I want to ask, are there any unbeaten generals in history?

Chen Qingzhi was General A Liang, an outstanding strategist in the Southern Dynasties. Zi Ziyun was born in Yixing Mountain (now Yixing, Jiangsu) from 484 to 539. Because of his poor background, he has not been reused for many years. He led the troops independently at the age of 4 1, and his fighting career was only 15, and he was rarely followed by Liang Wudi Xiao Yan. Later, it was General Wuwei. Chen Qingzhi is weak, he can't drive an ordinary crossbow, and he is not good at riding and shooting, but he is bold and cautious, resourceful and well-planned, and won the hearts of all. Chen Qingzhi's character is only cautious, and every time he is given a letter, he will bathe and worship; Simple life, only wearing plain clothes, not good at silk and bamboo; Although he is a military commander, he is good at caressing foot soldiers and can make his subordinates work for him. He is a Confucian general who combines rigidity with softness.

[Edit this paragraph] Life story

Early experience

Chen Qingzhi may be the son of a scholar, or he may be a small official among civilians (ZSZSZSZ later wrote in his praise letter that "this is not a plant, nor is it a noble family"). In ancient China, especially after the Jin Dynasty and before the Sui Dynasty, the boundary between civilians (lower landlords or scholars) and gentlemen (upper landlords or scholars) was quite strict, and civilians rarely got ahead. Moreover, his martial arts is very poor: "If you can't shoot through Zagreb, you can't get a horse." Therefore, teenagers in Chen Qingzhi, and perhaps middle-aged, spent their time as court attendants. At that time, the emperor was Xiao Yan, Liang Wudi, and Chen Qingzhi followed the emperor for more than 20 years: "Gao Zu is a clever chess player. Every time he arrives at midnight, his companions are tired, but he stays up all night, ready to listen to the news." But his resume for the first half of his life is blank except this.

Yang Guo in the First Battle

It was not until 525 AD that Chen Qingzhi got the first chance to lead the troops in his life, when he was 42 years old. Moreover, on that occasion, the troops were appointed as general Wuwei and other generals to meet the defection of the monk from the secretariat of the Northern Wei Dynasty in Xuzhou, and failed to win the battle. Therefore, Xiao Yan appointed Chen Qingzhi as the general, and the head coach Wende led the troops to escort Wang Xiao to take over Xuzhou. Of course, it is impossible for the Northern Wei Dynasty to lose Xuzhou, a strategic place. It sent two imperial clansmen, Yuan Yanming and Yuan X, to lead twenty thousand troops and set up camp in Xikou area to prepare for the invasion. When Chen Qingzhi got the news, he approached the enemy camp and made a direct attack. This is the first battle he actually participated in, and it may be the closest to the enemy's strength in all his battles. As a result of the battle, the 20,000-strong army in Erjin was beaten by the 2,000-strong army in Chen Qingzhi and fled.

Originally, the battle was decided, but Chen Qingzhi's immediate boss, Xiao Zong's mother Wu Shuyuan (pseudonym, harem palace number) was probably the concubine of Xiao Baojuan, the last emperor of Qi, and Xiao Zong was born seven months later. Later, Wu told Xiaozong that Xiaozong himself began to suspect that he was actually Xiao Baojuan's child, so according to the folk custom at that time, he quietly dug up Xiao Baojuan's grave and dropped his blood on Xiao Baojuan's bones. "As the saying goes, the bones of the dead with the blood of the living are father and son", and the result did seep in. He hesitated to believe it, killed one of his sons to have a bone test, and the result was infiltrated again. Xiaozong is convinced of this. Xiao Yan's brother and family were killed by Xiao Baojuan, and Xiao Baojuan's family was killed by Xiao Yan. The names of the two families are as deep as the sea. Since Xiao Zong claimed to be Bao Juan's son and Yin Bao's nephew, he took several people to Yanming's tent overnight. Coach to defect, Chen Qingzhi no matter how hard it is, so we have to cut off the retreat. Both countries have known the name Chen Qingzhi since then.

In 527 AD, Chen Qingzhi captured Yang Guo from Cao Zhongzong. The troops he led were few, but they had holidays, so they could participate in military aircraft, which was probably a function of supervising the army. Yuan Zhao, the imperial clan of the Northern Wei Dynasty, and others led 150,000 rescues, and the former soldier Ma rushed to Tuojian. At that time, Chen Qingzhi, who had only 200 people, suggested a night attack, while another general, Wei Fang, thought that the enemy's forward troops were all elite and it was difficult to win. Chen Qingzhi finally said, none of you will go, I will take my 200 people. So he led his men to attack forty miles long and defeated the vanguard troops of the Northern Wei Dynasty overnight. When the northern Wei army heard that the vanguard troops were defeated, the whole army was frightened, slow to act and its morale plummeted.

