The Decline of the Book of Songs

The content of "The Book of Songs. Shi Wei", the original text

Shi Wei, Shi Wei! Hu Bugui? Because of Weijun, Hu is exposed in the middle! Decline, decline! Hu Bugui? The bow of Weijun is still in the mud! Commentary: The people were in labor service, suffering hardships, and resented the rulers.

Form: composition aid. Micro: ambiguous, dusk.

Micro: No. Zhonglu: Luzhong.

The inverted text is in harmony with the rhyme. Bow: body.

This may be the shortest poem in the Book of Songs. However, such a simple poem has been interpreted by thousands of people over thousands of years.

The preface to Mao's poem says, "In "Shi Wei", Li Hou lived in Wei, and his ministers persuaded him to return." Modern people say that this is the complaint of people who are doing labor service.

If we adopt the former statement, then the poetic meaning is: The form is getting worse and worse, and it is getting worse and worse! Why not go back? If it weren't for you, how could I be in the dew with you? The situation is getting worse and worse, getting worse and worse! Why not go back? If it weren't for you, how could I be trapped in the mud with you? According to the historical background mentioned in the preface of Mao's poem, this poem is an advice to Li Hou from his ministers. Li Hou was expelled by the Di people, abandoned his country and stayed in Wei.

Weiguo gave him two cities for them to settle down. Later, Li Hou was able to return to his country, but he didn't want to go back. During the Three Kingdoms period in later generations, Adou's unwillingness to think about Shu can probably be traced back to this.

Judging from the eager exhortations of his ministers, the form is indeed very troublesome. It seems that the people in the country are quite complaining about Li Hou's lack of care about Li. Of course, ministers must do their best. It is the duty of admonishment, so I wrote this poem to persuade. If the latter statement is adopted, then the poetic meaning becomes: It's dark, it's dark, why don't you go home? If it weren't for the boss, how could I have braved the wind and dew here? It's dark, it's dark, why don't you go home? If it weren’t for my boss’s health, how could I be stuck in the mud? Comparing the two, who is right and who is wrong? Who is better and who is worse? Clear as day.

If we interpret this poem according to the class consciousness and the so-called revolutionary spirit of people’s nature that are full of modern people’s minds, the only thing that can be expressed is that the workers who are being exploited and oppressed are complaining. As for the entire poetic meaning, none. Such a "folk song" is worse than a limerick.

Indeed, there is no way to interpret poetry, and there is no way to interpret poetry. However, poetry has no meaning? Originally there was no explanation.

Yi Wudazhan? Originally there was no occupation. The so-called "poetry has no explanation" is simply the strong words of later interpreters of poetry.

Articles are written according to the time, and songs and poems are written according to the events. The poets have their own original intention and motive. How could it be possible to allow later generations of interpreters to make random interpretations? Writing poetry is a career, but interpreting poetry is just one more career.

Career and profession are similar in appearance but different in emotion. They often go in opposite directions. The modern female poet Shu Ting has a famous poem "To the Oak Tree".

If I love you - I will never imitate the climbing flower in the sky, and use your high branches to show off myself; if I love you - I will never imitate the infatuated bird, repeating monotonous songs for the green shade; also It's not just like a spring that brings cool comfort all year round; it's not just like a dangerous peak that increases your height and sets off your majesty. Even sunlight, even spring rain. No, these are not enough. I must be a kapok tree near you, standing with you as the image of a tree.

The roots are held together in the ground; the leaves are touching in the clouds. Every time the wind blows, we greet each other, but no one understands our words. You have your copper branches and iron trunks, like knives, swords and halberds; I have my red flowers, like a heavy sigh, and like a heavy sigh. The heroic torch, we share the cold wave, wind, thunder and thunder; we enjoy the mist, mist, mist, mist, mist, mist and rainbow; it seems that we are separated forever, but we are always dependent on each other. This is the great love. The steadfastness is here. Love not only loves your majestic body, but also loves you. The position you insist on, the ground you step on.

This is a popular love poem among the Misty Poetry School.

However, according to her own account, she originally wrote this poem in the audience when she was at a meeting and listened to an old gentleman on the stage making a discriminatory speech about women. It is an expression of dissatisfaction with this phenomenon of male chauvinism.

However, once the poem spread, it blossomed into other branches and became a popular love poem. The female poet had no choice but to smile.

