Three. The life of Confucius

Fourth, Confucius, as the founder.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) Man and Heaven

VI. Fate and Life

Seven, eternal life and the meaning of life

Eight, Confucius as a philosopher

Nine, Confucius as a political reformer

X. Confucius as an educator

XI。 What is a scholar?

Twelve, what is a villain?

Thirteen, from a gentleman to a saint

Fourteen Why do people study?

Fifteen, Confucius' educational methods

16. Confucius as a mortal

17. Confucius' ideal

Upper guide bearing

First, Confucius is a historical figure.

Confucius, surname Kong, name Qiu, word. Born in the Zhou Dynasty at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period.

At that time, China had a civilization history of more than 2,000 years. Zhou Wang became a puppet, at the mercy of powerful ministers. Similarly, the family power of some ministers in the vassal States also threatened the princes. Lu, the hometown of Confucius, is in the hands of Meng, Shu and Ji. These three families are descendants of Lu Huangong's three sons, so they are called "Three Rings". The leaders of these three families are often betrayed and assassinated by domestic ministers. So what Confucius has been doing all his life is how to restore order in this chaotic world.

Second, the origin of Confucius

Confucius was born in Luzou in 55 1 year BC. My ancestors were a nobleman in the Song Dynasty, and fled to Shandong because of political involvement. Confucius' father's name is Uncle Liang (he), but actually his name is Brother Kong, and Brother Kong's name is Uncle Liang. His first wife gave birth to eight daughters and no son. He married a concubine and gave birth to a lame son named Meng Pi (this brother is very kind to Confucius).

At the age of 60, he married Yan Zhizai, the third daughter of the Yan family. After wishing for a child in Nishan, they gave birth to a son with a forehead bulging like a hill. So it was named Kong Qiu, which means "second child" and "Ni" means "Nishan".

Confucius lost his father at the age of 3 and his mother 17. So Confucius said: I am cheap, so I can be cheap. When I was a child, I was poor and knew a little about everything. )

Three. The life of Confucius

Confucius 15 years old is interested in learning, and the three of us must have my teacher. When I entered the ancestral temple, I asked everything in detail. Climb the East Mountain and be small, climb Mount Tai and be small. By the time he was 30 years old, many young people followed him.

He had 3,000 disciples in his life, and 72 of them were proficient in six arts. Six arts refers to the number of books shot by rites and music. There are 22 disciples mentioned in The Analects of Confucius, at least 9 of whom hold important positions. Three people in the Ji family have served as housekeepers, which is the highest official position that Lu can obtain without heredity. Confucius, like Socrates, did not write a book himself. His words were recorded in The Analects of Confucius.

Confucius liked being an official very much and always wanted to promote the reform of the political system. In 50 1 BC, Confucius was appointed commander-in-chief of the capital. It is said that it took only one year to achieve the goal of "not connecting the road and not closing the door at night". Then he was promoted to Scott (Minister of Justice).

At the age of 55, Confucius left Shandong and began to travel around the world, including Qi, Wei, Song, Chen and Cai, and met many monarchs and ministers. Not yet appointed, but also experienced many dangers and hardships.

At the age of 68, Confucius returned to Lu, by which time his students had made their mark on the political stage. At the age of 69, his son Kong Li died, his favorite student Yan Hui died at the age of 70, his favorite student Luz died at the age of 72 and Confucius died at the age of 73.

Mencius died at the age of 84, so people in China said 73,84, and the prince was uninvited. It can be seen how much people worship Confucius and Mencius.

Fourth, Confucius, as the founder.

When Confucius and his disciples traveled to Bianguan Town, a man named Yi Fengren (the local ruler) asked to meet him. After seeing Confucius, he came out and said a famous sentence to Confucius' students:

"There is no way in the world for a long time, and the Lord is the Muduo."

Muduo is a bronze clock with a wooden tongue, which is specially used to teach literature. The ancients said, "Shi Wen prepares Mu Duo and Wu Shi prepares Jin Duo." This sentence means: "Confucius was sent by heaven to educate everyone."

Confucius himself was convinced that he had a mission. He expressed the gentleness of the world more than once. The revival of The Book of Rites is his destiny, so he is not afraid of any danger. Confucius was a man who knew what he could not do.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) Man and Heaven

Confucius was skeptical and pragmatic about God and the afterlife.

He said, "If you can't convince people, how can you convince ghosts?"

He said, "If you don't know life, how do you know death?"

But he also demanded that "sacrifice is like being present, and sacrifice to God is like being present."

