Everything about Zhuge Liang

Zhuge Liang (181.4.14 ~ 234.8.28), courtesy name Kongming and nickname Wolong, was born in Langxieyangdu (now Yinan County, Linyi City, Shandong Province), Han nationality, and was an outstanding statesman and military strategist during the Three Kingdoms period. Prime Minister of Shu Han Dynasty. His posthumous title is Zhongwuhou.

Life experience:

Gonggong Nanyang

In the second year of Jian'an (197 AD), Zhuge Xuan died of illness. Zhuge Liang and his younger brother were farming in Longzhong, Nanyang. Liang always missed Liang Fuyin and often compared himself with Guan Zhong and Le Yi. People at that time did not think highly of him. Only his friends Xu Shu, Cui Zhouping, Meng Jian and Shi Tao believed in his talents. Known as "Wolong". He had friendships with Sima Hui, Pang Degong, Huang Chengyan and other famous celebrities in Jingzhou at that time. Huang Chengyan once said to Zhuge Liang: "I heard that you are choosing a wife; you have an ugly girl with yellow hair and black hair, but her talents match her. You match.)" Zhuge Liang agreed to the marriage and married her immediately. People at that time used this as a joke, and there was even a proverb in the countryside: "Don't be like Kong Ming when choosing a wife, or you will get an ugly girl like A Cheng."

Deeds

At that time, Liu Bei Attachment to Liu Biao and stationed troops in new areas. Later, when I visited Sima Hui, I heard him say: "How do Confucian scholars and laymen know the current affairs? Those who know the current affairs are the heroes. There are dragons and phoenix chicks here. (Those Confucian scholars are all people with little knowledge. How can they understand the current world? At this time, only Fulong (Zhuge Liang) and Feng Chu (Pang Tong) are the heroes." Later, he was recommended by Xu Shu and wanted to introduce him to him, but Xu Shu said: "This is the case. You can go see this person, but don't condescend to him. The general should go and see him in vain. He went to visit in person and only saw Zhuge Liang after three visits (one said he saw him all three times). Liu Bei asked others to avoid it and asked Zhuge Liang: "The Han Dynasty has fallen, traitors have stolen their lives, and the Lord has been covered in dust. I can't live alone." Virtue is measured by strength, and people want to believe in the great righteousness of the world, but their wisdom and skills are shallow, so they use it rampantly. However, the ambition is not over, and the emperor said that the plan will be safe? I did not measure my own virtue and ability, and wanted to revive the world with great righteousness, but my wisdom and strategies were short and insufficient, so I often failed. However, my ambition has not calmed down yet. Do you have any strategies that can help me?)" Liang replied? Said: "Since the arrival of Dong Zhuo, there have been countless heroes who have joined forces across states and counties. Compared with Yuan Shao, Cao Cao was a little famous and outnumbered. However, Cao Cao was able to defeat Shao and use the weak to become strong. It is not just the right time. It is also a man's plan. Now Cao has millions of people, holding the emperor and commanding the princes. This can't be competed with. Sun Quan has occupied Jiangdong for three generations. The country is in danger and the people are attached to it. This can be used for him. Reinforcement is not possible. Jingzhou controls Han and Mian in the north, connects to the South China Sea, connects Wuhui in the east, and connects Bashu in the west. This is a country that uses military force, but its master cannot defend it. It is almost impossible for the general to benefit from it. The state is dangerous, fertile and wild, and the land of heaven is rich. Liu Zhang is weak, Zhang Lu is in the north, the people are rich and the country is rich, but they don't know how to survive. The general is the king of the emperor, and he is loyal. In the four seas, take charge of heroes, and thirst for talents. If there are thorns and benefits across the river, protect the rocks and obstacles. Make peace with the Rong in the west, pacify the Yiyue in the south, make friends with Sun Quan on the outside, and cultivate political principles on the inside. If there is a change in the world, you will be ordered to go up. The general will lead the army of Jingzhou to Wan and Luo, and the general will lead the people of Yizhou out of Qinchuan. Will the people dare to welcome the general without emptying the pots of rice? "(Zhuge Liang then told him the plan of dividing the world, analyzing the situation where Cao Cao was undesirable and Sun Quan could come to his aid; he also elaborated on the weakness of the monarchs in Jing and Yi states, and he could only do so if he owned these two states. The battle for victory explained the necessity and possibility of seizing the two states; he also told Liu Bei the strategy of attacking the Central Plains. This treatise later became known as Longzhong Dui (Longzhong is still controversial, and one said thatched cottage. Yes), and Liu Bei praised him even more after hearing this, so Zhuge Liang began to serve Liu Bei). Liu Bei often discussed with him, and their relationship became increasingly close. Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and others were very displeased, and Liu Bei explained to them: "I have Kong Ming in isolation, just like a fish has water. I hope you won't say anything else. (I have Kong Ming, just like a fish has water.) I hope you won’t say it anymore.)" Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and others stopped complaining.

