Who can give me a list of rhetorical devices and expositions and how to answer them?

expository writing is an article genre that gives people knowledge by explaining things and clarifying things as the main expression. It explains the characteristics, essence and regularity of things by revealing concepts. Explanatory text is very practical, which includes advertisements, instructions, abstracts, tips, rules, articles of association, commentaries, scientific sketches and so on.

Generally speaking, expository writing includes three specific styles:

First, it is literary and refers to scientific sketches, such as Litchi Dan in June in Nanzhou

Second, it is popular, such as Marching into the Desert and What's in the Universe

Third, it is practical, such as instructions and commentaries

. Shang Shu Yu Gong is the earliest expository text in China.

Explanatory essays are widely used, generally divided into two categories: plain expository essays and literary expository essays. Explanatory essays can also be divided into two categories: things expository essays and things expository essays according to the differences of explanatory objects and purposes.

literary expositions are expositions that introduce scientific knowledge through literary forms.

expository writing is characterized by "saying" and has certain knowledge. This kind of knowledge, either from relevant scientific research materials or from personal practice, investigation and investigation, is strictly scientific. In order to make things clear, we must grasp the characteristics of things, and then reveal the essential attributes of things, that is, not only to explain "what", but also to explain "why" is like this. Generally speaking, the applied expository text only needs to explain the characteristics of things, while the expository expository text must reveal the origin and essence of the problem.

Explanations must be organized, and the order of explanation is arranged according to the organization of things and the law of people's understanding. For example, the introduction of scenery and architecture is mostly arranged according to geographical environment and orientation layout; Introduce the origin and evolution of things, mostly according to the chronological order; Explaining things is often arranged according to the logical order of things. In a word, it is expounded step by step in a certain order, from the outside to the inside, from reality to emptiness, from separation to integration, from far to near, from shallow to deep. Sometimes in order to make others know things more accurately, under certain circumstances, as long as it does not violate the characteristics and laws of things, some adjustments can be made in the order.

explanation is an expression method of explaining things and interpreting them. Different objects have different emphases and levels of explanation. When explaining physical things, we should generally pay attention to the location of space; When explaining abstract things, we should focus on explaining concepts, characteristics, sources, structures, types, similarities and differences, comparisons, connections and functions.

There are many ways to explain, and the common methods are definition, interpretation, comparison, analogy, classification, examples, figures and charts.

Explanatory writing is a style that objectively explains things, aiming at giving people knowledge: or explaining the state, nature and function of things, or clarifying things. China Stone Arch Bridge belongs to the former. It takes Zhao Zhouqiao and Lugou Bridge as examples to illustrate the characteristics of China's stone arch bridge, which is not only beautiful in form, but also firm in structure. Language of Nature belongs to the latter, and the article scientifically explains the knowledge of phenology. Explaining the characteristics of things and clarifying things are two types of expository writing.

in order to make things clear, or to explain things clearly, there must be appropriate explanation methods. Common explanation methods include giving examples, classifying, listing data, making comparisons, drawing charts, defining, interpreting, making metaphors, imitating appearances and so on. The best method should be chosen according to the object of explanation and the purpose of writing. What explanation method is adopted, on the one hand, obeys the needs of the content, on the other hand, the author has the freedom to choose. Whether to adopt a certain explanation method or a variety of explanation methods, whether to adopt this explanation method or that explanation method, can be flexible, not fixed.

the instructions should be in order, which is a necessary condition to make the instructions organized. The common order of explanation is: chronological order, spatial order, and logical order. The chronological order of description is similar to that of narration. Spatial order, we should pay special attention to find out the position of space, pay attention to the position and direction of things, such as inside and outside, size, up and down, front and back, left and right, southeast and northwest. Logical order, often expressed by reasoning process. What order is adopted mainly depends on the characteristics of the objects explained by the author. Explain the development and changes of things, and the time sequence is easy to express clearly. Writing about the structure of buildings is difficult for readers to understand without spatial order. Explaining things in logical order is convenient to reflect the internal relations of things.

the accuracy of explanatory language is a prerequisite for explanatory language. The time, space, quantity, scope, degree, characteristics, nature, procedures, etc. are all required to be accurate. The explanation is very practical. If there is a slight mistake, it will be a drop in the bucket. For example, an explanatory article says, "A dragonfly can eat 2,4 mosquitoes a day and night." It is obviously impossible for 2,4 mosquitoes to gather together, which is many times larger than the body of a dragonfly. How did this error come about? It turns out that according to statistics, dragonflies can eat 5 to 1 mosquitoes an hour. Eat 1 an hour, 24 hours a day, and of course you have to eat 2,4. The author's multiplication calculation is correct, but he ignores that dragonflies can't keep eating mosquitoes for 24 hours a day. This made a joke.

