On Chinese Phonetics

Mandarin vowels can be "er" except e and er. The pronunciation of vowels will produce different sound changes. Some vowels have a large opening, which is convenient for tongue rolling; Some vowels have small openings, which makes it inconvenient to roll the tongue. Therefore, in pronunciation, the main vowels of vowels often change, which leads to the phenomenon that the vowels in the front of the tongue (-i and -n) are underdeveloped and fall off because of the upturned tongue, which makes the rhyme abdomen "centered" and also makes the vowels in the nasal vowel ng lose and the vowels in the rhyme abdomen nasalized. Therefore, the result of inflectional vowels is accompanied by falling off, adding sound, replacement and assimilation. The phonetic change is mainly manifested in the ending of rhyme, followed by the belly of rhyme, and has no effect on the initial consonant of rhyme. Erhua will cause different changes in vowels, such as direct tongue rolling, aphonia, stress and nasalization. The specific laws are as follows:

1. If syllables end in a, o, e, Mi, u (including o[u] in ao and iao), tongue sounds will be rolled directly when rolled. There are 13 vowels of this kind. For example:

A-ar: the handle rubs against the ice, and the tree falls on the slag.

Ia-iar: A small box with feet and bean sprouts, a bookshelf and two brothers' wallets.

Ua-uar: New Year pictures, toothbrushes, melons, coats, flowers and jokes.

O-or: A bunch of matchmakers chanting Buddha with sawdust around their necks on the hillside.

Uo-uor: Dimple is angry, work, desk, novel, zipper.

E-er: lunch box, cube, eggshell, fun car, passbook.

Ie-ier: Half a step, little shoes, a small leaf.

üe-üer: clown, dumb mouth, small boots, head hole, leap moon.

Rabbit eye, batter, pawn, jujube pit, toilet

Ao-aor: bean bag, fur robe, light bulb, kitten, pen cap, whistle.

A small watch, a wheat seedling, a bird and a bean.

Ou-our: clown, potato, thief, button, handle, puppy.

IOU: Ball grabs eunuch sleeve, little girl Liu Er.

2. The vowels are I and n (except in and ün). When the tongue is rolled, the vowel is lost and the main vowel is rolled up. There are 10 vowels of this kind. For example:

Ai-air: pot cover, small dish, shoelaces, racket, children and chickens.

Uai-uair: Be a good boy, eat candy together, and the old handsome boy will make trouble.

Ei-eir: If you touch the back of a knife in the dark, your younger generation and sisters will cry.

Uei-ueir: The earrings are broken. I ran errands for a while and there was ink in the pot mouth.

An-An: Petals, sheets, bamboo sweatshirts for children.

Ian-Ian: The nib is lace, and the photo is the curtain on the back.

Uan-uanr: Teahouses, boats, strings of corners, fun and fun.

Cigarettes, handkerchiefs, circles, gardens, oval courtyards

En -enr: Books, foreheads, flowerpots, double roots and almonds.

Uen-uener: Rolling, maybe taking a nap, popsicles, three rounds of spring.

3. The vowel N is lost when the vowel is in, ≤ n, and the vowel N is added directly. For example:

Rubber bands, bulging vests, information, footprints in the Woods

ün-ünr: short skirts, aprons, and social generals.

4. When the vowel is I, ü, and the vowel is er, directly add er. For example:

I-ir: rice, toys, eyelids, doors, nose, chicken and millet.

ü-ür: Goldfish is interesting, pony is interesting, cricket is awkward, and donkey is small.

5. The vowels are -i (front) and -i (back), and the vowels are changed to er. For example:

-I (former)-Er: Guazi writes the word fishbone and shredded pork.

-I (back)-Er: little things, spoons, juice, little nephew, fish food.

6. The rhyme ending is NG (except ING and iong). When the rhyme is changed, the rhyme ending is lost, and the rhyme is nasal and the tongue is rolled. There are six vowels. For example:

Ang-angr: folk prescription, help the teapot catch up.