However, the strength contrast between the two sides is too different, so the two sides fought for nearly a year near Yang Guo and fought for hundreds of times. The outcome is undecided, but the Northern Wei Dynasty has set up a camp behind Liang Jun, forming a potential attack. Cao and Wei, fighting no longer, are ready to retreat. Chen Qingzhi stopped the troops at the gate of the camp with a holiday, saying, "* * * has been here for a year, and wasted a lot of money on food wars. The army has no fighting heart, but they all seek to retreat. Do they want to make contributions and get together to copy critical ears? It is said that if you kill a soldier, you can survive. You must win a big battle and then fight again. If you want to be a teacher, there is a secret to celebrate the difference. If you commit it today, you will die. " Cao and Wei were frightened and said, "You can go." . Chen Qingzhi immediately led an elite raid on the 13th battalion of Northern Wei reinforcements, which he thought was indestructible, and won a great victory. Wei Jun's body silted up the Huaihe River tributary. But compared with Chen Qingzhi's later military glory, these are simply too weak to mention.

Lead an army to the northern expedition

In the late Northern Wei Dynasty, political corruption, ethnic contradictions and class contradictions intensified. In the second year of Datong, civil strife broke out in the Northern Wei Dynasty. Xiao, Er Zhurong and other dignitaries became independent one after another, and Er Zhurong slaughtered the royal family in the Northern Wei Dynasty. Those who have no strength, Rainbow Yuan Qi of Beihai, have to rely on other countries to become their own emperors as in the Spring and Autumn Period. So Yuan Hao dismissed Liang Dynasty on the grounds of chaos in this dynasty and asked Liang Dynasty to send troops to help him claim the title of emperor. Xiao Yan was puzzled by Yuan Hao's language and came up with the idea of testing the Northern Wei Dynasty. So he took Yuan Hao as Wang Wei, Chen Qingzhi as a holiday and took him as a brave general. He led 7000 troops to escort Yuan Hao to Luoyang and proclaimed himself emperor.

But it was this perfunctory effort that made Chen Qingzhi famous. Yuan Hao didn't intend to really lay the foundation of Luoyang. Shortly after he sent his troops, he proclaimed himself emperor, appointed Chen Qingzhi as General Wei, Xuzhou Secretariat and Wudu Gong, and ordered him to continue to attack Xingyang westward. Assign him to fight alone. So in the continuous spring rain, Chen Qingzhi led a mere 7,000 people and started a fabulous trip to the Northern Expedition.

Go straight to Luoyang

In April of the first year of Datong (529), when Chen Qingzhi led his troops to conquer the Northern Wei Rebels, he seized Eorlson Xing (now Shangqiu East, Henan Province) and advanced on Liang (now Shangqiu, Henan Province).

After Chen Qingzhi conquered Xingcheng, he marched into Suiyang. The Shoujiang of Suiyang is called Qiu Daqian, the guy who was defeated when Chen Qingzhi defended with ten times the troops. Now this battle is almost a replica of the original: 7 thousand against 70 thousand, the same against 10, the same military strength, but this time Qiu Daqian learned his lesson and built nine battalions to resist. But the result is the same: Chen Qingzhi captured the three of them in one morning, and Qiu Daqian completely lost his fighting spirit and surrendered. Yuan led twenty thousand guards to occupy Kaocheng to stop Chen Qingzhi, which was surrounded by water and vulnerable to attack. Chen Qingzhi "built a floating base", captured Kaocheng and captured Hui Yuan, and "rented 7,800 cars". After the victory, Chen Qingzhi continued to March on Luoyang. Along the way, there were many places where the wind fell.

In May, Yuan Zi, the Wei Emperor, sent troops to guard Xingyang (now Henan) and protect the elderly (now Sishui Town, northwest of Xingyang) in Luoyang, Kyoto. Wei shot, yes, Yuan, the general of the government army, and other generals led Yulin army to keep seventy thousand in Xingyang. According to Liang Jun, Wei Jun's troops were very sharp, Xingyang was strong, and Chen Qingzhi could not attack. When Wei Zhu's army of Tianmu arrived, he took a title of generals in ancient times to lead Tuwuer to ride five thousand, and general Lu 'an to ride nine thousand to reinforce him. He also sent his right servant to shoot Jules Shilong and Wang Pi, the secretariat of Western Jingzhou, at a cavalry rate of 1000, and entered Hulao Pass. Wei Jun * * * 300,000 people camped in Liang Jun. Yuan Hao sent someone to persuade Yu Yang to surrender, but he was rejected. Soon, Yuan Tianmu and Erzhutu came one after another, and Wei Jun looked at each other at that time. Unexpectedly, the encirclement had just formed, and before it could attack, Chen Qingzhi had captured seventy thousand defenders Xingyang.