The Story of Crossing the River

At that time, Liu Biao's son Liu Qi was gradually displeased with Liu Qi due to the influence of his stepmother.

Liu Qi valued Zhuge Liang very much and asked Zhuge Liang several times for advice on how to stabilize himself. However, Zhuge Liang refused every time. Liu Qi used the method of going up to the house to take out the ladder during a banquet to make Zhuge Liang come up with a solution. Zhuge Liang asked Liu Qi: "Don't you see Shen?" How can Chong'er be safe if he is outside? (Didn't you see that in the Spring and Autumn Period, Shen Sheng was in danger but Chong'er was safe outside?)" Liu Qi understood what he meant, and Huang Zu was killed by Sun Jun. Liu Qi recommended him as the prefect of Jiangxia.

In August 208, Liu Biao died of illness, and his second son Liu Cong succeeded him. Hearing the news that Cao Cao was going south, he sent envoys to surrender. After Liu Bei found out about this in Fancheng, he led his troops and people to flee south. Cao Jun caught up with Liu Jun at Dangyang Changban. Xu Shu's mother was captured by Cao Cao's army, and Xu Shu had to surrender to Cao Cao. Liu Bei arrived at Xiakou, and Sun Quan had previously sent Lu Su to observe the situation and suggested to Liu Bei to seek help from Sun Quan. Zhuge Liang then recommended himself to Chaisang to speak, and Zhuge Liang became friends with Lu Su. After arriving at Chaisang, Zhuge Liang met Sun Quan and first gave Sun Quan two choices using a dichotomy: "If you can use the people of Wu and Yue to compete with China, it is better to defeat them early (if you can use the large people of Wu and Yue to compete with the Central Plains) If the country cannot compete with Cao Cao, it is better to break off diplomatic relations with Cao Cao as soon as possible.)" Another option is to provoke the general: "If you can't resist, why not put up your troops and attack from the north! (If you think you can't resist, why not stop military operations and go north! "Being a minister!" "North" has a double meaning here: one is that Cao Cao was in the north at the time, and the other is that when the monarch and his ministers meet, the ministers usually face the north)"

Sun Quan asked Zhuge Liang, what did Liu Bei mean? Don't surrender. Zhuge Liang then raised Liu Bei's status, saying that Liu Bei had integrity and would never surrender, in order to show Liu Bei's determination to Sun Quan. Sun Quan was furious and vowed not to surrender to Cao Cao, but he was worried about how many troops Liu Bei still had to fight. Zhuge Liang finally analyzed the situation of the two armies. First, he said that the scattered soldiers returned from the army and Guan Yu's navy had ten thousand people, and Liu Qifan's Jiangxia soldiers were no less than ten thousand. He then said that Cao's army was tired from afar, and when chasing Liu Bei, he used a light cavalry force. After traveling more than three hundred miles day and night, it was "the end of the strong crossbow, and the force could not penetrate Lu Zhen"; and the northerners were not used to water warfare, and the people of Jingzhou were forced to obey Cao Cao, not convinced; in the end, it was definitely said that Cao Cao could be defeated. Sun Quan was very happy, and was later persuaded by Lu Su and Zhou Yu to decide to join forces with Liu to fight against Cao. He sent Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu, Lu Su and others with 30,000 naval troops to start a war with Cao Cao. Zhuge Liang then returned to Liu Bei with his army. In November, Cao Cao was defeated in Chibi and returned to the north.

Enough food and sufficient troops

After the Battle of Chibi, in December Liu Bei pacified the four counties in Jingnan, appointed Zhuge Liang as military advisor Zhonglang General, lived in Linhang, and supervised Lingling. , Guiyang, and Changsha counties are responsible for adjusting taxes and enriching military resources. In 211, Yizhou Shepherd Liu Zhang sent Fa Zheng to ask Liu Bei to assist Zhang Lu. Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and others guarded Jingzhou. By December of the next year, Liu Bei broke with Liu Zhang and also attacked Chengdu. Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and others went to Shu to help, leaving Guan Yu in charge of the defense of Jingzhou, dividing his troops to pacify various counties, and together with Liu Bei besieged Chengdu. By 214, Liu Zhang surrendered and Liu Bei took control of Yizhou.

