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Zhuge Liang (July 23, 181-August 28, 234), with the word

Zhuge Liang's chronology

Year, age, life and deeds

Guang He four years, April 14, 181 1, 181, Zhuge Liang was born in Yangdu, Langya (now yinan county, Shandong Province)

In the sixth year of Zhongping, Zhuge Liang's biological mother Zhang passed away

In the third year of Chuping, Zhuge Liang's father Zhuge Jue passed away

In the first year of Xingping, Zhuge Liang and his younger brother Zhuge Jun and sister were adopted by his uncle Zhuge Xuan, and his brother Zhu Gejin went to Jiangdong with his stepmother. In the second year of Xingping, Zhuge Liang's uncle Zhuge Xuan was appointed as the prefect of Yuzhang. Zhuge Liang and his sister-in-law went to Liubiao, Jingzhou, settled in the cottage in Longzhong, and began to live in Wollongong.

In the 4th year of Jian 'an, 199 19, Zhuge Liang and his friend Xu Shu studied with Mr. Si Mahui

In the 12th year of Jian 'an, 27 27, Liu Bei went to Longzhong to visit the thatched cottage, and Zhuge Liang said "Longzhong was right" to Liu Beichen, and then went out to help Liu Bei

In the 12th year of Jian 'an, 27 27, Zhuge Liang won the first battle

In the 13th year of Jian 'an, 28 28, Zhuge Liang went to Soochow. Persuade the prince of Wu and Sun Quan to resist Cao

In the 14th year of Jian 'an, Zhuge Liang was appointed as a corps commander

In the 16th year of Jian 'an, Zhuge Liang and Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun guarded Jingzhou

In the 19th year of Jian 'an, Zhuge Liang left Guan Yu to guard Jingzhou, and joined forces with Zhang Fei and Zhao Yun. Liu Bei captured Chengdu, and Zhuge Liang served as the general strategist and left the general's office.

In the twentieth year of Jian 'an, Zhuge Liang rectified the internal affairs of Bashu.

In the twenty-third year of Jian 'an, Zhuge Liang stayed in Bashu, supplying Liu Bei who fought in Hanzhong.

In the first year of Zhangwu, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor, with the title of "Han", which was called Shu Han in history. Zhuge Liang was appointed as the prime minister of the Han Dynasty and led Yizhou to shepherd

In the first year of Shu Jianxing, Liu Bei defeated Baidicheng, and Yong 'an trusted Zhuge Liang; When Liu Bei died and Liu Chan ascended the throne, Zhuge Liang was appointed as the marquis of Wuxiang, and took charge of Yizhou animal husbandry (Liu Chan called Zhuge Liang as the father of slaughter or father-in-law)

In the second year of Shu Jianxing, Zhuge Liang adjusted the internal affairs of Bashu

In the third year of Shu Jianxing, Zhuge Liang led an army to the south to conquer the barbarians

In the fifth year of Shu Jianxing, Zhuge Liang published a model and stationed troops in Hanzhong. On the same day, the Northern Expedition

In the sixth year of Shu Jianxing, 228 48, the Street Pavilion was lost in the Northern Expedition, and Zhuge Liang beheaded Ma Su and demoted himself to be the right general, and did the prime minister's work

In the seventh year of Shu Jianxing, 229 49, Zhuge Liang went to the Northern Expedition again, seized Wudu and Yinping, and resumed his position as prime minister

In the eighth year of Shu Jianxing, 23 5, Zhuge Liang went to the Northern Expedition and attacked Qi again

In the In the wooden door, Zhang He, a famous Wei, was killed.

In the 11th year of Shu Jianxing, Zhuge Liang built a mansion in Xiegu, and collected food.

In the 12th year of Shu Jianxing, Zhuge Liang went north again, and died in Wuzhangyuan in August of that year because of overwork.