When Xingyang City was not occupied, Liang Jun soldiers were very scared. Chen Qingzhi dismounted and said to the soldiers, "Since I came here, there have been quite a few butchers; If you kill your father and brother and neglect your children, it's nothing. There are many people in the sky, and they are not enemies. We only had 7 thousand and won more than 300 thousand. What happened today is meaningless. Lu and I rode on an endless plain, and before we reached the finish line, we leveled its fortress. You didn't doubt it, so I made a massacre "(Biography of Liang Shu and Chen Qingzhi). But personally beat drums to attack the city. With only one drum, Liang Jun attacked the city all the way. Warriors Song Jingxiu and Yu Tiancheng first boarded the city wall, and Liang Jun came in one after another. Then he caught Yu Yang, killed 37 of his subordinates and ate his heart. Chen Qingzhi confiscated Xingyang's reserves, and all the cattle, horses, grain and silks could not be counted.

Soon, Yuan Tianmu and others led 200,000 reinforcements to attack the city. Please note that150,000 of them are elite minority cavalry. Chen Qingzhi, who occupied Xingyang, saw more than 200,000 reinforcements from the Northern Wei Dynasty pressing down the gate, and didn't want to defend the city at all, so he led 3,000 chosen men to attack the city. Big break, 3 thousand to 200 thousand, most of both sides are cavalry. Chen Qingzhi's 3,000 men wiped out 200,000 reinforcements in the Northern Wei Dynasty. Lu An surrendered in the face of war, and Yuan Tianmu and Tu were saved from riding alone. Chen Qingzhi probably still didn't feel satisfied. He took these three thousand people and marched into Hulao Pass by the way. Hulao Pass's elite of 10,000, Jules Shilong, did not dare to fight, abandoned the city and fled. Liang Jun captured Wei Dong's corps commander Xin Bian alive, and Yuan Ziyou, the emperor of Zhuang, was forced to retreat to his eldest son (now the eldest son of Shaanxi) to avoid Chen Qingzhi's sharp edge. At this point, Chen Qingzhi is only one step away from Luoyang, but he has no chance to play Luoyang, because Luoyang Shoujiang Yuan X and Yuan Yanming surrendered directly. Yuan Hao then entered Luoyang, and Wei Linhuai, Wang and An Fengyan Ming led hundreds of officials to welcome Yuan Hao into the palace. Yuan Hao changed to Yuan Amnesty and then began to learn from other monarchs, which took a lot of time. And seal Chen Qingzhi a bunch of official positions, supplemented by Chen Qingzhi, riding a car with the general, and Dr. Zuo Guanglu, increasing the number of households in the city.

Soon, Shangdang Tianmu, Wang Laosheng and Li led another 40,000 troops to conquer the girders, and sent Wang Laosheng and Fei Mu to Hulao Pass, and Diao Xuan and Diao Shuang joined Liang and Song. Hearing this, Chen Qingzhi led the army to attack, and Wei Jun surrendered. Yuan Tianmu led more than ten people to cross the Yellow River in the north and fled. Fei Mu attacked the tiger prison and suffered a crushing defeat. Suddenly, he heard that Yuan Tianmu fled to the north, thinking that there was no successor, and he surrendered to Chen Qingzhi. Chen Qingzhi attacked Guo Liang and Guo Liang, both of which were defeated. After hearing the news, Liang Wudi wrote letters and letters again to praise him. Chen Qingzhi and his men were all dressed in white robes, and they were invincible along the way. Therefore, a nursery rhyme in Luoyang City says that "famous teachers and generals should not be imprisoned, and hordes of horses are exempt from white robes" (Biography of Liang Shu and Chen Qingzhi). In other words, no matter how awesome you are and how many people there are, you'd better bypass this unit. Chen Qingzhi led 7,000 people from Luoxian to Luoyang, fought 47 times before and after, and besieged 32 cities, all of which were invincible.

Nangui

After receiving a series of defeat reports from his subordinates, Er Zhurong almost exhausted the soldiers under the control of the Northern Wei Dynasty, claiming to be a million, and attacked Luoyang from north to south. Under the pressure of Er Zhurong, small towns near Luoyang rebelled in succession. Chen Qingzhi, in Hao Yuan's view, has made great contributions, but he didn't want to take Nanliang's promise seriously from the beginning. It is impossible for Hao Yuan to reuse him. Chen Qingzhi himself is very clear, he volunteered to defend Cheng Lang, Luoyang is the gateway to the north of the Yellow River (Luoyang soon became the only stronghold of Yuan Haojun in the north of the Yellow River). Er Zhurong also insisted on fighting with Chen Qingzhi, so he vigorously attacked Chen Qingzhi and won eleven battles in three days. Seven thousand Chen Qingzhi troops killed millions of Erzhurong's troops. Erzhurong was desperate and ordered to retreat.