Zhuge Liang received five hundred catties of gold, one thousand catties of silver, fifty million yuan, and one thousand pieces of brocade. He was also appointed as a military advisor and general, and was assigned to the left general's office. Whenever Liu Bei sent troops to conquer, Zhuge Liang was responsible for guarding Chengdu and providing Liu Bei with enough food and troops. For example, in the Battle of Hanzhong, he provided support for Liu Bei who was defeated in successive battles. In 220, Cao Pi usurped the Han Dynasty and established itself. In 221, when the ministers heard the news that Emperor Xian of Han had been killed, they persuaded Liu Bei, who had become the king of Hanzhong, to ascend the throne as emperor. Liu Bei refused, so Zhuge Liang used the story of Geng Chun to persuade Liu Xiu to ascend the throne to persuade Liu Bei. So Liu Bei agreed and appointed Zhuge Liang as the prime minister to record the affairs of the ministers during the holidays. In the same year, Zhang Fei died, and Zhuge Liang took over the post of Sili Xiaowei.

Tuogu

In August 222, Liu Bei was defeated on his way to recapture Jingzhou in the Eastern Expedition and retreated to Yong'an. Zhuge Liang lamented that it was a pity that Fazheng had passed away, otherwise Liu Bei would have been able to stop Liu Bei's Eastern Expedition. Lift. In February 223, Liu Bei was seriously ill and summoned Zhuge Liang to Yong'an to take care of the funeral arrangements with Li Yan. Liu Bei said to Zhuge Liang: "Your talent is ten times that of Cao Pi. You will surely be able to secure the country and finalize major events. If your heir can assist, I will assist him." ; If he is not talented, you can take it yourself. (Your talent is ten times that of Cao Pi, and you will definitely be able to settle the country and achieve great things. If the heir (Liu Chan) can assist him, then assist him; if he has no talent, you can personally do it. Seize it.)" Zhuge Liang cried and said: "I dare to use all my strength to show loyalty to Zhen's integrity and then die! Liu Chan and his other sons regarded Zhuge Liang as their father, but they only became official officials with Zhuge Liang.

It was postponed to April, Liu Bei died, Liu Chan succeeded to the throne, made Zhuge Liang the Marquis of Wuxiang, and opened official offices. Soon, Liu Chan took over the post of Yizhou Mu again. Liu Chan relied on Zhuge Liang for all political matters, big and small, and was decided by Zhuge Liang. Originally, the Nanzhong region took the opportunity to rebel due to Liu Bei's defeat. Zhuge Liang did not send troops because the country had just lost its monarch, but sent Deng Zhi and Chen Zhen to Soochow to repair the situation.

Southern Expedition

Until the spring of 225, Zhuge Liang led his army to the south. Before leaving, Liu Chan gave Zhuge Liang a golden axe, one with a curved lid, and one with Yu Bao at the front and the back. There are sixty people in Huben. Later, Zhuge Liang went deep into the barren land (idiom: Bare is today's northern border of Myanmar) to attack Yong Kai and Meng Huo. Zhuge Liang adopted Ma Su's suggestion of joining the army and focused on attacking the heart. He first defeated Yong Kai's army, and then captured and manipulated Meng Huo seven times. In the autumn, all chaos was put down (see Zhuge Liang's Southern Expedition for details). The rich resources south of the Shu Han provided military use for the country. As the Shu Kingdom became rich, it began to train soldiers and prepare for the Northern Expedition.

Northern Expedition

Zhuge Liang In March of the fifth year of Jianxing (AD 227), Zhuge Liang submitted a "Departure Order" to his later master and led his army to Hanzhong to prepare for the Northern Expedition. He first trained in Hanzhong for about a year, and then attacked the north. The three counties of Wei Nan'an (governing Longxi, Gansu), Tianshui, and Anding (governing Jichuan, Gansu) immediately surrendered to Shu. Emperor Wei Ming personally went to Chang'an to supervise the battle, and used Cao Zhen to supervise the armies in Guanyou, adopting a defense-oriented strategy. The Shu army first threatened to capture the county from Xiegu Road, and asked Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi to lead an army to occupy Jigu (now northwest of Baocheng, Shaanxi) as a suspected army. Zhuge Liang led the main force to attack Qishan in the west. Joining the army, Ma Su led an army as the vanguard and stationed himself at the street pavilion. Ma Su's command was inappropriate, and he was defeated and lost the street pavilion. The Shu army lost its advancing stronghold and had to retreat to Hanzhong. Zhuge Liang beheaded Ma Su, wrote a letter demoting himself to the third rank, and performed the duties of prime minister as the right general.