Therefore, Confucius' attitude towards ghosts and gods is "away from ghosts and gods".

This is a realistic attitude. If you don't know, you won't talk nonsense. Confucius said to Zigong: "If I say that the dead are conscious, I am afraid that the funeral will be too extravagant and the living will be buried;" If I say that the deceased is unconscious, I am afraid that unscrupulous people will abandon the deceased casually. You want to know whether people are conscious after death, you will know when you die. "

But Confucius attached great importance to sacrifice, and his support for sacrifice was not so much to please the ancestors' gods as to make the living people more cohesive.

Confucianism is not sure whether the ancestors' gods exist, but it does know that such etiquette can make people feel mutual recognition because of their ancestors.

VI. Fate and Life

Destiny refers to a certain mission or power endowed by heaven, and destiny refers to an inescapable fate or objective law. Anything beyond human control is regarded as life.

Confucius and Wei compiled three wonderful books and read the Zhouyi through. So many people think that Confucius loves fortune telling.

In fact, Confucius said, "Yi, good luck in the future! I think this is moral and just. ..... How does a gentleman seek happiness in virtue? ..... how to seek happiness in benevolence and righteousness? "

Confucius is benevolence-oriented, and firmly believes that people can do whatever they want, resigned to their fate, and can preach, but not preach. Here in Confucius, people no longer just passively accept orders from above and outside. God showed his strength from the heart of man.

The harmony between man and nature in Confucianism refers to the creation of the harmony of all things through people's active participation, accompanied by a strong sense of mission and responsibility.

Seven, eternal life and the meaning of life

When talking about why he mourned for his parents for three years, Confucius said: A son was born for three years, and then he was freed from his parents' arms. Confucius believes that the meaning of life starts from the perspective of family ethics. A father is kind to his son, "good" need not be taught, and "filial piety" needs to be constantly emphasized. "If you don't change your father's way for three years, you can be said to be filial." "Parents are here, don't travel far, you must travel well."

The meaning of life and the creation of immortal reality all begin with filial piety, but they are not unique.

When Confucius was five years old, a wise man named Uncle Mu in Lu said that "Li De made meritorious deeds and made a statement" was immortal. Confucius said, "A gentleman is ill and nameless."

Only when people first realize their meaning and immortality at home can they pursue their meaning and immortality in history.

Eight, Confucius as a philosopher

Confucius didn't want to be a philosopher, he was just studying how to be a more perfect person.

Therefore, Confucian tradition should be understood as a broader philosophy: the pursuit of wisdom, not just rational wisdom.

The first is the concept of "benevolence".

105 times appeared in The Analects of Confucius, which is the most important concept in The Analects of Confucius.

The benevolent loves others. I want to be kind. I am so kind.

As far as Confucius is concerned, "benevolence" refers to the quality that makes a person truly qualified in the biological sense, and it is the quality that everyone must strive to possess.

The herringbone shows that "Confucianism emphasizes such a presupposition that a person cannot be a complete person alone-we are the existence of society from the beginning."

Virtue is also acquired.

Virtue is the process of cultivating benevolence. Only by practicing with morality can we gain something.

Confucius said, "Don't do to others what you don't want others to do to you."

This sentence is considered as a negative expression of the moral golden rule. Westerners say "give what you want to others". In fact, Confucius also said, "If you want to stand up, you want to reach people." Confucius is a fickle man. He once made it clear that "a gentleman has nothing to do with the affairs of the world, nor does he compete with the world." As long as it is reasonable and suitable, do it. "

Li Zhe Ye Li

Ceremony is the carrier of benevolence.

Even the most common behavior in daily life can have the nature of etiquette, which is the difference between human behavior and animal behavior.

Confucius said, "Today's filial piety means that it can be raised. As for dogs and horses, you can keep them. Why is it different? "

If Ren is to be a caring person, then learning etiquette means learning caring behavior. Benevolence is electricity, courtesy is thread.

"Being respectful and rude is tiring (fatigue), being cautious is thinking (cowardice), being brave and rude is chaos (trouble), and going straight is twisting (meanness)."

Ceremony is the best way to practice the golden mean.

Celebrities know that.

The use of etiquette is based on a clear identity and role, and Confucius regards "correcting the name" as particularly important.

"Jun Jun, minister, father, son."

The name is composed of "mouth" and "evening". It's dusk in the evening, and the other party can't see themselves clearly, so they introduce themselves with their mouths. This is the name. So famous people are also clear.

