How to appreciate ancient poetry? New Year's Day

Poetry appreciation method Author: Wang Junrong Gao Chunqi

Different description methods, such as dynamic and static combination, virtual and real combination; There are two ways of lyric: direct lyric and indirect lyric. ) Express your feelings directly, express your feelings through the scenery, cherish your feelings in the scenery, and blend the scenes. Because scenery is full of feelings, all scenery words are emotional words.

Lyric way

For example, in Du Fu's Shu Xiang, Du Fu worships Zhuge Liang very much, and he wrote several poems dedicated to Zhuge Liang. This poem was written by the poet when he first arrived in Chengdu in 760 AD. The first two sentences of the poem seem to describe the scenery, but in fact they express the poet's yearning for Zhuge Liang. The word "Qiu" in the first sentence shows that the poet came to Wuhou Temple with infinite longing for Zhuge Liang, not for sightseeing. Three or four sentences seem to write scenery, but they are actually lyrical. The word "zi" and "empty" are well used, which shows that although there are green flowers and plants under the steps of the ancestral temple and orioles on the trees, the natural scenery is left to fend for itself and no one appreciates it. Five or six sentences summed up Zhuge Liang's life and highly praised Zhuge Liang's great achievements. The last two sentences reveal the poet's extreme regret and sorrow for Zhuge Liang's "death before he could conquer" This poem is full of affection. At the end of the poem, the "hero" full of tears is the poet himself first. It is precisely because the poet's admiration and nostalgia for Zhuge Liang is so deep and his feelings are so sincere that the artistic image of the poem is full of high vitality and appeal, so that "dying unconquered, the hero will cry in his clothes" has become a swan song throughout the ages.

Another example: Cheng Wei Qu, which we studied, is also a masterpiece praised by people. The first two sentences of the poem describe the place and scenery of seeing his friend off, and the last two sentences advise his friend to "drink more" before breaking up, because he can't see his "old friend" after breaking up. These two sentences are simple in language, but they not only express the poet's deep affection for his friends, but also express a general mood when people leave. No wonder this poem entered Yuefu at that time and became the famous "Three Chapters of Yangguan", which was widely sung in various places and caused many people to sing in later generations.

Lyric ways are:

Express your feelings by scenery or things. When the author has a feeling about a scene or an objective thing, he puts his feelings and thoughts to be expressed in this scene. College entrance examination in spring of 2000.

Love is in the scene (object), and the scene is harmonious. In this way, feelings are integrated into specific natural scenery or life scenes, and feelings are expressed by describing natural scenery or scenes. 200 1 College Entrance Examination (9)

Express one's mind directly, also called express one's thoughts directly. The vast majority of ancient poetry is indirect lyric. 200 1 question 8

② Expression skills: intertextuality, contrast, metaphor, exaggeration, allusions, association, imagination, etc.

Intertextuality is a special rhetorical device in ancient Chinese. Generally speaking, the application of ancient poetry has two forms:

First, synonyms are sometimes used alternately in writing to avoid monotonous repetition of words. From this point of view, it is consistent with Bianwen. The characteristic of this intertextuality is that in the same or basically the same phrase or sentence, words in corresponding positions can explain each other. Mastering it, we can sometimes infer another unknown meaning from the known meaning, such as "loyalty and righteousness don't need Xi, sages don't need to seek" (Shejiang), in which "Yong" and "Yi" are in corresponding positions, from which we can infer that "Yi" means "Yong". Another example is the sentence "seeking perfection and blaming", in which "perfection" and "responsibility" are in corresponding positions, from which it can be inferred that "responsibility" means "seeking". This intertextuality is easy to understand and master.