In the winter of the sixth year of Jianxing (AD 228), the Wei army attacked Wu in three directions, leaving Guanzhong empty. Zhuge Liang once again led his army to the Northern Expedition. The Shu army left Dashan Pass this time and besieged Chencang for more than twenty days before retreating after running out of food.

In the seventh year of Jianxing (229 AD), Zhuge Liang led his army on four northern expeditions. The Shu army headed west, taking the two counties of Wei Wudu and Yinping and returned. Zhuge Liang was reinstated as prime minister.

In the ninth year of Jianxing (AD 231), Zhuge Liang attacked Wei for the fifth time, using wooden oxen to transport grain and surrounding Qishan Mountain. Sima Yi was the commander-in-chief and the governor of the army to resist. Sima Yi knew that the Shu army came from afar and had limited food and logistics, so he took the risk and refused to fight. Zhuge Liang ordered Li Yan to be responsible for the logistics supply in Hanzhong. Li Yan failed to raise food and grass in time, so he wrote to Zhuge Liang saying that the emperor ordered the troops to withdraw. After Zhuge Liang retreated, he deceived the court and said that the retreat was to lure the enemy. When Zhuge Liang came back, he signed a petition with many soldiers to impeach Li Yan, exempted him from being a commoner, and exiled him to Zitong.

In February of the twelfth year of Jianxing (AD 234), Zhuge Liang launched his sixth Northern Expedition. He led his army out of Xiegu and occupied Wuzhangyuan (forty miles south of today's Qishan County, Shaanxi Province). This time we sent troops, we had made an appointment with Soochow to attack Wei at the same time. However, Dongwu delayed sending troops. It was not until May that Sun Quan sent Lu Xun and Zhuge Jin to lead troops to station in Jiangxia and Miokou (now Hanpu, Hubei) to attack Xiangyang. Sun Quan himself led a large army to surround Hefei Xincheng. In this regard, Emperor Wei Ming's strategy was to defeat Soochow first. He personally led the navy to march eastward, and asked Sima Yi, who was guarding the west, to hold on without fighting, and let the Shu army retreat after running out of food. But when Sun Quan learned of the Wei master's intentions, he believed that his side had become the main battlefield and suffered a loss, so he ordered his troops to withdraw across the board. On the Western Front. In view of past lessons, Zhuge Liang divided his troops into fields and planned to stay there for a long time. In August of this year, Zhuge Liang suddenly fell ill and died on the front line at the age of fifty-four. The Shu army withdrew across the board. Liu Chan was useless. The Shu army was defeated.

Spirit:

Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty: "Zhuge Liang said: I will do my best until I die. Only Zhuge Liang can be such a minister."

Sun Qiao of the Tang Dynasty : "It has been five hundred years since the death of Marquis Wu. Up to now, the people of Liang and Han have left behind sung songs and sacrifices in temples. They have loved the people for so long."

Tao Kan, Mei Tao of the Western Jin Dynasty: " The wise man is like Wei Wu, the loyal and diligent is like Kong Ming."

Chang Xu of the Eastern Jin Dynasty: "If you govern the country with courtesy and the people will not complain, if you do not abuse lynching, there will be no more tears."

Wang Tong of the Sui Dynasty said: "If Zhuge Liang had not died, rituals and music would have flourished."

"Tang Wencui" recorded what Shang Chi said in the "Preface to the Inscription on the Zhuge Wuhou Temple Monument": "When the official writes about the food in the temple, , has become a classic that cannot be published. Within a mountain, every movement of wind and grass has a majestic appearance. If there is a severe drought, people in the country pray for it, and it can become clouds and rain. This means that everyone is benefiting, and life and death are the same in ancient and modern times. Death and immortality are more valuable than life.