Historical evaluation

Chen Shou's "The History of the Three Kingdoms": Zhuge Liang was also caring for the country and showing his manners. Although those who are loyal to the times will be rewarded for their enmity, those who violate the law and neglect will be punished for their relatives, those who plead guilty and lose their feelings will be released, and those who are eloquent will be slaughtered. Good without reward, evil without fiber without degradation; Ordinary things are concise, physics is the foundation, fame and responsibility are real, hypocrisy is contemptuous; At last, those who are afraid and love it within the territory of the state, although the punishment and politics are harsh and have no complaints, admonish Ming with their intentions. It can be said that he is a talented person who knows how to govern, and he is a horse of Xiao. However, after years of mobilization, it failed, and the cover strain will be slightly, which is not its strength! "Yuan Zi": The law is strict and the people are pleased to take it, and the people do their best without complaining. And its soldiers come and go like guests, and they don't fight, and they don't hunt, as in the country. Its use of soldiers is also like a mountain, advancing and retreating like the wind. On the day when the soldiers came out, the world shook, but people were not worried. Since the death of Liang for decades, Chinese people have been singing and thinking, such as the thinking of Zhao Gong in Zhou Dynasty, and Confucius said that "harmony can also make the south", and Zhuge Liang is thoughtful. Liu Bei: "There is Kong Ming in solitude, and there is water in fish. May you not say anything. " "You just ten times xelloss, will be safe, and finally great things. If the heir can be supplemented, supplement it; If it is incompetent, you can take it yourself. " "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms Animation" Zhuge Liang Si Mahui: "Do Confucian scholars and laymen know the current affairs? He who knows the times cares about Junjie. There are Wolong and Feng Chu here. " Meng Huo: "Gong, Tian Wei is also, and southerners are no longer rebellious." Jia Xu: "Zhuge Liang is good at governing the country." Ye?Liu: "Zhuge Liang is clear about governance and is the phase." Xu Shu: "This person can be seen immediately, but he can't be compromised. The general should take care of it in vain. " "Zhu Gekongming, Wolong is also" Yang Hong: "Western soil is salty, and Zhuge Liang can make the best use of people." Ma Liang: "Your brother should praise the world in a timely manner, and his career will glorify the country, which is far away. It is appropriate to change your husband's consideration with elegance, judge your value with clarity, and be simple with talent. If it is a harmony between light and distance, it is a world of virtue, so that the time is closed to listening, the world is obedient to the Tao, the voice of the high and wonderful, the voice of Zheng and Wei is right, and it is beneficial to things, and there is no relationship between them. This is the harmony between the strings and the teeth. " Fan Jian: "If you smell evil, you will change, but you will not praise it. The letter of reward and punishment curses the gods." Zhang Wen: "However, when Zhuge Liang sees the count, he will know that God is concerned about the right thing to do, and he will be blessed by the imperial court and push forward the bright heart." Sima Yi: "In Ji Han Fu Chen Zan, which is really a genius in the world, Yang Xi praised Prime Minister Zhuge:" Loyal to the martial arts and heroic heights, offer advice on riverside, climb Wu Lianshu, and have the right to be true in the world. Being left behind by Aheng, he improved the martial arts and prose, applied Chen Dejiao, managed things and changed the wind, and was virtuous and foolish, and forgot his body. In the quiet state, four generations of Yi Sui have repeatedly come to the enemy's court, showing off their power, studying the great country, and hating it. " Xi Long and Xiang Chong: "The situation is bright, Germany and Fan are far and near, and the world is covered with honors." Sima Yan: "It's kind of me to have this person to help me. How can I work today?" Fu Gan: "Zhuge Liang knows how to change, and he is right and has a plan, and he is looking at it." Guo Chong: "Jincheng Guo Chong thinks that if you are wise and clever, you will be overstepped, and your achievements will not be good. Those who are puzzled by the five bright things will not be heard in the world, and Bao and others will not be able to recover." Fufeng Wang is generous and good at rushing. " Liu Chan paid homage to Zhuge Liang's imperial edict: "Ma Su was to blame for the battle of the street pavilion, but you led me to disgrace myself, seriously