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Tell me about the essentials of camping.
Camping equipment:
Tent: Generally, it is divided into three-season account, four-season account and alpine account. According to the number of users, it can be divided into single, double, three and multi-person accounts. Generally, outdoor stores generally sell double accounts for three seasons, which is a common leisure camping activity in spring, summer and autumn. The structure is divided into double-deck and single-deck accounts. Double-decker accounts are rainproof and breathable, and there is no need to add extra accounts in sunny days in summer, so double-decker accounts are becoming more and more common. Tent poles are divided into glass fiber poles and aluminum alloy poles, and aluminum alloy poles are lighter.
Four seasons accounts are rare and can be used in winter, but they are also thicker and more expensive.
When climbing mountains, especially snow-capped mountains, alpine tents are used, which are ventilated, warm, breathable and very strong, and can prevent 12 strong winds. General tourist tents are not suitable for cold regions.
Backpack: according to the capacity, it can be divided into small backpacks with less than 30 liters, medium backpacks with 30-45 liters and large backpacks with 45-80 or higher. Choose a backpack according to the equipment carried by the destination. Generally, a 45-60 liter backpack is suitable for camping activities in the wild for two to three days on weekends (tents and damp-proof mats can be left on it). Large and medium-sized outdoor backpacks generally have a well-designed backpack system, so that the weight of the backpack is evenly distributed on the back and waist and can be adjusted. The quality of backpack system is an important factor to measure the quality of backpack.
Sleeping bag: DuPont cotton or other cotton sleeping bags can be used under normal climate conditions, and the sleeping bag can be selected according to the temperature scale (the index of the warm temperature of the sleeping bag). Sleeping bags made of high-quality down are more effective in high mountains or cold areas, and the general down filling amount is 1.5-2 kg. Feather sleeping bags are becoming more and more popular because of their easy compression, small size and light weight, but they are also more expensive.
Moisture-proof pad or air cushion: a physical moisture-proof pad or inflatable sleeping pad, which is used to isolate the ground moisture and maintain the body temperature and sleep quality.
Jacket: Jacket generally refers to a waterproof and breathable functional coat. Its permeability is different from that of raincoats, which makes sweat and steam evaporate easily and keeps the body dry and comfortable. The famous waterproof and breathable material brand is Gore-Tex.
Cooking utensils and tableware: field cooking utensils generally refer to stoves and fuel (gas tanks) used for cooking and boiling water in the wild, which are very convenient to carry. Burners are divided into oil stoves and gas stoves, and gas stoves with gas tanks are commonly used. Oil stoves, also known as universal stoves, use kerosene and white gasoline, but they are expensive and need frequent cleaning and maintenance. Tableware includes pots, bowls, knives, forks and chopsticks suitable for different people.
Hiking shoes: Walking in the wild provides good protection and cushioning for the feet in all directions, greatly alleviating fatigue. There are hiking shoes, hiking shoes and other functional shoes according to the destination type.
Headlight: a lamp worn on the head, used for night activities, walking at night or camping activities to free hands.
Water bottle/water bag: the famous SIGG water bottle and space cup. Water bag is a kind of professional water equipment, which is used to drink water directly when walking.
In addition, common outdoor equipment includes binoculars, waterproof bags, trekking poles, various knives (Swiss army knives), compasses, functional watches, GPS, etc.
Mountaineering technical equipment:
Climbing rope: the main rope has a diameter of 9- 1 1mm, a length of more than 45m, common lengths of 45m, 50m and 60m, and a bearing capacity of more than 1500kg. The auxiliary rope has a diameter of 6-8mm and a bearing capacity of about 800 kg. Climbing ropes are generally made of nylon, and there is a nylon coat outside, which has certain elasticity. In rock climbing, both ends are connected with the protector and climber respectively. It's best to climb a snowy mountain with a dry rope that doesn't absorb water.
Rock cone: It is driven into rock crevices and used to hang ropes for protection.
Rock nail: first drill a hole in the rock with a hand drill, and then put the rock nail in and tighten it, which is used to hang a rope for protection.