Another article written by Lu Wen, "The Temple of Zhuge Wuhou", said: "If the great honor is not collected, God will seize it." Sincerity is unforgettable, shining in the sun and moon, and the fierce energy never dissipates. Long as a thunderstorm. ”

Du Fu, a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty, once admired Zhuge Liang’s deeds and wrote several poems about Zhuge Liang, including "The Prime Minister of Shu" (two of them have the same name as "The Prime Minister of Shu") and "Ode to Ancient Relics No. 4" , "Zhuge Kongming", "Eight Formations", "Gubaihang", "Wuhou Temple", "Zhuge Temple", "Geye". Among them, "Three visits to the world" in "The Prime Minister of Shu", the two dynasties opened. Help the old minister's heart. "Died before he left the army and made the hero burst into tears" has also become a famous saying about Zhuge Liang's life in the future.

Other poets have also written many poems to praise Zhuge Liang, such as Li Bai, the great poet of the Tang Dynasty "Reading the Biography of Zhuge Wuhou, Presenting it to Uncle Cui Shaofu of Chang'an and Feng Kunji", "Zhuge Wuhou" by Song Dynasty statesman and writer Wang Anshi, "Wuhou Temple" by Ming Dynasty writer Yang Shen, and modern historian Guo Moruo's "Shu Dao Qi", as well as modern politicians Dong Biwu, Lu Dingyi, etc.

Mao Zedong commented: "It started by mistake in Longzhong, and the troops were divided into two parts thousands of miles away. In the end, Guan Yu, Liu Bei, and Zhuge Liang had three separate forces and were undefeated. "The first sentence means that Zhuge Liang's strategy is inappropriate. Jingzhou is thousands of miles away from Yizhou. The division of troops between the two places will inevitably cause the Shu Han to lose its advantage in military strength. The latter sentence "three-thirds of troops" refers to Guan Yu's guarding Jingzhou and Liu Bei. In the attack on Soochow and Zhuge Liang's Northern Expedition to the Central Plains, the historical fact of the "three-quarter force" ultimately caused the Shu Han's vitality to be severely damaged and the foundation for unifying China to be lost. However, some people disagree with Mao Zedong's analysis. Longzhong originally hoped to "make the most of the situation." All of Jingzhou in the "South China Sea" supported the Jingzhou Army's Northern Expedition, and Yizhou carried out a pincer strategy. However, Liu Bei failed to achieve it later, and because of the loss of Nanjun, Guan Yu lost his advantage in the Battle of Xiangfan, instead of dividing it into two. The results of military strength. On the other hand, regarding the historical events of losing Jieting and beheading Ma Su, Mao Zedong once commented: "In the first battle, it is better to face the battle first. "It is believed that Zhuge Liang should personally lead the army to advance and make arrangements before the battle.

The attack and heart couplet hanging in the Zhuge Liang Hall of Wuhou Temple in Chengdu was written by Zhao Fan, a scholar of the Qing Dynasty. This couplet It has attracted the attention of Mao Zedong and others. Its content is:

"If you can attack the heart, you will be defeated by the side. It has been known from ancient times that soldiers are not warlike;

If you fail to assess the situation, you will be lenient and severe. Later, when governing Shu, we had to think deeply. "

Sun Yat-sen, the founding father of the Republic of China, praised Zhuge Liang in the Three People's Principles of Civil Rights: "Zhuge Liang is very capable, so he was able to establish a very good government in Western Shu, and he was able to leave Qishan for the Northern Expedition and fight with Wu and Wei. Three tripods. ".

Contribution:

"Three Kingdoms": Zhuge Liang is the prime minister of the country, appeases the people, shows rituals, appoints officials, obeys the authority, is sincere, delivers justice, and is loyal and beneficial. Those who violate the law and are careless will be punished, even if they are close to each other; those who admit guilt and lose love will be released, even if they are serious; those who use rhetoric and clever words will be killed, even if they are light; good deeds will not be rewarded, and evil will not be degraded. Refined, physical principles, abiding by names and responsibilities, disdainful of hypocrisy; those who end up being fearful but loving in the territory of the country; those who have no complaints despite severe punishments and policies, can be said to be good people who know how to govern with a calm mind. , Guan Xiaozhi Yapi.