At this time, the army astrologer Liu advised Er Zhurong not to retreat. Er Zhurong also figured it out. He and Chen Qingzhi had no choice but to copy Hao Yuan's lair. Soon Luoyang was captured and Hao Yuan was killed. Chen Qingzhi completely lost its northern base, so it had to retreat eastward, ready to go back to health. Er Zhurong personally led an army to pursue it, but this pursuit was too funny: if he pursued it far away, he wouldn't pursue it, and if he approached it, he wouldn't dare. So the two armies dragged all the way to the Henan border, and Chen Qingzhi was ready to lead the army to cross the river, but the sudden flash flood mercilessly washed away his invincible troops.

This is the only chance for Chen Qingzhi to die on the battlefield in his life, but Chen Qingzhi sneaked back to Jiankang to pretend to be a monk. After Chen Qingzhi returned to the south, he showed great respect to northerners. Zhu Yi was surprised and asked him, "Chen Qingzhi said," I thought that the north of the great river is the hometown of Rong Di. Compared with Luoyang, people who know how to dress are all in the Central Plains, and it is beyond the reach of Jiangdong. Why not treat it lightly? "(Zi Tongzhi Jian, Volume 153).

Guard the southeast

In December, Liang Wudi took Chen Qingzhi as the festival, and was subordinate to the military department, General Fenwu and the secretariat of Beiyan Prefecture. Sometimes a demon monk claimed to be the son of heaven, and local tyrant Cai Bolong also took 30 thousand troops and captured North Xuzhou. Said satrap Yang, abandoned the city and left. Taishou Li Zhong was killed. Liang Wudi ordered Chen Qingzhi to make a crusade and personally went to Baixia to see him off. Liang Wudi said to Chen Qingzhi, "Although the Jianghuai army is strong, it is in a difficult position. You can control them, but it is not suitable for decisive battle "(Biography of Liang Shu and Chen Qingzhi). Chen Qingzhi was ordered to go. Before the 12th, he beheaded Cai Bolong and the monk Qiang, and preached health first. In the second year of Datong, China (AD 530), Liang Wudi took Chen Qingzhi as the commander-in-chief of military affairs in the four states of South, North, West and Henan, and the secretariat of the two states of South and North remained unchanged. After Chen Qingzhi came to power, he surrounded Xuan (now Runan, Henan Province), broke the platform of Yangzhou secretariat, Cheng Chun secretariat, Hou Jin, Yuzhou secretariat, Yao Xiong and Liangzhou secretariat. Chen Qingzhi then showed his outstanding talent as a politician, and Chen Qingzhi immediately reduced the military service in Yiyang Town and stopped the supply of water transportation, so that Jiangxiang could recuperate. And cultivated 6000 hectares of land, and two years later, the grain was enriched. To this end, Liang Wudi often praised Chen Qingzhi. At the same time, Chen Qingzhi also requested that the four southern states should be simplified as anlu county and placed under Ming County. In February of the first year of Datong (AD 535), Chen Qingzhi attacked the Eastern Wei Dynasty and fought Yao Xiong, the secretariat of Yuzhou in the Eastern Wei Dynasty, and suffered a heavy defeat.

In October of the second year of Datong (AD 536), Hou Jing, the secretariat of Dingzhou in the Eastern Wei Dynasty, led 70,000 people, took command of Chuzhou, captured He Huan, the secretariat of Chuzhou, and Hou Jing marched into Huaishang, advising Chen Qingzhi to surrender. Chen Qingzhi ushered in the last battle of life. Chen Qingzhi's men were less than 10,000 at that time. Emperor Liang was very nervous and hurried back. Xiahou Kui led his men to help. Shortly after the departure, the army arrived in Li Jiang, and the news came from the front: Hou Jing's team had been completely annihilated, and Hou Jing left the trench and fled alone. Chen Qingzhi has broken Hou Jing. It was a cold and heavy snow. Hou Jing abandoned the trench and fled, while Chen Qingzhi returned it.

In the same year, there was a famine in Yuzhou, and Chen Qingzhi opened a warehouse to help the poor, so that most of the victims survived the famine. More than 800 people, led by Dr. Li, asked to eulogize Chen Qingzhi in Yuzhou and sent letters of consent. In October of the fifth year of Datong (AD 539), Chen Qingzhi died at the age of 56. Loyal to his duties, he made outstanding achievements in military exploits and made remarkable achievements. He was posthumously awarded as a constant servant and general in Sanshui, and advocated a school called "Wu", ordering 500 people in Yixing County to pay their respects.