Safety belt: used for rock climbing, descent, ice climbing, mountain climbing, hole exploration (longitudinal), rope climbing and crossing grass rope bridge. Is made of nylon.
The sling system consists of a pair of leg straps and a belt.
Ascender: used in conjunction with safety belt and main rope when ascending or protecting in steep terrain.
Ropes and slings are often used as protection points.
Iron lock (main lock): Most iron locks used in modern mountaineering are made of aluminum alloy, which can bear the impact force of more than 2000kg. Widely used in rock climbing, ice climbing, mountaineering and other adventure activities.
Ice pick: It is one of the important tools for climbing snow slopes and can also be used for self-protection.
Ice cone: used for climbing ice, with protection points on the ice wall.
Cradle: Anti-skid equipment tied to mountain boots, passing through hard snow and ice terrain. There are prominent sharp teeth on the bottom and front, which can be buckled on the ice to play the role of anti-skid and rock climbing.
Snow cover: The purpose is to prevent snow from pouring into mountain boots.
Snowstick: It replaces the long ice cone on gentle terrain and is also used to detect cracks.
Helmet: prevent accidents caused by falling snow, ice and stones.
Snowshoes: When the snow is particularly thick, it can prevent deep sinking.
Small ice pick: refers to the ice pick with a length less than 55cm, mostly steel fingers, mainly used for ice climbing.
Descending device: used when descending with main rope, made of aluminum alloy and steel. Commonly used are figure 8, barrel shape and Japanese style.
Alpine glasses: prevent strong ultraviolet rays, wind and avoid snow blindness in ice and snow areas.
Down jacket: the most effective cold-proof clothing for mountaineering in alpine region.
Weatherproof clothing: used to resist the attack of rain and snow in snowy days.
Sweater pants: practical cold-proof clothes when you don't need down jackets when you travel.
Gloves: feather gloves, wool gloves and gloves should be prepared for ice and snow operations. .
Alpine boots: Double-layer boots with an inner layer and an outer layer. The inner boots are warm and cold-proof, and the outer boots are hard, waterproof and windproof, suitable for various needs.
This environment is convenient for binding crampons.
Socks: Wool socks are also necessary cold-proof items. Hands and feet are the most vulnerable parts to frostbite in cold areas, so gloves and socks must be brought with spare.
Winter hat: In order to keep the head warm, it is best not to have a brim.
Ice cone: used to fix points on ice. At present, the spiral alloy is widely used.
Snow cone: a tool for fixing protection points in snow. According to the depth and hardness of snow, snow cones with different lengths and shapes are used, mostly made of aluminum.
Cookware: portable pots, pans, etc. It is best to use hanging type in high mountains and cold regions.
Compass: Identify the direction and assist in using the map.
Hand drill; Dig a hole in the rock and put the swollen nail in.
Pulley: when climbing for a long time and a long distance, use the main rope to pull up too much and too heavy equipment through the pulley. In the suspended place, the pulley is placed on the main rope by using the main rope bridge, and the iron lock slides to the destination with its own safety belt.
Flat belt: when you need to rest or do other things during climbing, put it on the protection point to protect yourself.
Chamber pot: It's a convenient appliance at night. It's very practical when climbing high-altitude snow-capped mountains.
Rock climbing shoes: A kind of shoes with tight feet. The sole and the lower half of the upper are made of rubber, which has excellent anti-slip performance.
Snow shovel: there are two kinds of aluminum alloy and plastic, which are mainly used to organize snow mountain camps and dig snow holes.
Lifting ring: steel, screwed together with rock nail with screwdriver, used for hanging rope and locking for protection.
How to buy outdoor equipment
Backpack 400 (entry-level mountaineering bag, it doesn't matter what brand, but don't engage in those foreign trade goods of 100 yuan)
Tent 350 (aluminum pole, good weatherproof performance, can be used for a long time without upgrading)
Hiking shoes 500 (the importance of shoes is worth the price, and waterproof performance is required to be as high as possible, followed by air permeability)
Sleeping bag (winter) 200 (ordinary hollow cotton is fine, down is too expensive)
(Summer) 80 (wool sleeping bag)
Beach shoes 150 (don't be cheap and fake, choose a regular outdoor brand)
Moisture-proof pad 50
Headlight 50
▲ These add up to 1200 grade equipment, regardless of the brand. As long as it is produced by a regular manufacturer, the quality is guaranteed. The above must be configured.