Put yourself in someone else’s shoes. If any of us moderns write such a poem complaining about "boss", will our "boss" sing such a poem at a staff art party? Just as poetry interpreters have always used the word "far-fetched" when refuting the prefaces of Mao's poems, so I might as well give them two words here: "absurd"! "People's nature" is not equal to folk songs. A correct understanding of "people's nature" is the attitude towards understanding the essence of "The Book of Songs".

Although "people's nature" exists in the people's thoughts, words and deeds, and the thoughts and behaviors of slaves and civilians are certainly people's nature, however, there are always some advanced thinkers in an era, and some A group of advanced intellectual groups are leading the people in creating advanced culture. Don’t the ideas represented by these intellectuals or thinkers have the character of the people? Looking at people's character narrowly based on their origin, composition, and status will only lead to countless jokes.

Appreciation of Urgent

Decline, decline! Hu Bugui? Because of Weijun, Hu is exposed in the middle! Decline, decline! Hu Bugui? The bow of Weijun is still in the mud!

"Bei Feng·The Decline" comes from "The Book of Songs·Guofeng·Bei Feng". This poem describes the eagerness of family members to return home to their relatives who are serving abroad. The poem captures the feeling of the moment when the sky is getting late, and a series of questions and questionings express strong emotions, including concern for relatives in the mud, frost and dew, and resentment against "the king"'s behavior. Since "Mao's Poems" interprets this poem as an invitation to return, and those who have studied "Poems" in the past dynasties have mainly focused on Mao's theory, the word "decline" has gradually evolved into the image of "return to seclusion" in Chinese classical poetry, such as "Wang Wei of the Tang Dynasty" Just like this, I am envious of leisure and leisure, and my songs of regret have faded away" ("Weichuan Tianjia"); Meng Haoran "Because you have gone to your hometown, I have sent you a poem from afar to sing my songs" ("Sending Doctor Xin to his Hubei"); Guan Xiu's "The east wind is coming and the song has faded." , Shenyun Taoist summoned me back" ("General Biedu") and so on. This also shows the influence of this poem on later generations.

Translation: It is getting dark, why not go back? If it is not the king Why did you suffer from the water? It was getting dark, why didn't you go back? If it wasn't driven by the king, how could you work in the mud? Wei: ambiguous, in the Book of Songs, The literal meaning is that it will be dark; but it can be extended to: it originally refers to the decline of the royal family, but now it refers to the decline and gradual insignificance.

This is a little poem about a little man complaining about being unable to bear the hard work. It reminds me of Kafka's short story "When the Great Wall Was Built". The general public was ordered to build the Great Wall. It was said that this was an imperial edict from the distant capital. The capital was so far away that no one knew who it was. I don’t understand why the Great Wall was built, but it had to be built anyway. The life situation revealed in this fable-like novel is probably suitable for the living conditions of all small people. They don’t have many extravagant hopes or endless ambitions, they just want to have enough food. Wear warm clothes and live in peace. Their simplicity and loyalty coexist with ignorance. Just like Ah Q in Lu Xun's novel, he rows the boat and grinds the rice. Even if he is asked to sit down, he only dares to stand and never pull the cart. "Look up and look at the road." So Lu Xun said that he wrote about Ah Q because he was "sorrowful for his misfortune and angry for his inability to fight". As a small person, he dared to complain, and his complaints could be included in the book and become a classic for education. This is a very interesting phenomenon for future generations, including rulers and ruled. It makes people think about whether it is ignorance or a kind of ignorance for those who try their best to maintain their rule and record their dissatisfaction with their rule to future generations. Machiavellian plot?

Regarding the theme of this poem, the "Preface to Mao's Poems" says that Li Hou was exiled by Di and was exiled in Wei. His ministers did this to persuade him to return to the country.