Secondly, sometimes, due to the limitation of words and rules or the need of expressing art, it is necessary to express rich content with concise words and implicit and concise sentences. Therefore, only one of them appears in the context, and the other is omitted, that is, the so-called "two things are given to one side and the text is omitted", in order to achieve a concise and complicated effect, which is its structural feature. To understand this intertextuality, it is necessary to combine the words preserved in the context to make them complement each other, echo each other and set off each other to show their original intention, so they are customarily called intertextuality. For example, "The morning glory is in the distance, and the girl on the river is a woman from China" (nineteen ancient poems), the former sentence omits "Jiao Jiao" and the latter sentence omits "Article". That is, "jumping" refers to both Altair and Hehan female; "Jiao Jiao" not only refers to Hehan girl, but also refers to Altair. "Jumping" and "Jiao Jiao" complement each other. Together, these two sentences are "the distant and bright Altair and Vega!" It's not that Altair is far away but not bright, nor is Vega bright and not far away. Only by mastering its structural model can we fully understand its original intention. If you only understand it literally, you can't fully and accurately grasp what it wants to express, which sometimes makes people feel confused. Let's talk about the specific application of intertextuality with some common poems.

It is common to see the house of the King of Qi, but Cui has heard of it several times before. ("Meeting Li Guinian on the River")

Among them, "seeing" and "smelling" complement each other to see the meaning. That is, "(in those days) I often saw you and heard your songs in the homes of Qi Wang and Cui Jiu", which doesn't mean that I only saw the people in Qi Wang's family and didn't hear the songs; Cui didn't just hear his voice, but he didn't see him.

(2) Open my East Pavilion door and sit on my West Pavilion bed. ("Mulan Poetry")

The first sentence omits "sit in my Dongting bed" and the second sentence omits "open my Xiting door". Two sentences mean: open the East Pavilion door and sit on the bed, and open the West Pavilion door and sit on the bed to express Mulan's love for her long-lost family. Otherwise, since the Dongting door is open, how can I sit on the Xiting bed?

(3) When the window is in charge of clouds and temples, stick yellow flowers in front of the mirror. (same as above)

Among them, Being a Window and Looking in the Mirror are intertextual. The window is bright and clean, looking at the mirror for plastic surgery. In front of the mirror in front of the window, comb off the sideburns and stick yellow flowers on them. It is not that "Guan Yun Bian" is just a window instead of a mirror, nor that "sticking yellow flowers" is just a mirror instead of a window.

(4) The male rabbit's feet are confused and the female rabbit's eyes are blurred. (same as above)

Among them, "confusion" and "confusion" complement each other. In other words, both female rabbits and male rabbits have the habit of "confusing feet" and "confusing eyes", so it is difficult to distinguish between male and female. That is to say, Mulan disguised herself as a man and behaved like a man, making it even more difficult to be recognized as a woman on the flight around the mountain. It's not like some teachers say that "the confused are men and the confused are women". In that case, the idiom "confused" will not be explained.

5] the trip to the sun and the moon, if out of it; Han is a talented star, if you take him by surprise. ("Looking at the Sea")

Among them, "Xing" and "Yan" complement each other. That is, "the bright sun, moon and stars all ran out of the sea." It's not that the sun and the moon only run but don't shine, nor is it that Xinghan only shines and doesn't run.

To save words, similar sentences are not analyzed one by one.

[6] The bow becomes stiff and almost impossible to pull out, making it difficult to protect your iron clothes. (Bai Xuege sends Tian Shuji Wu home)

Once petals fell like tears, and lonely birds sang their sadness. (Hope in Spring)

It's sunny and rainy. ("Chu Qing drinks the West Lake after the rain")

In this intertextuality, there is also a kind of sentence intertextuality, that is, the first half of the sentence complements each other in the second half. For example:

Levies jing Lin shake high ("tianmu mountain dream")

Among them, "reason" and "classics" complement each other. That is to say, it is not only the deep forest that makes the deep forest and the top of the layer tremble and shake, but the top of the layer.

⑽ Master, I have dismounted and the guests have boarded the ship (Pipa Trip).