If conditions permit, it is recommended to prepare the following equipment.
Treadmill 200 (if you want to do it, you should use a more formal way. Don't be a bargain of forty or fifty yuan. Might as well cut a bamboo. )
Pot set 200 (specially designed for outdoor dining, with wok, 1-2 cooking pot, soup spoon, rice spoon and several small bowls)
Cookware and gas tank (also specially designed for outdoor cooking to avoid the trouble of firewood, especially in rainy days) The cheap cooker 100 or so, and the better one is more than 300. The difference lies in high thermal efficiency, gas saving, and good stability after cooking. There are about ten or twenty one-time gas irrigation.
Waterproof bag (you can put some things that are afraid of water, such as cameras, mobile phones, clean clothes, and of course dirty clothes to prevent other things from getting dirty. It is similar to a plastic bag, but it is well sealed and strong. If necessary, you can blow into it and let it float on the water. Floating two or three people is no problem. )
Floor mat (a piece of material about 2*2 or 1.5*2 meters, which is a bit like a tent. It can be waterproof when laid on the ground, temporarily put something on it, or sit on it for activities. When playing with a tent, you can protect the bottom of the tent by putting it under it, which weighs only a few meters. Take it with you and make sure you use it every time you go out. )
Kettle (SIGG Kettle made in Switzerland, which can guarantee that your water will not stink in those days)
Coat and trousers (100% windproof, can prevent moderate to heavy rain, and have certain air permeability. The specific performance depends on how much you are willing to spend, ranging from a few hundred dollars cheaper to thousands more expensive, mainly for activities in winter, high altitude areas and low temperature areas.
Quick-drying clothes and trousers (mainly designed for summer, rainy season and low-altitude mountainous areas).
Instructions for purchasing outdoor sports clothes and equipment:
The outdoor environment changes quickly. It's breezy and sunny at present. Within 10 minutes, the fog approached immediately, and then there was a storm. It is raining cats and dogs at the foot of the mountain, but it is sunny when you walk into the mountain. This highlights the importance of the choice of sports clothes and equipment, thus ensuring the health and comfort of outdoor athletes.
Therefore, we should adjust the clothing preparation according to the concept of three-layer wear:
Inner layer: lomgotysnle
Intermediate layer: thermal insulation layer (or insulation layer) (isolation)
Outer layer: protective layer.
The orientation of the inner layer (lomgotysnle) is "comfort", and only comfort can truly interpret the function of sweat-wicking underwear. Especially for sports bra, who has a good function of ventilation, perspiration and sweat absorption, it is best to choose scrotum bag sports bra. At present, there is kingstyle sports bra from Taiwan Province Province on the market. Because of its unique functions of separating scrotum from penis, ventilation and penis moving forward, it has become a necessary equipment for outdoor sports.
Then there is the middle layer (msalation), which is a real warm layer, but it should be set in two aspects:
Static leisure: just need absolute comfort and warmth. Feathers and super-class man-made fibers are the best choice for dynamic activities: they not only keep warm, but also emit excess heat during activities, and will not stay on the body and clothes. I think Aleutian series is the best choice.
Finally, the protective layer (protection), its significance is to block the influence of the external environment on the human body, and it can further help the body to discharge excess heat, so its material is a very special "waterproof and breathable material". Because of the progress of science and technology, several waterproof and breathable fabrics have been invented; The test results show that in the "dry and static" environment, the functions of each family are similar, but in the "wet and dynamic" outdoor environment, their waterproof and breathable properties are very different; Especially outdoor activities are dazzling, so pay attention to whether the design direction can satisfy you when buying.
Tips for choosing a backpack:
When engaged in outdoor activities, the role of backpacks can be said to be decisive. It not only clings to you when you move, but also dances with your rhythm. In order to make your outdoor activities without defects, it must provide enough space and functions. Therefore, when purchasing backpacks, we must pay attention to the following points:
1, choose the appropriate style according to outdoor activities.