Liu Xiang's "Biography of Women: Zhenshun Chapter" says that the daughter of Marquis Wei married Duke Zhuang of Li State, but he was not accepted by him. Some people persuaded her to return, but she "resolutely remained chaste and did not violate women's ethics to wait for the king's orders." And wrote this poem to express his ambition. Both theories are far-fetched, because there is a lack of historical evidence whether they actually refer to the Marquis of Li or the woman of Li Zhuang. Yu Guanying believes that "this is the complaint of people who are suffering from labor" ("Selected Poems"), which is the most accurate purpose of the poem. The two chapters of the poem all start with the melody of "the decline, the decline, Hu will not return". It's dark, it's dark, why don't you go home? The poet then explained the reason: "Because of Weijun, Hu is exposed in the middle"; "Because of Weijun's bow, Hu is in the mud". This means that for the sake of the monarch and to feed their noble bodies, they have to work day and night in dew and mud all year round. In just two chapters and a few sentences, the inhuman condition of the enslaved people and their full resentment towards the rulers left a very deep impression on the readers. Artistically, this poem has two characteristics. One is to use questions to strengthen the language effect. Judging from the whole poem, "the situation is declining, the situation is declining, Hu will not return" is not a question out of doubt, but a deliberate question that has already been made in mind. The poet is oppressed by the rulers, working day and night in the wild, unable to return home, and suffering unspeakably. Naturally, he has to express his grievances, but if he speaks directly, it is easy to exhaust them. Although there is no doubt that the poet uses this kind of pretentious The questionable form of questioning makes the poem seem subtle and emotional, and at the same time it attracts attention and inspires people to think. The saying goes, "Don't complain but complain deeply." The second is to use rhymes to heighten the emotional atmosphere. There are ten lines in the second chapter of the poem. Not only the sentences are in rhyme, but also the rhymes are changed in each chapter. Therefore, the whole poem is compact, the rhythm is short, and the mood is urgent. It fully expresses the painful mood of the laborers and their increasing abandonment of tyranny. determination. From this analysis on the rhyme used in the poem, the first chapter uses Wei rhyme and fish rhyme, and the second chapter uses Wei rhyme and invading rhyme. These rhymes are more suitable for expressing the emotion of grief and sorrow. The poet's casual use of rhyme fully emphasizes the emotional tone of the poem through the rhyme. Therefore, Fang Yurun commented on this poem: "The language is shallow and the meaning is profound, and the infinite meaning hidden in it is not allowed to be read by the unwary." ("The Original Book of Songs")

The content of "The Book of Songs. Shiwei" is the original text.

My family is poor and cannot sustain my life by cultivating the fields.

There are many children in the family, and there is often no food in the rice vat, so there is no way to make ends meet. Many relatives and friends persuaded me to go out and become a minor official. I also had this idea in my heart, but I had no way out.

It happened that there was an envoy going to other places. The governors of various states and counties regarded it as a virtue to cherish talents. My uncle recommended me because I was poor, so I was appointed as an official in the small town. At this time, the war had not subsided, and I was afraid of the messengers from far away.

Pengze County is only a hundred miles away from home, and the grain harvested from the public fields is enough for wine making, so it is settled. But after a few days, I missed my hometown and wanted to return home.

Why? Because my nature is frank and natural, and I will not force myself to do anything. Although hunger and cold are urgent matters, going against one's own heart will make people feel very painful. Although he had been an official before, he was driven by life; so he felt troubled, excited, and ashamed of his life aspirations.

But I still want to wait until after the autumn harvest, pack my bags and leave overnight. Soon, my sister who married into the Cheng family died in Wuchang. I was in a hurry to go to the funeral, so I gave up my official position and resigned.

From autumn and August to winter, I served as an official for more than eighty days. In order to express my inner feelings about this matter, I named this article "Going Back".

It was November of the Yisi year. Go back, the countryside will be deserted, why don't you go back! Since you let your mind be driven by your body, why should you be sad and mourn alone? I realized that the mistakes I made in the past can no longer be undone, but I know that there is still time to make amends for the future.

Although I have gone astray, I am not too far away. Now I understand that it is right to return to work now, and it was wrong to become an official in the past. The boat floated forward briskly in the water, and the breeze blew my clothes.

I asked pedestrians about the journey ahead, but I regretted that the sky was hazy in the morning and not very bright.

As soon as I saw the door of my humble home, I ran happily.

The servants at home came to greet him, and the children were waiting at the door. The paths in the courtyard are deserted, but only pine trees and chrysanthemums still exist.

Holding the children's hands and entering the house, the wine was already placed. I picked up a bottle of wine and drank by myself. I felt very happy looking at the trees in the yard.