Among them, "dismounting" and "boarding" complement each other. The host dismounted and the guest dismounted. Otherwise, it would be ridiculous to hold a farewell dinner when the host is on shore and the guests are on board.

⑾ smoke cage cold water moon cage sand ("Bo Qinhuai")

Among them, "smoke" and "moon" complement each other. That is, "smoke and the moon cover a clear river, but also cover the sand by the river." "Cage cold water" is not only "smoke" without "moon", but also "cage sand" without smoke.

⑿ bright moon in Qin dynasty, closed door in Han dynasty ("Out of the fortress")

Among them "Qin" and "Han" complement each other. That is, the bright moon is still the bright moon in Qin and Han dynasties, and the mountain pass is still the mountain pass in Qin and Han dynasties, so as to set off things. Not the bright moon belongs to Qin Guanhan.

Only when understood in this way can the above intertextuality be the original intention. Intertextuality refers to intertextuality in addition to the above forms of expression. For example:

(13) East and west species of pine and cypress, left and right species of phoenix tree. (Peacock flies southeast)

[14] Thirteen capable weavers ... Sixteen poems. (same as above)

⒂ The phrase "things" means "around". [14] The phrase "13... 16 ..." refers to Lan Zhi's good talent and morality before she got married, so there is no need to stick to what she learned in only one year.

Mastering intertextuality, a special rhetorical method, is sometimes beneficial to understanding the content of an article.

Contrast: this is a technique in Chinese painting, which uses ink or color to render and set off the outline of an object, making the object stand out obviously. Used in poetry creation, refers to deliberately describing from the side, as a foil, so that what is needed is obviously prominent. It can be the contrast between people, for example, in Qin Luofu, the amazing beauty of Qin Luofu is set off by the reactions of the walkers and teenagers, or it can be the contrast between things, such as "cicadas make the forest quieter, the palace hill more secluded", "monks knock on the moon door" and "birds sing at the full moon". More things are compared with people, such as writing the moon in the river three times in Pipa, which compares the beautiful and charming timbre of Pipa and the sad, lonely and sad mood of the characters respectively.

Metaphor symbol: This is a rhetorical device that is different in essence from another thing. Used in poetry is also called Bi Xing. This technique is often used in poetry to achieve the artistic effect of vivid image and turning reality into emptiness. For example, Zhu Qingyu's "To Secretary Zhang on the Eve of the Examination" in the Tang Dynasty skillfully used the bride's nervous and hopeful psychology before meeting her in-laws, and wrote her nervous and hopeful mentality before the examination. He Zhangzhi's "Liu Fu": "Jasper is dressed as a tree, and thousands of green silk tapestries hang down. I don't know who cut the thin leaves, and the spring breeze in February is like scissors. " When the new leaves sprouted in spring, the poet suddenly had a whim in a surprise. It was Miss Chun who fiddled with spiritual scissors with her dexterous hands and cut out thin leaves! Metaphor makes description virtual, image more dynamic and emotion more intense.

If this concrete image runs through the whole story, it is a symbol. For example, Li Bai often places his ideals and symbolizes his talents with magnificent and extraordinary things, such as Dapeng, Tianma, Xiong Jian and mountains and rivers. I like to choose noble and beautiful things, such as bright moon, phoenix, pine and cypress, beauty and so on. , to symbolize the integrity of the newspaper; He often chooses the events of people who were destroyed and imprisoned to compare his experience and situation.

Exaggeration: deliberately exaggerating or narrowing the description of things to express the poet's unusual feelings. Reasonable exaggeration is unreasonable, but reasonable. In romantic poetry, exaggeration can be seen everywhere. For example, "the roof is18,000 feet, and at this point, it begins to turn southeast." (Li Bai's "Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream") "White hair is three thousands of feet, and sorrow is like a long beard" (Li Bai's "Song of Autumn Pu"). Another example is that "three cups spit infinite, five mountains are light" (Li Bai's "Chivalrous Journey") takes five mountains as light, exaggerating the weight of chivalrous journey; "Speak softly, trust friends, and face the Jiuning wind." (Li Bai's Song of Praise) Use mountain peaks to exaggerate the estrangement and suspicion between friends.