For example, the needs of skiers must be different from those of cycling; Climbing a mountain in the suburbs is definitely not the same as climbing a mountain (let alone camping for the night); If you want to engage in rock climbing, river climbing and other activities at the same time, you should also consider whether the related equipment can be perfectly combined with the backpack without consuming excess physical strength.
2. Ergonomically designed backpacks are worth choosing.
For example, the world patent APSBackSystem independently developed by Lowe-alpine is carefully conceived for climbers, and this type of internal load-bearing system is developed to make backpacks more accurately become the driving force of climbers, rather than the resistance, effectively reducing the potential mountain disaster risk.
3. Get enough information about the structure of the backpack.
In order to get a perfect trip to outdoor activities, you should thoroughly understand the functions of professional backpacks before you leave, so as to give full play to them. For example, the use of detailed accessories, how to adjust the details of the backpack system and so on. This information depends on the guidance of professional sales staff and the efforts of buyers! ? Practice imitating real situations before activities. It's not enough to talk without practice and look from behind. Especially those who are engaged in adventure mountaineering activities or long-term overseas self-help tours, the luggage on their backs is their second home, so how can they be careless when shopping!
Tips for choosing outdoor leisure sports shoes;
On the outdoor road, it may be covered with large and small gravel, and there are rugged and steep slopes at the same time, so the sneakers worn in the gym or stadium at ordinary times cannot guarantee that the feet will not be injured; At this time, high-density foam is the first choice for outdoor activities with high-friction non-slip soles, waterproof uppers and wrapping strips, which can protect ankles and heels and strongly absorb professional hiking shoes with midsole.
The fit and comfort of sports shoes are the most important; Remember to buy shoes bigger than usual, because outdoor sports socks are thicker than ordinary socks, and it is more necessary to wear sweat-wicking socks on the inner layer when climbing mountains, so you must wear two layers of socks when trying them on. Then push your toes forward. At this time, there should be a gap of 1 toe in the heel. Then tie your shoelaces and step on the pedal at an oblique angle of 15 degrees to test whether your toes and feet are comfortable.
Finally, put on two shoes, walk around and even try to go up and down the stairs until you are sure you are completely comfortable. Generally, for 65,438+0 weeks, try on new shoes for at least 65,438+0-2 hours every day to avoid the painful taste of "kicking" when hiking or hiking for the first time. Using waterproof leather oil can prolong the life of shoes and enhance the waterproof effect. It is best to maintain it after each Long March.
Outdoor first aid manual
The principles of on-site first aid are: when encountering an accident, be calm, bold, careful and responsible, prioritize and decisively implement first aid methods; First treat critically ill patients, then treat mild patients, and the same patient, first treat life, then treat local; Observe the site environment to ensure the safety of yourself and the injured; Make full use of available manpower and material resources to assist in first aid.
Observation before treatment
Before specific treatment, it is necessary to observe the whole body of the patient and master the surrounding situation. Judge the cause of the injury, the location and degree of pain, or listen to the breathing near the ear. Pay special attention to the color of face, mouth and skin, or confirm whether there is trauma, bleeding, consciousness and breathing, and carefully observe the fracture, trauma and vomiting.
Subsequently, specific treatment methods need to be selected. Especially in the case of respiratory arrest, coma, massive bleeding and taking poison, the discoverer should give first aid quickly whether he is conscious or not, otherwise it will endanger the patient's life. When observing the changes of symptoms, those who are aggravated should be treated according to the first aid method.
The scene should try to organize the rescue work of the wounded and sick, and the ambulance personnel should work together.
Post-observation processing
There are many kinds of injuries or sudden diseases in activities, so it is necessary to give various appropriate first aid methods to deal with them. As for the specific treatment of related symptoms, it will be introduced in detail later.