Relying on the south window to express my proud feelings, I deeply feel that a simple living room can make people happy and contented. Going for a walk in the garden every day is fun. Although the door to the house is always closed.

He walks around with a cane, sometimes raising his head to look into the distance. The clouds in the sky drift naturally from the mountain peaks, and the birds know they are coming back when they are tired of flying.

The daylight gradually dimmed and the sun was about to set. I was still stroking the independent pine tree and lingering, unwilling to leave. Go back and cut off all contact with the world.

Since the secular world is contrary to my emotions, what else should I pursue while traveling by car? Talking intimately with relatives makes me happy. Playing the piano and reading can relieve my worries. The farmers told me that spring is here and they will go to the fields in the west to cultivate.

Sometimes we took a car with a curtain, and sometimes we took a small boat. Sometimes it passes through twists and turns and deep ravines, and sometimes it passes through rugged hills.

See the trees flourishing and the springs flowing tricklingly. I really envy the vitality of all things in nature, and lament that my life is about to end.

Forget it! How long can your life be between heaven and earth? Why not just follow your own will and let nature take its own course? Why are you so restless all day long and thinking about where to go? Wealth and glory are not my wish, nor can I expect the realm of gods. When the weather is nice, go out alone for an excursion, or put your stick aside to do some weeding and seedling cultivation.

Sometimes I would go up to the high hill in the east and roar loudly, and sometimes I would chant poems by the clear water. For now, let's just follow the changes of nature and end this life, holding on to the idea of ??a happy life and a peaceful life. What's there to worry about? .

What rhetorical techniques are mainly used in The Decline of the Book of Songs

Rhetorical questions: Use questions to strengthen the language effect.

Judging from the whole poem, "the situation is declining, the situation is declining, Hu will not return" is not a question out of doubt, but a deliberate question that has already been made in mind. The poet is oppressed by the rulers, working day and night in the wild, unable to return home, and suffering unspeakably. Naturally, he has to express his grievances, but if he speaks directly, it is easy to exhaust them. Although there is no doubt that the poet uses this kind of pretentious The questionable form of questioning makes the poem seem subtle and emotional, and at the same time it attracts attention and inspires people to think. The saying goes, "Don't complain but complain deeply."

Because of Weijun, Hu is exposed! The bow of Weijun is still in the mud! These two sentences are rhetorical questions. Rhyme: Use rhyme to heighten the emotional atmosphere.

There are ten lines in the second chapter of the poem. Not only do the lines use rhyme, but they also change rhyme in each chapter. Therefore, the whole poem is compact, has a short rhythm, and has an urgent mood, which fully expresses the painful mood of the laborers. and their growing determination to turn their backs on tyranny. From this analysis on the rhyme used in the poem, the first chapter uses Wei rhyme and fish rhyme, and the second chapter uses Wei rhyme and invading rhyme. These rhymes are more suitable for expressing the emotion of grief and sorrow.

The poet's casual use of rhyme fully emphasizes the emotional tone of the poem through the rhyme. Let's ask: "Hu Bugui" is asked first, and the following sentences are the answers.

Repeatedly: After a decline, Hu will not return - twice.

Urgent, Yu Guanying's explanation of decline in "Selected Poems"

Leading "road", road.

Dew. Bow, people who do everything possible to maintain their rule record their dissatisfaction with their rule and pass it on to future generations, turning it into a classic to educate future generations, including the rulers and the ruled: personally, and the complaints can be recorded in books. In, as a small person, he dares to complain and speak to help.

Micro: Ignorance, dusk, Hu Bugui. Look at it now.

This is a very interesting phenomenon, it is getting dark; but it can be extended to: it originally refers to the decline of the royal family, but now it refers to the decline, and the gradual insignificance is also the reason why this little person can't bear the hard labor and complains. Little poem. The literal meaning of the words in the Book of Songs is.

Shi, Hu Bugui? Why is the bow of Weijun in the mud? Decline, sunset: refers to the rise and decline of things, reminiscent of Kafka's short story "When the Great Wall was Built". The masses were ordered to build the Great Wall, which was said to be an imperial edict from an emperor in a distant capital.

The capital was unimaginably far away, and the emperor didn’t know who it was, let alone why the Great Wall was built. It had to be built anyway. Does it bring to mind? Because of Wei Jun, why is Hu exposed in the middle? Decline. Decline.