Pay attention to the use of "allusions" in works.

Citation is a common expression in ancient poetry, which not only enhances the meaning of the work, but also has a certain impact on our reading. Sometimes, if you can't understand the meaning of allusions correctly, it will directly affect the appreciation of the whole work. Therefore, we must have a preliminary understanding of the "allusions" in the works, and then understand the new meaning expressed by using allusions through their original intentions. Generally speaking, we should pay attention to the following situations when using allusions in ancient poetry.

(1) Huadian predecessors' statements. Pointing is different from direct quotation, but written in your own words after digesting the previous sentences. Some poems are more specific and vivid than those of the predecessors. For example, in Mencius, "dogs eat people but don't know their behavior, and they don't know their hair when they are hungry." This is Du Fu's enlightenment. In 500 words of love, he wrote: "The wine and meat in Zhumen stink, and the bones on the road are frozen." Some of them are different from the artistic styles mentioned by their predecessors. For example, the first poem of Du Fu's "Three Songs of Qiang Village" is "more like holding a candle at night and dreaming", which describes the gloomy writing of husband and wife meeting in the war. These two sentences were changed by Yan Daogai and written in "Partridge Sky": "There is silver left tonight." Used to express the lovesickness of women, with graceful style. Some of them are different from what the predecessors said in ideological content. For example, in Han Yu's "Listening to Ying Shi Playing the Piano", the words "intimate children's words, resentment against you" are used to describe the sound of the piano. After Zhang enlightened, he wrote in He Xinlang: "Ken Ercao's resentment against you." Explain that pity at parting is not a child's love.

(2) Quote fairy tales. Li He's "Li Ping Plays Elegance" contains the poem "Jiang E cries for bamboo, Li Ping plays elegantly with China", which describes the good performance of Li Ping's elegant play with ChristianRandPhillips, Motome and other goddesses. There is also a poem, "Nu Wa tried to make up the sky by refining stones, and the stones broke the ground to stir up the autumn rain", which further described that Li Ping played well. Finally, there is a poem "Wu sleeps well, flies barefoot, flies wet and cold rabbits", which shows that WU GANG is attracted by the music in the middle of the month, and it is also a good description of Li Ping's performance. Citing myths and legends can enhance the artistic expression of poetry and form a peculiar artistic realm.

(3) Use historical stories wisely. When quoting historical stories, it is clear to point out who and what. In the third poem of Bai Juyi's Five Stories, "Duke Zhou is afraid of rumors, and Wang Mang is humble and does not usurp the throne", it is clearly pointed out that the story of Duke Zhou and Wang Mang is used to compare today.

(4) secretly using historical stories. Bi Ming used concealment, because he didn't clearly point out what it was, so it was difficult to see it at a glance. If you know the historical story used, you can read the text; On the contrary, it will be a big headache. For example, in the third song of Du Fu's Before the Great Wall, the story of "fame and fortune" was secretly used by the emperor Xuan Di (Shunliu ornaments) who painted Huo Guang and other eleven heroes in Qilin Pavilion. If you don't know the story, it's quite puzzling.

(5), the use of historical stories. Using historical stories by stealth means using their meanings, and conversely using historical stories means using their meanings. For example, Wendi (Liu Heng) in China liked Jia Yi's talent and recruited him from Changsha to meet him in the publicity room. While Li Shangyin wrote Jia Sheng, he satirized that the Chinese Emperor could not really reuse Jia Yi with the poem "Half empty seats in a poor night, Mo Wen and Shu Ren asked ghosts and gods", which was a reverse use of the Chinese Emperor's meeting with Jia Yi. By using it in reverse, you are actually lamenting your talent.