When doing first aid treatment, move the body in the most comfortable way for the patient. If the patient is unconscious, make sure the respiratory tract is unblocked, and beware of suffocation and death caused by vomit. In order to ensure smooth breathing, the patient needs to lie flat. If you hit your head, lie flat, too. If your face is blue, you need to lift your feet, and if your face is red, you need to lift your head slightly. If you feel vomiting, you need to lie on your side or prone.
After the treatment is completed.
Before the patient is handed over to the doctor after first aid, he should keep warm to prevent him from consuming physical strength and aggravating his symptoms. Then contact the doctor, ambulance and the patient's family.
In principle, patients should be transported quietly after adequate treatment. The treatment depends on the injured person's condition and the surrounding conditions. During handling, the patient is very tired, so he should have a moderate and regular rest and pay attention to the patient's condition at any time.
The on-site rescue time is short. For the treatment of critically ill patients, first, we should abide by the principle of first aid, and second, we should grasp the key points and check the patients quickly according to the following steps.
First aid position
The patient's posture should be "supine on a hard surface". If the patient lies on his stomach or side, if possible, he should lie on his back and put it on a hard surface, such as a wooden bed, floor or a wooden back, so that the heart compression can be effective. Don't lie on your back on soft objects, such as sofas and spring beds, so as not to directly affect the effect of chest compressions. Pay attention to protect the head and neck.
Turning over method: The rescuer kneels on the shoulder and neck at one side of the patient, straightens the two upper limbs to the head, then puts the calf far away from the rescuer on the proximal calf, with the legs crossed, and then holds the patient's back neck with one hand and the armpit at the far end with the other hand, so that the head, neck, shoulders and trunk can be turned into supine position as a whole at the same time. Finally, the two arms return to the sides of the body.
Open the airway
The rescuer will untie the patient's collar button, tie, scarf, etc. At the same time, quickly remove sludge, clods, phlegm, vomit, etc. From the patient's mouth and nose to promote smooth respiratory tract.
Respiratory tract is the only passage for gas to enter and leave the lungs. The result of unconsciousness is tongue muscle relaxation, tongue root backward, epiglottis drooping and head forward, which leads to airway obstruction in throat. Chin-lifting method can raise the mandible, move the throat wall backward, widen the airway, open the airway and breathe smoothly. The rescuer puts one hand on the patient's forehead and presses it down to make his head lean back, while the index finger and middle finger of the other hand are placed under the jaw near the chin, and the chin is lifted forward to help his head lean back. The correct position of head declination is that the line from mandibular angle to earlobe is perpendicular to the ground. Just tilt the baby's head back slightly.
It should be noted that it doesn't take too much time to take out the foreign body in the mouth, and the whole process of opening the airway should be completed within 3-5 seconds, and the airway should always be kept open during the whole process of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.
Look, listen and feel the breath.
After the patient's airway is clear, the rescuer uses the method of seeing, hearing and feeling for 3-5 seconds to check whether the patient has spontaneous breathing. Inspection method: the rescuer puts his ear close to the patient's nose and mouth to see if there is any fluctuation in the patient's chest (or upper abdomen); Second, listen to the patient's mouth and nose breathing airflow; Third, feel whether there is a feeling of airflow blowing on your cheeks.
artificial respiration
If the patient does not breathe spontaneously, the rescuer should immediately give the patient artificial respiration-blowing from mouth to mouth (nose) twice. Each blowing time is 1- 1.5 seconds. Each blowing volume should be 800 ml.
Check the pulse and judge the heartbeat.
The rescuer touches the carotid artery or brachial artery and observes whether there is a heartbeat for 5- 10 seconds to judge whether the patient has a heartbeat. When checking, touch it gently, not press it hard. In order to judge accurately, you can touch both carotid arteries successively, but it is forbidden to touch both sides at the same time to prevent blocking blood supply to the brain.
If there is no pulse, chest compressions can be performed, the number of compressions is 15, and the number of compressions is 60-80/min.
The ratio of extrusion gas to blowing gas is 15:2, which is repeated. Do it four times after continuous or 1 min, and then check the pulse, respiratory recovery and pupil changes.