[Edit this paragraph] Great achievements.

In 525 AD, Chen Qingzhi was appointed as a general, and the head coach Wende led two thousand troops to escort Wang Xiaozong to take over Xuzhou. The Northern Wei Dynasty sent Yuan Yanming and Yuan X, two imperial clansmen, to lead an army of 20,000, to camp in Xikou area and prepare for the invasion. When Chen Qingzhi got the news, he approached the enemy camp and commanded the troops. One to ten, this may be the closest battle to the enemy in all his battles. As a result of the battle, the 20,000-strong army in Erjin was beaten by the 2,000-strong army in Chen Qingzhi and fled.

In the first year of Liang Datong (527), he joined forces with Wei Fang, the prefect of Xunyang, and attacked Yang Guo, the city of Wei (now Mengcheng, Anhui). Wei sent Yuan Zhao, a general from the south, and led tens of thousands of troops to rescue him. Chen Qingzhi came from far away from Wei Jun and only commanded 65,438+000 people, which broke his pioneer.

After joining forces with people, Yang Guocheng and Wei Jun were at loggerheads. From spring to winter, wars were frequent and soldiers were tired. Some generals suggested withdrawing troops, and he advocated decisive battle. Wei Junjian 13 base controlled Liang Jun and led the troops out at night, breaking its fourth base. Wang Wei, Duke of Yang Guo, asked for surrender. Liang Jun took advantage of this attack, captured a lot, and the rest of the ninth base collapsed.

In April of the first year of Datong (529), when Chen Qingzhi led his troops to conquer the Northern Wei Rebels, he seized Eorlson Xing (now Shangqiu East, Henan Province) and advanced on Liang (now Shangqiu, Henan Province). Wei will lead Qiu Daqian to build a nine-city 70,000-point resistance against Liang Jun, and Chen Qingzhi will lead an army to attack and capture three cities in one day, forcing Qiu Daqian to surrender. Yuan Hao proclaimed himself emperor in Suiyang South (now Shangqiu South, Henan Province). Awarded to Ambassador Chen Qingzhi, General Zhenbei, Guards and former viceroy. At that time, Wang Wei led Yu Linjun twenty thousand to aid and entered Tunkao City (now northeast of Henan civil rights). The experimental city is surrounded by water, and the garrison is tight and solid. Chen Qingzhi ordered his men to build a base on the surface of the water, capture the city, adowa twenty thousand, and capture Hui Yuan alive.

In April, 528, the second year of Liang Datong, Wang Yuanhao of Wei Beihai came down to expand the land to the north. At worst, a defensive buffer zone can be established between Wei and Liang, so Yuan Hao Wang Wei was appointed to escort Chen Qingzhi back to the north. The specific destination history book is not clear, and it is unknown whether it will be sent to Luoyang all the time. In October of the same year, Chen Qingzhi attacked Wei Luocheng and broke Xingcheng.

In April (529), the third year of Liang Datong, Wei Mu led troops to March eastward, and Chen Qingzhi took advantage of his weakness and besieged Liang (Suiyang), killing 70,000 people. Yuan Hao said here, Gaiyuan, Chen Qingzhi was the former army commander. On April 20th, Chen Qingzhi marched into Kaocheng and defeated Wei Yu's 20,000 people. On may 1 day, Wei daliang's defenders watched the white robe surrender. Chen Qingzhi then led his division westward and pointed the whip at Luoyang, the capital of Wei. On May 23rd, before Wei reinforcements arrived, seventy thousand people of Wei Yangyu were defeated and Xingyang was captured. Russia led 3,000 troops to attack the city and defeated more than 10,000 enemy reinforcements Yuan Tianmu and Er Dongzhao cavalry. Later, Wei Erzhu Shilong abandoned the tiger prison, and Luoyang was naked in front of Liang Jun. On May 25th, Yuan Haojin went to Luoyang and changed to Yuan Jianwu.

However, after Liang Jun was trapped in Luoyang, Wei Yuan, Tianmu and others fought back and successively conquered the girders and Suiyang. Fei Mu led twenty thousand soldiers to capture Hulao Pass, and Luoyang was in an emergency. Chen Qingzhi then returned to attack Wei Jun, and Yuan Tianmu was afraid of it, leading 40 people to cross the Yellow River northward, and Fei Mu led 20 people to Hulao Pass. Subsequently, Chen Qingzhi recovered the girders, Suiyang and Luoyang.