On the premise of accuracy, some explanatory languages are good at simplicity, while others are good at liveliness. Because of the different language styles of the object and the author, the language of the explanation is also varied: either general or specific; Or concise, or plump; Or concise, or detailed; Or plain and simple, or humorous, in short, eclectic.

Reading expositions and writing expositions can be linked. The four points mentioned above should be grasped, and attention should be paid to reading and writing expositions, but the requirements should be in line with the students' reality.

Answer: Master Breeze Green Willow

At 2:58 on April 18th, we should pay attention to the following aspects:

The structure of the explanatory text

1. The structure of the explanatory text includes: total score, parallel, step by step and contrast (structure includes paragraphs). A complete exposition is often a comprehensive use of several structures.

2. Grasp the meaning of structure.

order of explanation

1. The order of explanation includes: spatial order, chronological order (including development order), logical order, etc.

2. Find out the meaning of order.

methods of explanation

1. methods of explanation include: examples, figures, analogy, comparison, classification, definition (including explanation), quotation, charts and so on.

2. Understand the functions of various methods.

3. Sometimes the expository uses other rhetorical devices to help explain, and the analysis of the function of these devices should closely focus on the explanatory object and follow the requirements of the expository.

the language of expository writing

1. The basic requirements of expository writing language are scientific, accurate, concise and clear; Literary expositions also require vividness and vividness.

2. Analyze the basic requirements of explanatory language: firstly, its function in explaining the characteristics and nature of things; secondly, its rigor and scientificity; thirdly, its vividness and vividness.

ideas and skills for solving problems

(1) clearly explain the object: when reading an article explaining things, whether it is a whole article or a whole paragraph, we must first grasp what the article explains, that is, what the object is; When reading an expository article, you should find out what the article explains.

how to find the right description object?

1. Look at the topics, many of which indicate the object of explanation. Such as (Chinese stone arch bridge).

2. Grasp the first enclosed sentence and the central sentence. Good expository texts often use this sentence to highlight the things and characteristics to be explained.

(2) Grasping the characteristics of things: The characteristics of things are mainly manifested in structure (inside and outside), shape (size, length, etc.), nature (hard, soft, cold, hot, etc.), change (dynamic, static, fast and slow), cause (simple and complex), function (wide and narrow, positive and negative) and so on. Generally speaking, the main points to be explained in explanatory texts are often the characteristics of things. In addition to the key points of the explanation, it is also necessary to find out which aspects of the characteristics of things are introduced by the author and from which angles. For example, the article Immortality of the Dead Sea illustrates the characteristics of the Dead Sea from three angles: first, the "death" of the Dead Sea (phenomenon characteristics), then the "immortality" of the Dead Sea (essential characteristics), and finally the "immortality" and "death" of the Dead Sea (current situation and future development characteristics). In this way, the comprehensive characteristics of the Dead Sea are revealed layer by layer. Another example is the article Suzhou Garden, which focuses on the general feature that "no matter where you stand, there is always a perfect picture in front of you", and explains it from five aspects: the layout of pavilions and pavilions; The cooperation of rockeries and ponds; Against the flowers and trees; The level of close-range prospect; As well as the carving and color of doors and windows. In this way, the characteristics of Suzhou gardens are comprehensively grasped by inductive analysis from different aspects.

(3) inductive explanation methods: when reading an explanatory text, mark the explanation methods used in the article while reading it, and then summarize which methods are mainly used, and then analyze the role of these explanation methods in accurately explaining the characteristics of things.

(4) Summarize the main points paragraph by paragraph, and clarify the order of explanation: When summarizing the main points, we should pay attention to the role of the first enclosing sentence, the last concluding sentence or the questioning sentence, and the role of the statement that defines or explains the concept. You can sketch out these sentences when reading. It is best to use complete sentences when summarizing the main points, and the meaning should be concise and to the point. On the basis of summarizing the main points paragraph by paragraph, the full text is divided into relatively independent parts by the method of "similar merger", the general idea of each part is summarized, and the general idea of each part is connected in turn, so that the explanation order of the full text can be clearly displayed. What order of explanation is used depends on the object of explanation. Generally speaking, the time sequence is used to explain the evolution and development of things; Spatial order is used to describe buildings; Introduce high-tech products or explain the relationship between things, in logical order.