"Three Kingdoms": After the death, the heir was young and weak, and Liang was dedicated to everything. To control the army, to organize the army, to use craftsmanship skills, to study things to the utmost, to be strict in science and education, to trust rewards and punishments, to punish all evils, and to show good deeds. As for officials, they do not tolerate rape, people are self-reliant, do not pick up the truth, and the strong do not invade the weak. , The demeanor is solemn. "Three Kingdoms": Li Shu thinks that it is true. The people of Liang and Yi still remember the words, although Gan Tang's chants about Zhao Gong and Zheng people's songs are not comparable to those of Mencius. Ke You said: "If you use the way of leisure to make people work, they will not complain even if they work; if you use the way of life to kill people, they will not be angry even if they die." "Believe it! Some commentators may blame Liang's lack of brilliant writing, but that it is better than Ding Ning and Zhou Zhi. I foolishly thought that Jiu Yao was a great sage and the Duke of Zhou was a sage. After examining the ministers, I found that Jiu Yao's Momo was brief and elegant, and Zhou Gong's edicts were troublesome and thorough. What's the matter? Jiu Yao talked with Shun and Yu, and the Duke of Zhou and his subordinates swore an oath. Comprehensive things, the sincerity of heart is reflected in the writing, which is enough to understand the people's thoughts and principles, and it can be used in the contemporary world.

"Three Kingdoms": "Huang Sha Tun was founded by Zhuge Liang. ”

Sima Yan: How good, if I had this person to help me, how could I not have the trouble today!

"Three Kingdoms": Prime Minister Zhuge is brave and loyal, forgetting himself and worrying about the country .

Jia Xu: Zhuge Liang is good at governing the country.

Liu Bei: The king is ten times more talented than Cao Pi. He will surely be able to secure the country and finalize major events. There is a hole in it alone, just like a fish has water.

"Shui Jing Zhu Jiang Shui": "Zhuge Liang marched to the north, using weirs as a source of agriculture and a capital of the country. He was led by 1,200 people to protect them, and there were weir officials."

"Pu'er Prefecture Chronicles. Historic Sites": "Marquis Wu traveled across the six mountains, leaving bronze gongs in Youle, copper trowels in the wild branches, iron bricks in the wild bricks, wooden bangs in Yibang, and horse pedals in the mountains. "Gedeng, put a sack in Manshu, and it was named after the mountain."

During the period of resting in Hanzhong to encourage farmers, Zhuge Liang made full use of Hanzhong's favorable economic conditions and adopted a series of measures to develop production according to local conditions. With the effective measures, the military resources of the Northern Expedition were basically solved on the spot. After Zhuge Liang's death, the Shu army retreated, and the Wei army also "obtained a lot of books, grain and cereals from him" in the Shu camp. This just shows that the effect of Zhuge Liang's dismissal of soldiers and farmers and the implementation of military garrison farming warfare is remarkable. When the local people live a better life, they can attract more people, allowing the vast and sparsely populated Hanzhong to develop again, and gradually achieve a virtuous cycle of more people and more food, so that the people can "live in peace and enjoy their jobs." Only by enriching the country and strengthening the military can the long-term peace and order of the ruling class be maintained.

The "Mountain and River Weir" and other water conservancy projects that Zhuge Liang "continued to build" are still the water conservancy projects with the largest irrigation area in Hanzhong. According to Mr. Li Yizhi’s investigation, “Shanhe Weir still irrigates more than 8,000 acres of farmland in Baocheng, more than 30,600 acres of farmland in Nanzheng County, more than 7,000 acres in Jiu County, and more than 46,000 acres in Nanzheng County. "The six famous pools in Hanzhong City are still used today. According to archaeological survey statistics, there are still more than 70 ancient weirs dating back to the Han Dynasty in the area. Some weirs and canals have been used and repaired for generations and are still in use today. At the same time, various regions have continued to build a large number of ponds, reservoirs, ponds and other water conservancy facilities on the basis of inheriting and learning from ancient experiences in developing and utilizing water conservancy resources. Mian County alone has built 37 additional reservoirs capable of storing 100,000 cubic meters of water; more than 300 ponds and ponds; and winter paddy fields still exceed 50,000 acres. Comparing the unearthed ponds and paddy field models with today's models, it is enough to show that since the Han Dynasty, in terms of extensive development and utilization of water conservancy resources and development of agricultural production, this region has been building weirs, canals and ponds in a mainly small form according to local conditions. Convert hilly areas into fertile farmland. The above facts show that the actual effectiveness and continuous improvement and utilization of the ancient farmland water conservancy facilities in the Hanzhong Basin to this day are inseparable from Zhuge Liang's great achievements in opening up farmland, building water conservancy, and developing production when he was on vacation in Hanzhong to encourage farmers.