In October of the second year of Datong (AD 536), Hou Jing, the secretariat of Dingzhou in the Eastern Wei Dynasty, led 70,000 people, took command of Chuzhou, captured He Huan, the secretariat of Chuzhou, and Hou Jing marched into Huaishang, advising Chen Qingzhi to surrender. Liang Wudi sent Hou tui, Hou Kui, etc. To help, the army came to Li Jiang, Chen Qingzhi has defeated Hou Jing.

The success factor is that Chen Qingzhi sent Yuan Hao to the north, from Luoxian to Luoyang, with a journey of more than 3,000 miles, and attacked Kewei 32 City in 47 battles. It is brave and indomitable. But there are three factors have to table:

First, at that time, Wei's internal affairs and diplomacy were difficult, with refugees in the lower ranks and frequent court changes. Luoyang and Fiona Fang are hundreds of miles away, with empty troops and low morale, so it is a coincidence that Chen Qingzhi is invincible.

Second, Chen Qingzhi never fought the most elite division of Wei in the Northern Expedition. At that time, Rong, the first general of Wei, was hoarding soldiers to join the Yecheng side at the beginning of the break. In fact, Yuan Tianmu didn't have a full-scale war with Chen Qingzhi, and his main energy was spent attacking Gao Xing in Jinan. (There is a saying in Wei Shu that "the imperial court is lonely and weak, and does not think about it", which is enough to prove it. )

Third, Liang Shu recorded Chen Qingzhi's self-report, "Our army has 7,000 talents and more than 300,000 prisoners". ("Southern History" is "more than 400,000 thieves"), which is often misunderstood by ordinary people as "breaking 300,000 with 7,000". In fact, "arresting people" refers not only to the enemy, but also to people who are threatened by the enemy to do logistics and other work. Moreover, in ancient times, wars were exaggerated. For example, the number of Cao Cao was one million, but actually there were only a few hundred thousand. Furthermore, according to Zhu Dawei's research, the total strength of the Northern Wei Dynasty was only about 200,000. So now it is obvious that there are 70,000 generals in Wei, 70,000 sons of Lin Zongzi, a rich general, 70,000 sons of Yu and more than 300,000 soldiers.

To sum up, the records of Chen Qingzhi's Northern Expedition are based on facts, but there is also some moisture. Nearby, the evaluation of the Northern Expedition of the Qing Dynasty was more pertinent: "(Chen Qingzhi) was sharp, but Wei's strength was not greatly damaged."

[Edit this paragraph] Textual research history

Chen Qingzhi in Liang Shu has never been defeated in his life. Even if Luoyang, which he was guarding, was captured by Er Dongrong, he would first publicize that his 1 1 war had hurt many enemies, and then attribute the cause of the collapse of the whole army behind him to natural disasters (flooding of water in Song Gaoying) rather than manpower. So, is that right?

About the battle of Luoyang, the biography of Liang Shu and Chen Qingzhi wrote:

"General Wei Tianzhu, right servant shot, chief Yuan Tianmu, a title of generals in ancient times, general Gao Huan, Xianbei, Lezhong, etc. Millions, came to attack Hao with Yuan Zi, the Lord of Wei. According to the sixty-fifth day of Luoyang, every time you get a city, you rebel for a while. Celebrating crossing the river to defend northern Cheng Lang, a battle took place within three days, with many casualties. Rong is going to retire, and his assistant is sometimes good at astronomy, which is what Rong said:' Henan will be settled in ten days'. Rong Nai tied the wood into a raft, helped, and fought Hao on the river bridge. Hao was defeated and headed for Linying. Caught by thieves, Luoyang was trapped. Quick march, with thousands of troops, turned eastward. Rong came to chase him personally, and the soldiers died because of the flood of Artemisia. Qing became a shaman and went to Yuzhou, where Cheng Daoyong, a native of Yuzhou, sneaked out of your vagina. To the capital, still in addition to the right-back general, named yongxing county hou, city one thousand five hundred households ".

It seems that fighting is not a crime. Chen Qingzhi crossed to the north of the Yellow River and guarded Beizhonglang City. After three days of fighting 1 1, Er Zhurong was about to retreat, but he was persuaded by people who were good at observing nature, tied a raft to cross the river and captured Luoyang. Chen Qingzhi still don't panic, lined up and returned to the east. He was flooded by Shui Ying in Gaosong County, and was completely annihilated. So he stopped shaving, pretended to be a monk and fled back to Du Liang alone.