Association and imagination: mostly adopted by romantic poets. For example, Li Bai often integrates reality with dreams, fairyland, nature with human society. His "Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream" is full of poems that let go of thoughts, and the poet's imagination is like a wild imagination. The dreamland and fairyland depicted by him are the bright and beautiful ideal world he yearns for. "I don't know the moon when I am young, but I cry white." "I am worried about the bright moon, and I will go to the west at night." "I sing. The moon encourages me and I dance around "is a clever combination of whimsy and natural truth."

(D) Grasp the eyes of poetry and understand the theme.

The so-called "poetic eye" often refers to the most concise and vivid word in a poem.

The eye of a poem refers to the connection point of a poem's content, which is often a concise and vivid word in the poem. When you find it, you grasp the central idea.

For example, To Wang Lun: "Li Bai was about to leave by boat when he heard singing on the shore. Taohuatan is deep in thousands of feet, not as good as Wang Lun. " This poem mainly writes the word "emotion", but highlights the word "depth"-the deep friendship between the poet and Wang Lun, so "depth" is the eye of the poem. This "depth" not only summarizes the content of the poem, but also skillfully links "the depth of the pool" with "the depth of friendship".

Another example is "Sleeping in a Mountain Temple": "A dangerous building is 100 feet high, and you can pick up stars with your hands. I dare not speak loudly for fear of disturbing people. " The eyes of this poem are "high". In this short poem, they are all writing a "high". "Danger" is originally high, and "hundred feet" is a description of height; "Hands can pick the stars" is to emphasize height, and "fear of shocking the world" is exaggerated. Through various descriptions, the towering image of the dangerous building of the Mountain Temple is established in our hearts.

Another example is Jiang Xue: "There are no birds in hundreds of mountains, and there are no footprints in thousands of roads. A boat, a bamboo cloak, an old man fishing in the cold river-snow. " The poetic eye of this poem is "loneliness". It not only contains the artistic conception described in the poem, but also reflects the poet's mood at that time. Combined with the poet's experience at that time, it is not difficult to understand that in the lonely environment of human and bird extinction and ice and snow, the poet fished at the bow, showing his "loneliness". But he did not fear the cold, did not yield to evil forces, and showed noble character.

Example: Building a house is in human territory, and there are no chariots and horses. Ask what you can do, your heart is far from self-prejudice.

Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, you can see Nanshan leisurely. That makes sense. I forgot what I wanted to say.

Analysis: Poetic eyes are "farsighted". Because "the heart is far away", there is no need to distinguish between "no car and horse" and "ground deviation" Although "true meaning" is deeper than "far heart", it is also born from "far heart". Through the image of "far heart" and various combinations, it is confirmed that the theme of this poem is "the state of mind that is detached from the world after retirement" is very clear.

(E) Multi-angle understanding

1, to understand the author's unique life experience and work style;

Du Fu: Worried about the country and people, depressed and frustrated style.

Li Bai: A cynical life, fresh and elegant style.

Xin Qiji: The Great Cause of Resisting Song Jinfu Dynasty

2. Observation background:

It was also a bonfire war-Anbian in the Tang Dynasty made great achievements, and the Southern Song Dynasty tragically recovered its lost land.

Step 3 pay attention to the topic

Two thoughts on reading (Zhu)

one

Half an acre of square pond opened, and the sky was overcast. How can the canal be so clear? Because there is inexhaustible living water for it.

Secondly,

Last night, the river was full of water, and Meng Chong ships were a dime a dozen. It used to take a lot of effort to push it, but today it can move in the middle of water.

4. Note:

Gui Zhang Yixian Shuibu (Zhu Qingyu)

Last night, the candles in the bridal chamber were lit all night, waiting for dawn to worship the parents-in-law.