[Edit this paragraph] Artistic Achievements

1. Calligraphy:

Yuan She Tie Zhuge Liang lived in an era when Chinese calligraphy art was becoming mature. era. Four years before his birth, in the sixth year of Xiping (AD 177), Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty, he first called calligraphy "calligraphy". This marks the official distance between "writing" as a communication tool and "calligraphy" as a unity of aesthetic appreciation and practicality, and enables the latter to gradually develop into a unique art - the art of calligraphy. At this time, Han Li has become the leading font with a unique style. At the same time, cursive script, running script and regular script were created, so that the five styles of seal script, official script, cursive script, running script and regular script were basically complete.

Zhuge Liang loved calligraphy; he trained hard in his youth and was able to write in a variety of fonts, including seal script, eight-point script, and cursive script. Liang Tao Hongjing of the Southern Dynasties was a great calligrapher. His "Swords and Swords Record" records: "In Xinchou, the first year of Zhangwu in Shu (AD 221), he quarried iron from Jinniu Mountain and cast eight iron swords, each three feet and six inches long... It is also the cornerstone of Kong Mingshu’s style.” Yu Li's "Ancient Ding Lu" records: "Zhuge Liang killed Wang Shuang, returned Dingjun Mountain, cast a tripod, and buried it in Hanchuan, with the inscription: Dingjun Ding. He also made eight formation tripods, which were sunk in Yong'an water, all with large seal scripts. " "In the second year of the reign of Emperor Zhangwu (AD 222), he cast a tripod in Hanchuan, named Kehan ??tripod, and placed it in Bing cave, with eight points of book... He also cast a tripod in Wudan Mountain, Chengdu, named Shouchan tripod. He also cast a tripod at the entrance of Jianshan Mountain, which was named Jianshan tripod. Both the seal script and the seal script were traced by Marquis Wu. "In the third year of Zhangwu (AD 223), he made two tripods, one for King Lu, and the text says: 'Wealth and prosperity. , King Yihou. , One with the King of Liang, the text said: "Great luck, King Yigong" and the ancient official script, three feet high, are all recorded in "Gujin Fa Shu Yuan" written by Zhou Yue in the Northern Song Dynasty. : "The First Lord of Shu tried to make three tripods, all of which were composed of eight parts of seal script and official script of Marquis Wu, and they were extremely exquisite in workmanship."

The above records are credible, especially those of Tao Hongjing of the Southern Dynasties, who lived only more than 200 years after Zhuge Liang. His experiences and accounts should be based on facts.

Volume 13 of "Xuanhe Shupu" written by Xuanhe Neifu of Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty records that Zhuge Liang "is good at painting and also likes to write cursive calligraphy. Although he is not known as a book, if he finds his relics in the future, he will treasure them." It is also said: "The first cursive script in the imperial palace collection today is: "Yuan She Tie"." This shows that by the end of the Northern Song Dynasty (1119-1125 AD), Zhuge Liang's calligraphy works were still collected in the imperial palace. Chen Si's "Shu Xiaoshi" of the Southern Song Dynasty records: Zhuge Liang "is good at the eight parts of seal script and official script. Today's calligraphy has the words "Xuan Mo Tai Chi, mixed yin and yang", etc., which is a special skill."

Beginning in the Song Dynasty, famous calligraphy works of predecessors were copied and rubbed for the purpose of dissemination, which was called "fa calligraphy". This record shows that in the Song Dynasty, Zhuge Liang's calligraphy works were popular in the world as "fa calligraphy" with exemplary significance. Zhuge Liang never forgot calligraphy amidst his busy government affairs and military activities. "Changde Prefecture Chronicle" records: "Wolong Ink Pool is located in Wolong Temple, thirty miles west of Yuanjiang County. It is said that Zhuge Wuhou of the Han Dynasty used ink in this temple because of its name." We know that the time when Zhuge Liang was active in Changde was during the Battle of Chibi. After that, the war was very tense and frequent, but he still did not forget to use his brushes near the pond.

Unfortunately, it is still not possible to see the original calligraphy. We can only rely on archaeological discoveries.