Emergency hemostasis
The rescuer should also check whether the patient has a serious bleeding wound of a severely injured person, and if so, emergency hemostasis measures should be taken. Avoid death from shock caused by massive bleeding.
Protect the spine
In case of serious trauma caused by accidental injuries and emergencies, attention should be paid to protecting the spine during on-site treatment, and it should be moved and transported under medical supervision. Avoid spinal cord injury or further aggravation of injured spine, leading to paraplegia and even death.
Top Ten Outdoor Famous Brands
1, pathfinder (Toread)
Beijing Pathfinder Travel Products Co., Ltd. was established in 1999, which is a company specializing in the design, development, production and sales of outdoor sporting goods. Headquartered in Hongfu Pioneer Park, Changping District, Beijing, the company has a modern factory, office and storage base with an area of 16 mu and a building area of 8,000 square meters. Since its establishment, Pathfinder has always insisted on "being brave in continuous innovation and pursuing excellent products" ...
2. Gortex
The designed products are of high quality, ahead of similar products in the world, and innovative in function. Since the establishment of 1958 company, Gore has regarded the great prospect of "global technological innovation" as the driving force for his survival and development. For more than 40 years, Gore has been adhering to the belief of "global innovative technology" and has been making continuous efforts in terms of technology, culture and regional expansion. ...
3. Colombia
Colombia has always occupied a pioneer position in the industry, and its continuous exploration of product technology has prompted it to develop a number of important designs and technologies. In addition, Columbia University actively recruited 100 directors, such as 200 1 acquiring the famous Canadian brand of snow boots (Sorel) and the American professional outdoor sports brand (Mountain Hardware) in 2003 to consolidate its world-class status. ...
4. Leon Bean
Length L.Bean is the abbreviation of founder Leon's name. Leonwood. Chinese name of Bean: Leon Bean L.L.Bean is a famous American outdoor product brand, which was founded in 19 12 and has a long history of 96 years. Its founder, L.L.Bean, is an outdoor enthusiast himself, so his products are specially designed for this kind of consumer groups. ...
5. Ttiss date (T'tiss):
TTISSS is sometimes written as TTISSS, and 200 1 is popular in China. Headquartered in Tianjin, it is a German-invested enterprise. The main project is the export business of outdoor sportswear. Ttiss brand took skiing as the focus of promotion as soon as it debuted, and made a lot of promotion on CCTV 5 and major media, and cooperated with CCTV 5 to shoot teaching films such as Skiing, A Journey to Shan Ye and Flying. ...
6. Columbus (Collomb)
All products, including clothing, hiking shoes, backpacks, tents, sleeping bags, etc. , made of targeted high-performance technology fabrics, combined with practical functional design and sophisticated production technology to ensure adaptation to different natural environments. Whether it's ordinary hiking, camping or challenging Mount Everest, Golumbo with high cost performance can cope. After many years of hard work ...
7. North
THE NORTH FACE, also translated as the north, can be understood as the north of the mountain (American outdoor brand) 1966. Two enthusiastic hikers set up a small mountaineering supplies retail store in San Francisco, USA, and quickly developed into a famous company selling professional hiking equipment. The face of the north (TNF) ...
8. Archaeopteryx
Archaeopteryx is the top outdoor brand in Canada, and it is also called the best outdoor clothing manufacturer in North America market with MountainHardware. 1989 was founded in Vancouver, Canada. In 2002, Arc'teryx was acquired by Addidas-Salomon Group. Subsequently, Solomon was spun off from A-S Group in 2005 and sold to AmerSports Group in Finland. Now Aktex is ...
9. Snow Wolf
Snow Wolf specializes in the production and sales of snow Wolf series outdoor clothing, tents, sleeping bags and other tourism and leisure products. We are well aware that what we carry when traveling must be light and flexible. Therefore, the material, structure and functional design of tourism and leisure products are very important to the actual users. In the actual environment, we have done a lot of efforts for various products. ...
Kailash 10
After 39 years, Kailas has become the top outdoor brand in the world. Brand founder BrianCollins, an excellent explorer from Australia, decided to take the famous KAILAS Mountain Road named Pilgrim Road in the autumn of 1968.
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