(5) overall perception, grasping the center: on the basis of clarifying the order of explanation, we can easily see the basic structure of the article by analyzing the relationship between paragraphs and parts. If it is a total-fraction structure, we should also focus on the principle of combining the "fractions", whether they are parallel, progressive or contain the total score relationship. The progressive structure should focus on how the meaning of each layer develops step by step, from phenomenon to essence, from individual to general, or from result to reason and so on. After grasping the structure, it is best to draw a schematic diagram of the structure. The center of explanation is to sum up an explanatory article to explain what characteristics of the things being explained or what things are explained. On the basis of clarifying the order of explanation and grasping the structure of the article, it is not difficult to summarize the center of explanation.

(6) Understanding the accuracy of language: Accuracy is the characteristic of explaining language. Analyzing the language of explanatory writing is to see how words and sentences accurately explain the characteristics of things to be explained. Pay attention to analyzing the function of key words. For example, removing the word "most" from "desert is one of the most tenacious natural enemies of mankind" in the article "March on the desert" is not enough to explain the serious harm of desert; It is unclear to remove the nature of "nature" and "enemy"; Remove "one" and it will be absolute. Of course, we should also pay full attention to the vividness of words.

Source: News Evening News

Function and significance of explanation methods

There are 1 common explanation methods, such as giving examples, classifying, listing data, making comparisons, drawing charts, defining, making explanations, making metaphors, imitating appearances and quoting materials. The best method should be chosen according to the characteristics of the explanatory object and the purpose of writing. The following are explained separately.

(1) give an example. Citing practical examples to illustrate things, so that the things to be explained are concrete, so that readers can understand them. This explanation method is called example method. For example,

Most people always think that when they are older, their memory ability must be poor. In fact, this is not the case. Please take a look at the experimental results. The International Linguistic Society has made a comparison between young people aged 9 to 18 and adults over 35 when learning Esperanto, and found that the former is not as good as the latter. This is because adults are rich in knowledge and experience, and it is easy to establish extensive contacts on the basis of existing knowledge. This connection is called "association" in psychology. People's memory is based on association. The more knowledge and experience, the easier it is to establish association, and the memory will be improved accordingly. Marx began to learn Russian in his fifties. Six months later, he was able to read the original works of famous poets and writers Pushkin, Gogol and Schederin with relish. This is due to the rich knowledge of languages and the ability to understand many modern and ancient languages.

The point of this article is that memory is not necessarily poor when you are older. In order to illustrate this point, the author first provides the experimental results and analyzes the reasons. So far, it's all right, but it's not specific enough and convincing. So, another example is given: when Marx was in his fifties, he mastered Russian in only six months. In this way, the content is specific and the persuasiveness is enhanced.

The explanation method of examples in expository writing and the example method in argumentative writing can both make the content concrete and strengthen the persuasiveness. But there are differences between them. Examples in argumentative essays are used to prove opinions, and examples in expository essays are used to introduce knowledge.

To explain things or things by giving examples, we should pay attention to the representativeness of examples and the appropriateness of examples.

(2) classification. According to certain standards, the explained objects are divided into different categories and explained one by one. This explanation method is called classification.

classification is an important way to make complex things clear.

when using classification methods, we should pay attention to the classification standards, and only one standard can be used at a time to avoid overlapping. For example, "The collection of books in the library includes China, classical, foreign, scientific and technological, literary, modern and political and economic aspects." There is more than one standard used here, so it is unclear. The correct statement should be:

According to the country, there are China and foreign books in the library; According to the times, there are classical and modern; According to the nature, there are science and technology, literature and political and economic aspects.

in this way, only one standard is used for each classification, and the eyes are clear.

the characteristics and essence of some things need to be divided into several points or aspects, which also belong to classification.

note, using the classification method, the listed categories cannot be omitted.

(3) column data. In order to make the things to be explained concrete, you can also use the method of column data for readers to understand. It should be noted that the quoted figures must be accurate, and inaccurate figures must never be used. Even the estimated figures must have reliable basis and strive for approximation.

(4) make a comparison. Explain that some abstract or unfamiliar things can be compared with concrete or familiar things, so that readers can get a concrete and vivid impression through comparison. The characteristics of things often appear in comparison.

when making a comparison, it can be a comparison of the same kind, or it can be