Iang-iangr: Bean sprouts in wooden box alley, lamb with nose, veteran.

Uang-uangr: Egg yolk basket with wooden stake and skylight.

Eng-engr: The small stool in the arbor blocked the horizontal rope under the Wind Gate.

Ong-ongr: bugs don't have time to take care of doorways, buckets and small handles.

Ueng-uengr: small urn

7. Vowels are ing and Ong. When vowels change to er, the vowel ng is dropped, and nasal ER is added directly. For example:

Ing-ingr: Famous vase, minor illness, door mirror ringing, electric bell ringing.

The bear bit the poor silkworm chrysalis

There are two kinds of nasal vowels in Putonghua: those with nasal "n" on the tip of the tongue are generally called "front nasal vowels" and those with nasal "ng" on the root of the tongue are generally called "rear nasal vowels".

At [at]:

Monosyllabic: Yin Ying, Yin Binbin fight for the poor, You Linlin, Lin Jin just try to be tight, Qin Qin Xinxin sleeps, and Qin Jin Yin Yin gets paid frequently to the neighbor's new temple and Jin Xinxin.

Two syllables: close to pinyin, self-confidence on the verge of dedication, gold and silver cronies, diligence, the heart of the poor, news, relatives and affection.

Four syllables: drinking water, thinking about the source, attracting attention, attracting attention, quoting classics, being anonymous, being polite, comfortable, caring, uneasy, tacit, straightforward and sincere.

ing[ ]:

Monosyllabic: Ying Ying, Ying Ying, Ying Ying, Ying Ying, Ying Ying, Ying Ying, Ying Ying, Ying Ying, Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying Yingying.

Two syllables: listen to the crystal star, the wise mutiny, table tennis, and listen to the Beijing-Tianjin mirror of the youth starry sky.

Four syllables: soldiers are expensive and horses are chaotic, ice is clean and jade is clean, and risks are neck and neck. It is natural to let nature take its course, and it is well known to the public that hearsay is wrong. Celebrities are indomitable, stormy, earth-shattering, conscientious, well-calculated, frogs at the bottom of the well, eyes wide open, and opinions equally divided.

In Mandarin, the ways to distinguish postlingual sounds zh, ch, sh from prelingual sounds Z, C, S are,

(1). It is characterized by the internal structural rules of Putonghua phonetic coordination.

The combination of initials and finals in Putonghua has certain rules, and we can use these rules to memorize accurate pronunciation in batches. The vowels ua, uai and uang cannot be spelled with Z, C and S, but only with zh, ch and sh, so there are grasping (zhuā), dragging (ZhuāI), piling (zhuāng), kicking (chuài), making (chuàng), brushing (shuā) and throwing (throwing).

(2) Use pictophonetic characters for analogy. There are a large number of pictophonetic characters in Chinese characters, and all the homonyms beside them often have the same initials or the same pronunciation parts. There are only a few exceptions. For example, the initials of Zhu are zh, so are the initials of Zhu, Zhu, Zhu, Zhu, Zhu, Zhu, Zhu and Spider.

3) Remember a small number of flat-tongued words in common words (flat-tongued words account for about 30% of the total number of flat-tongued words and tongue-tip words) by using the method of remembering less but not more, so as to infer the accurate initials of tongue-tip words.

Compare and practice reading the following monosyllabic words:

Zha (zhá)- Zha (zhá) Zheng (zhēng)- Zeng (zhē ng)

Abstract: Planting is giving.

Looking for (zh m:o)- Early (z m: o) Branches (zh: He)-Capital (Z: He)

According to (Zhao)-Li (Zhao) Zhi (zhì)-Zi (Zi)

Entrust (zh avatar)-Obstruct (Z avatar) Master (zh avatar)-Ancestor (Z avatar)

Zhou (zh not u)-Zou (z incarnation) specialized (Zhuān)- drilling (zuān)

Pillow (zhěn)-How(zhěn)Zhe(zhé)-Ze(zé)

China (ZH) War-China (Zan) War (ZH)- Zan (Zan)