China's definition of interpersonal relationship is very complicated, and both father's family and maiden's family have their own names. Westerners call uncle, or grandpa.

A change of address means a change of relationship. We also call strangers "aunts" or "uncles", that is, we use birthright to narrow the distance.

Therefore, when Confucius took office in a place, the first thing he had to do was to "definitely clear his name." First of all, we should make clear the definition and responsibilities of each position.

doctrine of the mean

Confucius said, "The Doctrine of the Mean is also a virtue, and it is even more evil! The people are fresh for a long time. "

The middle is not biased, but the head is not small; Mediocrity has three meanings, namely "ordinary", "practical" and "regular".

When the golden mean is used together, it can be understood as "practicing persistently in daily life to gain the ability to always hit the target, just like an excellent shooter."

Confucius said that Zhang Zi and Xia Zi "went too far". Too much and too little are not good.

The doctrine of the mean cannot be understood as impartiality, no position, and no satisfaction with mediocrity.

The doctrine of the mean requires avoiding these two evils, rather than living between good and evil. On the contrary, the doctrine of the mean is to achieve the highest good goal. "The way of university ... stops at perfection." In layman's terms, it is called "the right thing is the best."

The difficulty of the golden mean is that it is not just an accidental hit, but a measure that is suitable under all conditions.

So keep practicing. Ordinary people can occasionally achieve moderation and harmony with others. But the hardest thing is to keep doing it. The so-called saint is the kind of person who can see the meaning of daily life and show his best in ordinary life.

The golden mean is misunderstood, which will lead to many mistakes.

This is Confucius' cleverness and Confucius' loophole.

But ethical issues are like archery. If you don't hit the target, no shooter will complain why there is no simple rule that allows him to hit every shot. This difficulty is the joy of archery and the joy of life.

Nine, Confucius as a political reformer

Confucius was not a successful political reformer.

Throughout his life, he opposed "trespassing" and advocated ruling the country with ceremony and music.

Confucius' thought of governing the country is "increase the population, then make them rich, and then teach them." Confucius said that to lead a country, we should "respect things and believe, save money and love others, so that the people can keep pace with the times."

Confucius advocated tax reduction. "Enough people, which is better or worse?" ? Not enough people, you are enough? "

Confucius' ideal society is harmony.

"The gentleman is harmonious but different, and the villain is not harmonious."

Homologous is like using water to transfer water, and harmony is using all kinds of ingredients and water to make soup. Maintaining differences is a necessary prerequisite for harmony.

On the one hand, the talent and morality of saints, on the other hand, can manage kings.

Confucius also talked about inaction.

He said, "Will it be smooth sailing if you do nothing?" ? What is a husband? Gong Ji is in the south. "

Shun just needs to sit squarely in the position facing south. The so-called inaction does not mean doing nothing, but mainly means being able to do things without reluctance or effort. Taoist inaction refers to letting nature take its course and reaching the realm of things and me. Confucius' inaction is mainly to promote courtesy with virtue in order to achieve the expected goal.

Confucius believes that rites and music are more important than law, and the morality and talents of officials are more important than established procedures.

Confucius believed in the power of integrity and justice.

"If you take measures directly, you will serve the people; If measures are taken, the people will not accept it. "

After the age of 70, Confucius "did what he wanted". This is a freedom without choice.

The so-called "the knower is not confused, the benevolent is not worried, and the brave is not afraid."

I can achieve this fearless state because I am not confused. Not determined by the outside. When the inside reaches this state, the outside talents can get their places.

X. Confucius as an educator

Confucius is the "most holy teacher", and his birthday on September 28th was designated as Teacher's Day in China during the Republic of China.

However, his basic educational thought was ignored and his theory was taken out of context. At the beginning of the 20th century, "Confucianism" became synonymous with "nerd".

This stems from the unremitting interpretation and exaggeration of Confucius by the imperial examination system and Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties. The educational method of rote memorization and conformism is far from the lively educational concept advocated by Confucius.

Zi Gong talks about Confucius

After the death of Confucius, a man named Sun Wushu once told people in court: Zi Gong is actually better than Confucius.

Hearing this, the zi gong immediately responded:

Take the wall of a house for example. The wall of my house is only shoulder-high and everyone can see the beauty of the house. The door wall of my teacher Confucius is several feet high. People who can't find the gate can't see the grandeur of his temple and the diversity of houses. Not many people can find the gate.

People like Sun Wushu can't find the gate. It is not surprising that he said so.

After the death of Confucius, disciples usually mourn in the building for three years, and at the end of the three years, they leave with tears.