2. Painting:

Zhang Yanyuan of the Tang Dynasty wrote in "Records of Famous Paintings of the Past Dynasties": "Both Zhuge Wuhou and his son were good at painting." Zhang Yanyuan also wrote in his "On Painting" This book records the collection and sales of paintings at that time. He said: "Nowadays, it is divided into three ancient times to determine the high and low. Taking the three kingdoms of Han and Wei as the older ones, Zhao Qi, Liu Yao, Cai Yong, Zhang Heng, Cao Mao, Yang Xiu, Huan Fan, Xu Miao, Cao Buxing, and Zhuge Liang The flow is also called "The painters of the Jin and Song Dynasties are called the middle ancient, the painters of the Qi, Liang, Chen, Later Wei, Later Zhou, and Northern Qi are called the lower ancient, and the painters of the Sui and early Tang are called the modern." The price of works by modern painters is similar to that of works by ancient painters, while the prices of works by ancient painters are the highest.

Zhang Yanyuan recorded the selling price of paintings by some modern painters such as Yan Liben, Wu Daozi and others at that time: "A screen is worth 20,000 gold, and a screen is worth 15,000 gold." "A screen is worth 10,000 gold." " He also said that the works of painters from the Han and Wei Dynasties (i.e. ancient times) were "treasures of the state and the family" in the Tang Dynasty and "treasures of the ancient times." Zhang Yanyuan (born in 815 AD) was born in a family of prime ministers, and his family had a rich collection of French calligraphy and famous paintings. His "Records of Famous Paintings of the Past Dynasties" is known as the "ancestor of painting history". His records and discussions have played an important role in Chinese painting. It has always been a reliable and rare historical material in history. From his description, we can roughly see Zhuge Liang's historical status and artistic achievements in the history of Chinese art. The Eastern Jin Dynasty historian Chang Cu’s "Huayang Guozhi" records: "In South China, the custom is to conquer witches and ghosts. They like to curse alliances and throw rocks and weeds. Officials often use curses to kill alliances. Zhuge Liang made a map for the barbarians. He first painted the sky, earth, sun and moon. In the Changcheng Mansion, he first painted dragons, dragons, and barbarians, as well as cattle, horses, camels, and sheep. Later, he painted the chief officials riding horses and banners, patrolling to comfort the barbarians. "It's very important." He also recorded: "Yongchang County, the ancient Ailao Kingdom... has been divided into small kings from generation to generation, often living in towns and scattered in the valleys. It is a deserted area with deep mountains and rivers. Since the beginning of the people, there has never been a connection with China. , the ancestor of Kunming in Nanzhong, so Zhuge Liang is the one who drew it." From the above two paragraphs, we can see that Zhuge Liang does have extraordinary painting talents. His paintings are based on both real life (such as the life of ethnic minorities in South China) and magical and rich imagination (such as dragons, etc.), with magnificent compositions and broad scenes.

Zhuge Liang can not only draw the heaven and earth, the sun and the moon, but also various buildings, carriages and horses, animals and people. Painters who can master such comprehensive painting techniques are rare in the history of Chinese painting. At the same time, we can also see that Zhuge Liang's painting is never out of personal leisure. His painting art always serves his political and military purposes.

3. Music:

Zhuge Liang is proficient in music, likes to play the piano and sing, and has high musical accomplishment.

This aspect has many records in ancient books. Chen Shou's "Three Kingdoms? Biography of Zhuge Liang" records: "Xuanzu, Liang worked hard to cultivate Longmu, so that he could chant for Liang's father." Xi Chizhi's "Old Records of Xiangyang Elders": "There is Kongming's former residence in Xiangyang... The west of the house is facing the mountains. Kong Ming often climbed up to the water, and played "Liang Fu's Yin" on the harp, so the mountain was named Leshan. "Of course there is also the Wolong Yin, which is truly a masterpiece of the ages. "Zhongxing Bibliography" records: "One volume of "Qin Jing" was written by Zhuge Liang. The beginning of Qin making and the sound of the seven strings, the thirteen emblems take the meaning of the image. "Xie Xiyi's "Qin Lun" also records: "Zhuge Liang wrote "Liang Fu Yin".

"Yu Di Zhi" records: "There is a stone harp in the Wuhou Temple in Dingjun Mountain. When you brush it, the sound is very clear. It is said that it was left by Wuhou." "From the above records, it is enough to see that Zhuge Liang has a very comprehensive cultivation and great artistic achievements in music. He is good at both vocal music - he can sing; he is also good at instrumental music - he is good at playing the piano; at the same time, he also composes music and lyrics. Not only that, he also wrote a musical theory treatise - "Qin Jing".

Reference: /view/2347.htm