But there is another version of the battle of Luoyang. The biography of Shu Wei Jurong wrote:

Rong and Hao were at loggerheads on the river, and Hao ordered the commander-in-chief to set up Yanming River. Rong has neither a boat nor a boat, so he can't cross the river immediately. He wants to go back to the north. He wants to do it later. Huang Menlang and senior people also said that if the army retreats, it will lose the hope of the world and stubbornly believe that it is impossible. There are several boats in Yang Yun belonging to Mazhu, which provide guidance for the township. Rong Nai made the governor take advantage of the night economy and landed hard. Hao Zi's leading general, Ma 5,000, refused to fight, and the ominous signs were all broken. Yan saw that he was captured and led his troops to flee south. "

However, there is a saying in "Biography of Xiao Yan on Shuwei Island": "In the summer of the second year of Yong 'an, when I entered Luo Yang, I was asked by the driver and stopped. Wei Qing is free all over, and the others have seen the prisoners. "

According to two records in the Book of Wei, Chen Qingzhi almost became invisible in the defense war: Er Zhurong tied up a heavy army, stuck with Hao Yuan on both sides of the Yellow River, wanted to cross the river without a boat, and planned to return to the north to dissuade his men. Just to find some boats and guides, Er Zhurong ordered Er to take the night ferry, broke the trap, and Chen Qingzhi escaped alone.

There is a third edition of the Battle of Luoyang, which was written in Zi Ji Jiu:

"Rong and Hao are deadlocked on the river. Celebrate the North Midtown and control the South Bank; On the third day of the celebration, eleven battles took place and many people died. There are righteous soldiers guarding the river among Zhu, and Yin and Rong conspired to break the bridge to make it effective, allowing them to lead troops to it. The bridge was broken and Rong Ying couldn't catch it, but he was disappointed when he learned about it. In addition, the Anfeng Wang Yanming River can't hold on, and the northern army has no boat to cross. What's more important is to discuss returning to the north. Huang Menlang Yangkan said: ..... If it is not realized, it will be abruptly pulled back, and the people will be disappointed. If you go with each other, you will win and lose. Without recruiting materials, most of them are between rafts, boats and rivers. Hundreds of miles, all through the potential, head and tail far, so that you do not know what to guard against. Once you cross, you will make great contributions. ..... Rong said, "Yang Huangmen has this plan, so we should discuss it with each other. Liu Ling assisted Yu, saying, "In ten days, Yuzhou will be peaceful. "General Fu Bo, Zhengping Yang Pu lived in Mazhu, claiming to have a few boats, seeking guidance for fellow villagers. At that time, General Erzhuzhao and Governor He Basheng, who rode motorcycles, tied up a raft and crossed Mazhuxi overnight to fight with General Haozi and capture him alive. Wang Yanming of Anfeng was heartbroken when he heard about it. Hao lost, hundreds of Shuai soldiers rode south, and Chen Qingzhi stopped riding thousands and returned to the East Gate. Hao De Zhucheng, Zhucheng temporarily surrendered to Wei. Er Zhurong chased Chen Qingzhi, lifted the water, cleared the sergeant to death, but cut off his beard and hair, became a shaman, and built a healthy life. He will still divide the right-back general with merit and seal the marquis of Yongxing County. "

This passage in Zi Zhi Tong Jian is mainly based on Liang Shu, and some Shu Wei materials are inserted, which is slow and unnatural. All the parts about Chen Qingzhi are taken from Liang Shu. So, can we believe Liang Shu's account about Chen Qingzhi defending Luoyang? The answer is: no.

Sima Guang is a traditional Confucian scholar who pays attention to "orthodoxy". As a mirror, there were only Song, Qi, Liang and Chen in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. Obviously, Sima Guang regarded the Southern Dynasties as "orthodox". Liu Shu, his assistant, once objected to this, and wrote: "The theory of orthodoxy flourished in Han and Confucianism, advocating the coexistence of five elements, which means that it was passed down from generation to generation as orthodoxy ... But in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, it was unusual to split the world with powerful people, so it was possible to force one country to be orthodox and the rest to be unorthodox?" But it seems that this kind of protest is useless in the end.

Due to Sima Guang's orthodoxy in the Southern Dynasties, Xiao Liang's "invincible" general Chen Qingzhi had to write a masterpiece. We can see that in Looking at Liang Ji, Chen Qingzhi's appearance rate is quite high, and he basically copied Liang Shu completely.

So, the key now is to judge who is closer to the truth about the defending battle of Luoyang between Liang Shu and Shu Wei.

Personally, I tend to trust Shu Wei more, although it is not a complete historical letter. However, of these two unreliable histories, the less credible one should be abandoned. However, Liang Shu's account of the Battle of Luoyang is full of loopholes.