Zi Gong stood alone in front of the tomb and mourned for another three years.

It is incredible that a group of young people gave up their careers to keep the tomb for a person who is not a parent, a god or even a person with great social status.

Indeed, after the death of Confucius, his disciples suddenly disappeared into the history books.

Confucius' humanistic education

The education provided by Confucius is different from the previous schools that trained various skills. His students come from all walks of life, not just noble families.

The purpose of Confucius education is to educate people.

That is to help a person transform into a well-educated person, let him live a good life and become a useful talent for improving society.

There should be no social discrimination in teaching.

Confucius' most important educational principle is "teach without class".

Eliminate the gap between people by providing fair education.

This is in sharp contrast with the so-called 985 colleges and universities in today's society. It is almost impossible for rural children to enter famous universities today, which is even more slim than 20 years ago.

Among Confucius students, there are noble members Meng and Sima Niu;

There are also the bottom untouchables ran yong and Zhang Zi;

There are successful businessmen Zigong and poor Yan Hui;

There is midsummer in the north and a child tour in the south;

There are Shu Zhonghui and Gong Sunlong who are 50 years younger than Confucius.

There are Qin Shang and Xiao Jiu Luz who are only four years younger than Confucius.

Confucius' aim is to cultivate them all into gentlemen.

Zi Gong said: Your master treats new people himself.

He didn't refuse to come, and he didn't stop to leave.

Moreover, just like a good doctor, there are many patients in front of his door, and there are many crooked trees beside the plastic surgeon, which is the reason why Confucius' disciples are all kinds.

XI。 What is a scholar?

For Confucius, "scholar" is not only a social identity, but also a person with civilized quality.

A scholar should pursue Tao rather than material enjoyment, be ashamed of himself, and be able to accomplish the mission of a monarch in a foreign country. People in the clan praised him for being filial to his parents, while people in the village praised him for respecting his elders. They learn from each other and encourage each other, but they can live in harmony.

It is the "scholar" who can do this.

From scholar to gentleman

Scholar is the primary goal, and a higher level is to become a gentleman.

"a gentleman is not a weapon." A gentleman should not be like a vessel, but have a certain purpose.

You can be a farmer, businessman, craftsman, politician or professor. You have a skill in your field, but you should be a gentleman first.

The gentleman is figurative, and the villain is figurative; A gentleman seeks Tao without food, and a gentleman worries about Tao without poverty; How can a gentleman be called a gentleman when he turns his back on benevolence and righteousness?

A gentleman can't deviate from benevolence for a meal, even if he is in a hurry and is displaced, he should stay with benevolence.

If a gentleman has no final food, he will violate benevolence. If he expects anything, he will be unhappy.

At the same time, a gentleman should polish himself with courtesy.

Benevolence is an internal quality, while propriety is an external text. Gentle, then a gentleman.

With these qualities, a gentleman can be magnanimous, so a gentleman is Thai but not arrogant, and a villain is arrogant but not Thai.

What is a real gentleman like?

A gentleman introspects and has a clear conscience, so he is fearless.

Gentlemen pursue the coordination of different opinions rather than complete unity, while villains pursue complete unity rather than coordination.

A gentleman is harmonious but different, and a villain is not harmonious.

Junzi Village prides itself on not arguing, and is gregarious without committing sects.

Compassion without struggle, group without party.

A gentleman is lenient with others, strict with himself, complaining about others and not seeking perfection. Don't promote him just because he speaks well, and don't despise his correct remarks just because he is a bad person.

When a gentleman makes a mistake, he is not afraid to admit it or correct himself. A gentleman is eager to learn, cherishes his reputation, attaches importance to practical actions and ignores empty words. A gentleman doesn't hate even if he is not known to others.

At the same time, gentlemen also have disgust and hatred:

I hate people who spread the evil of others, people with low status, people who slander superiors, people who are brave but rude, and people who are bold and unreasonable.

Read this paragraph carefully, every sentence is quite informative. There are many such examples around us!

Twelve, what is a villain?

Yan Hui once asked: What is a villain?

Confucius replied: the villain "slanders people's merits, thinking that they are eloquent and deceives themselves that they are resourceful." Others gloat when they make mistakes, but they disdain to study hard but like to make fun of others. "

Killing people's goodness is argument, cunning is wisdom,

Fortunately, everyone has had it, but he is ashamed to learn and can't.

A gentleman sees others worthy of awe because of his own shortcomings; Little people don't trust others because of their own shortcomings. Therefore, the gentleman exerts the strengths of others, and the villain suppresses the strengths of others and wins.