Make-up "whispered to her husband that thrush was deep or not? "

[Note] This is a poem that Zhu Qingyu gave to Zhang Ji, a member of the Ministry of Water Affairs of the examiner, before the exam, to test its details.

Reward Zhu Qingyu (Zhang Ji)

Yue Nv's new makeup appeared in the mirror, knowing Yan Yan was more considerate.

When Wan Qi was young, people were very expensive. A Song Ling was worth thousands of dollars.

5. Pay attention to comparison

Picking Lotus Songs (Wang Changling)

The girl who picked the lotus put the girl who picked the lotus into the lotus leaf, as if the color was the same, and the girl's face was hidden in the blooming lotus, which reflected each other.

Lotus is mixed in the lotus pond, and it is difficult to recognize the lotus pond. Only when you hear the song do you know that someone is picking lotus in the pond-picking lotus.

Lotus picking song (Bai Juyi)

The rhombic leaves are full of light and wind, and the boat is deep in lotus.

Every lang wants to bow his head and laugh, and Biyu scratches his head and falls into the water.

① Traveling wave: rotating and floating on water waves. Wind: Shake with the wind.

(2) Grasping the head: the hair clasp of ancient women.

A brief analysis of the similarities and differences of the images of girls picking lotus in two poems.

The girl who picks lotus in two poems loves and works hard. The girls written by Wang are beautiful, cheerful and full of youthful vitality. The girl in the white poem is shy, pure and sincere.

(six) the direction of appreciation of ancient poetry in the college entrance examination and the sentence pattern of answering questions

1, the direction of questioning in appreciation language

(1) What is the word "eye" in this poem? What words in the poem express (highlight) a certain point of the poem?

② What is the function of a word (a poem) in a poem? Why use a word in a poem? Talk about (analyze) the function of a word (a poem) in poetry.

(3) What is the function of changing a word (sentence) into a word in a poem? What's the difference between them? Which is better and why?

2. Appreciate the sentence patterns of the language.

① ellipsis

(2) the skills of using a word (sentence) ... (rhetorical methods, etc. ), that is to say ... on the surface, but it means ... (expressing the author's thoughts and feelings).

(3) the skills of using a word (a sentence) ... (rhetorical methods, etc. ), that is to say ... on the surface, but it means ... (expressing the author's thoughts and feelings ...). If it were a word, it would not have such an expression effect.

3, appreciate the direction of the image.

What image (image) is written in the poem?

What are the characteristics of images written in poems?

(3) What thoughts and feelings are expressed by the images written in the poem?

(4) What role does the image written in the poem play in expressing the author's thoughts and feelings?

⑤ Why do you want to write an image (image) in poetry or what is the function of the written image?

4. Appreciate the sentence patterns of image answers.

(1) wrote (people, things, things, scenery, allusions)

(2) According to the characteristics of images in poetry.

(3) Express the author's thoughts and feelings through the description of (people, things, things and scenery). Use allusions to express the author's thoughts and feelings.

(4) The image of … written in the poem has the characteristics of …, thus expressing the author's thoughts and feelings in the way of ….

The image (image) of … is written in the poem, which highlights the characteristics of … and expresses the thoughts and feelings of the author ….

5. Appreciate the direction of questioning and expressing skills

(1) What expressions (rhetoric, expression, lyricism and expression) are mainly used in this poem (a sentence or a couplet)? What is the function (expressive effect)?

② Briefly analyze the expression skills (rhetoric, expression, lyricism and expression) used in the works.

6. Appreciate the expression skills of answering sentences.

Judge first, and then analyze the work in detail.

7. Evaluate the ideological content of the work and the author's viewpoint and attitude.

Knowing people and discussing the world: to understand a work, we must "know people and discuss the world", that is, we must know the author and his times;

Style and genre: the styles and genres of Li Bai, Du Fu, Su Shi and Liu Yong.

Welcome the landlord to adopt, welcome the landlord to adopt, welcome the landlord to adopt

Welcome the landlord to adopt.