First of all, there is something wrong with the first sentence, "Wei Tianzhu's general Erzhurong, right servant archer Erzhushilong, mostly Yuan Tianmu, a title of generals in ancient times Erzhutupal, Gao Huan in Rongchang, Xianbei people, Rui Rui". Rui Rui, namely Rouran, was a threat to the Northern Wei Dynasty and never helped the Northern Wei Dynasty against the Southern Dynasties. Of course, there may be Rouran people in the army of the Northern Wei Dynasty, because the Northern Wei Dynasty moved Rouran, Zile and the mainland Han people captured by internal echoes to Liuzhen and Pingcheng, and made them Li Hu and camp. But this is different from Rui Rui's invasion and the Northern Wei's joint attack on Luoyang, Liang Shu. Sima Guang also knew this, so he secretly took it off when compiling Tong Jian.

Secondly, "The Qing Dynasty crossed the river to defend the northern Cheng Lang, and there was a battle on the 10th of the 3rd, which caused many casualties", which was quite contradictory to the following sentence "Artemisia is of high value, and the mountains and rivers are in a state of turmoil". Chen Qingzhi crossed the Yellow River in the north and then retreated eastward. If we want to meet the flood in Shui Ying in Gaosong County on the south bank of the Yellow River, we can only cross the Yellow River before heading eastward. But when returning to the ferry, how can we avoid fighting with the 200,000-strong army of Zhu Rong and 300,000 troops already deployed on both sides of the Yellow River? In Shu Wei and Liang Shu, there is no record of Chen Qingzhi crossing the river. So, Chen Qingzhi and his trilogy are still at ease?

Finally, in Sichuan dialect, the phrase "Celebrate with a thousand steps, resist the East, and be tolerant to chase" means "making waves". Er Zhurong's primary purpose in this battle is to seize Luoyang and destroy Yuan Hao. Now Luoyang has been captured, and Yuan Hao has escaped. Even if you want to chase, you will chase Yuan Hao instead of Chen Qingzhi. In contrast, Shu Wei's account is generally credible. Only in the specific operation technology of crossing the river, Shu Wei's statement is not as reliable as Liang Shu's. After all, it is a bit outrageous to take a "special soldier" across the river with only a few boats and a guide and defeat the other side with five thousand horses. Sima Guang synthesized the records of Liang Shu and Shu Wei in this link and did a good job.

Besides Yuan Hao, the so-called "Lord of Gao Zhen" is not Chen Qingzhi's "master", but a puppet regime supported by Xiao Liang, while Chen Qingzhi seems to be an imperial envoy who snores like thunder at Yuan Hao's bedside, which makes him unhappy more than dependent.

Yuan Haowen's evaluation in Biography of Liang Shu and Chen Qingzhi is very low, which reveals that he "enjoyed himself day and night, but never saw it". The Biography of Shu Wei Yuan Hao is similar, saying that he "indulged in drinking day and night and had no sympathy for militarists". Since Hao Yuan is a coward, he will naturally have doubts about Chen Qingzhi. Yuan Yanming, the Foreign Ministry, once said to Hao Yuan: "Chen Qingzhi can't afford to raise thousands of troops, and it is difficult to control itself; Now increase its quantity, would you rather be reused? As soon as the authority goes, people will be transferred, and Wei Zhizong's society will be destroyed. " Yuan Hao became more and more worried that Chen Qingzhi would find Wu Liang's important soldiers. The table above said, "Hebei and Henan are settled for a while, but Zhu Rong still dares to be domineering, and I and Qing can catch him." The new clothes in this county need to be taken care of, so it is not advisable to send more soldiers to shake the people. " So Wu Liang didn't send reinforcements to Hao Yuan.

When Yuan Hao was about to perish, Chen Qingzhi probably didn't have much actual military strength, so he didn't play much in the battle of Luoyang in Shu Wei. Here is a convincing material. "Luoyang THE TEMPLE OF JIALAN Ji" records that when Hao Yuan was defeated and captured, "five thousand children of Jianghuai cried and shook their hands." Chen Qingzhi escorted Hao Yuan north with 7,000 men. At that time, Hao Yuan was only a one-man army. Even if you expand your army in Luoyang Yuanhao, it is difficult to be a "son of Jianghuai". Therefore, the 5000 "Children of Jianghuai" led by Hao Yuan when he was captured is probably Chen Qingzhi's original trilogy. They shed tears, not for the crime, but for the old general Chen Qingzhi. However, the abrupt sentence in Biography of Xiao Yan in Yi Dao, Shu Wei, that "only one person in the Qing Dynasty was free, and all the rest were prisoners", has also got a satisfactory answer so far.

In fact, even if Chen Qingzhi holds the relieving power, it may not be absolutely unbeaten. Luoyang defended the enemy's rear, and was trapped in internal and external affairs. Qing had to lose, and there were rhetoric, but it was hard for him to make excuses for his subsequent struggle with Wei Yaoxiong.