A gentleman can't be afraid of people because he can't, and a villain can't trust people because he can't.

Therefore, a gentleman grows a man's talent, and a villain overcomes others.

Thirteen, from a gentleman to a saint

The highest state of learning is to become a saint. Confucius said that he was not a saint and regretted not seeing a saint with his own eyes.

The saints in Confucius' eyes are: Yao, Shun, Yu, Wen, Wu,.

Later generations regarded Confucius as a saint and regarded him as a "teacher of saints".

What exactly is a saint?

Mencius said that "those who achieve great things, those who achieve great things, are also holy." It is sacred to spread benevolence and morality, to influence the morality of the world and to spread Taoism. Saints can know the meaning of ordinary life, whether it is daily life or major events, they can always deal with it calmly and appropriately. Although being a saint is a lofty ideal, Mencius and Xunzi both said that everyone can be Yao and Shun.

Fourteen Why do people study?

Since all self-remoulding begins with realizing one's ignorance and imperfection, Confucius repeatedly emphasized the importance of learning.

Confucius said: "Those who are born with knowledge go up, those who learn and know go down, and those who strive to learn go down." If you are trapped and don't study, the people will be next. "

Confucius said that he was not born to know, "What is good in the past is quick to seek."

Confucius asked everything as soon as he entered the ancestral temple. Some people say: Who says that the son of man knows manners? Into the ancestral temple, ask everything.

Confucius listened and said, "This is a gift!" (This is the gift! )

Another important feature of Confucius' eagerness to learn is that he was never afraid to admit his mistakes and correct himself.

When someone pointed out Confucius' mistakes, Confucius said:

"Qiu is glad. If you have, people will know. "

"If you don't change it, it's too much."

Confucius said: "I used to eat nothing all day and sleep all night, but it was useless." It is better to go to school. "

I don't eat for a day and sleep for a night. It's no use thinking about it. It is better to learn.

Fifteen, Confucius' educational methods

The place where Confucius gave lectures was called Xingtan. Confucius sat on the apricot altar and was at ease. His disciples study. He plays the piano and sings.

Confucius' teaching is more like academic discussion. There is no formal curriculum, no established syllabus and no strict credit system.

Most of the time, Confucius just talked with students. For example, Confucius talked with Yan Hui and Lutz about their respective ambitions, and finally said that they hoped that "the old people would have a sense of security, friends would have faith, and few would have anything to cherish."

Confucius taught students in accordance with their aptitude. Different people asked the same question, and the answers were completely different.

Once, Luz asked, "Do you do it when you hear it?"

Confucius said, "How can you listen to everything when your father and brother are here?"

Later, another student, Ran, asked the same question. The master said, "Of course.

Gong Xihua, another disciple, was puzzled by this, and the master explained: Ran has retreated in his daily work, so I encouraged him; Luz was so brave that I beat him. "

Confucius engaged in student-centered heuristic education, not simply letting students master what to learn, but as a teacher, starting from the advantages and disadvantages of each student, teaching students in accordance with their aptitude.

16. Confucius as a mortal

Confucius is often described as two extremes: one is "the most holy" and is the idol of Confucianism; The other is stubborn, conservative and discriminates against women.

These two images are wrong. Confucius is actually a living, flesh-and-blood person. In this flesh and blood, there are both his greatness and his limitations

17. Confucius' ideal

Confucius chatted with his four disciples, Zeng, You Ran and Gong Xihua. Confucius asked the four men about their ideals.

Lutz said:

He aims to save a "thousand times country" in times of crisis. Later, he did, and he died for it;

You Ran said:

He hopes to govern Fiona Fang's dozens of small countries and make people rich through three years' efforts.

Gong Xihua said:

He just wants to be a little master of ceremonies.

Ceng Dian:

He has been playing the piano while everyone is talking. Confucius advised him to talk about it. After playing the last note, he put down his musical instrument, and then said, I hope that in late spring, I will put on my spring clothes, take five or six friends and six or seven boys, go swimming in the Yi River, blow the wind on the stage, and then sing songs all the way home.

All four students are looking forward to seeing the teacher's evaluation.

Confucius sighed and said a famous saying: "I am with you!" " "

-Ceng Dian and I have the same idea!

Confucius also has the common pursuit of ordinary people, but when he was born in a troubled time when the ceremony collapsed and the music was broken, Confucius could only do what he should do.

conclusion

This book is very thin, but I read it the slowest. Because there are too many beautiful things to give up.