disobeyed your wishes and obeyed.". The year before last, Yao Shi smashed Simona; At the age of this year, Guo Huai fled; The surrender of Bian and Qiang, the revival of the two counties, and the ferocity of Weizhen were obvious. Today, Fang was harassed, but Yuan evil was not an owl. You were given a big responsibility, and you did the country's heavy work, but you lost yourself for a long time. That's why you glorified Hong Lie. Now that you are the prime minister, you should not resign. " "Only your body and resources are civil and military, and you are clear and sincere, and you are entrusted with the orphans. You can help me bow, following the unique prosperity, and you will be quiet and chaotic; Therefore, the Sixth Division has been reorganized, and SHEN WOO has been impressed, and Wei Town has been barren, which will make great contributions to Jihan and participate in the great honor of Iraq and Zhou. How not to hang, things are going to be awkward, and you are dying! I mourn with grief, and my heart is cracked. Fu Chongde's preface is meritorious, and Ji Xing's life is posthumous, so it shines in the future and publishes immortality. Today, I made Du Qiong, the commander-in-chief, present you with the seal of the Prime Minister Wu Xiang Hou, and make you a loyal Wu Hou. There is a spirit in the soul, and Jiazi is honored. Alas! Alas! " Emperor Kangxi: "Zhuge Liangyun: Do your best until you die. Only Zhuge Liang can be such a minister. " Sun Qiao in the Tang Dynasty: "The marquis of Wu died for almost 5 years. So far, the people of Liang and Han have a strong legacy, and the temple and the worshippers are there, and their love for the people is so long." In the Western Jin Dynasty, Mei Taozan Tao Kan said: "The machine god is like Wei Wu, loyal and hardworking as Kong Ming." Chang Qu in the Eastern Jin Dynasty: "Governing the country is polite to the people, and there is no complaint, no abuse of lynching, and no tears." Wang Tong of Sui Dynasty said, "If Zhuge Liang does not die, rites and music will flourish." "Tang Wencui" recorded what Shang Chi said in the Preface to the Inscription of Wuhou Temple in Zhuge: "To make the official books and temples eat, it will become a code that will not be published. Every time there is a popular grass movement in Yamanouchi, it will look like a powerful god. If there is a drought in the old age, people of the country will pray for the clouds and rain, which means that survival and no one will benefit, and life and death will be the same. Death is immortal, but it is more expensive than life. " Lu Wen's "The Temple of Zhuge Wuhou": "If you don't collect great honors, heaven will seize their soul. Sincere and unforgettable, bing is in the sun and the moon, and the fierce gas does not come away. It is a thunderstorm. " Du Fu, a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty, once appreciated Zhuge Liang's deeds, and wrote several poems about Zhuge Liang, including Shu Xiang (including two of them with the same name), Yong Huai Historic Site IV, Zhu Gekongming, Eight Arrays, Gu Bai Xing, Wuhou Temple, Zhuge Temple and Ge Ye. In Shu Xiang, the third summons weighted him with affairs of state, and to two generations he gave his true heart. But before he could conquer, he was dead, and heroes have wept on their coats ever since ",also become a famous sentence about Zhuge Liang's life in the future. Other poets have also written many poems to praise Zhuge Liang, such as Reading Zhuge Wuhou's Book and Giving Uncle Cui Shaofu of Chang 'an a Gift for Kunji, Song Dynasty statesman and writer Wang Anshi's Zhuge Wuhou (two poems), Southern Song Dynasty poet Lu You's Visiting Zhuge Wuhou's Desk, Tang Dynasty Dou Chang's Visiting Zhuge Wuhou Temple, and Tang Dynasty Zhang Xiao Biao's Zhuge Wuhou Temple. While affirming Zhuge Liang's intelligence, Mao Zedong, a great man of a generation, tried to analyze the reasons for Zhuge Liang's failure to unify China. In view of Zhuge Liang's general strategy of attacking Cao Wei in Jingzhou and Yizhou in the "Longzhong Dui", he commented: "It was a mistake from Longzhong Dui, and it was a thousand miles away and divided into two forces. In the end, Guan Yu, Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang were invincible. " The previous sentence means that Zhuge Liang's strategy is not appropriate. Jingzhou is thousands of miles away from Yizhou, and the practice of dividing the two places will inevitably make Shu Han lose his military advantage. The last sentence "three-point force" refers to Guan Yu's guarding Jingzhou, Liu Bei's attacking Dongwu, and Zhuge Liang's northern expedition to the Central Plains. The historical fact of "three-point force" eventually led to the loss of the foundation for the unification of China. However, some people disagreed with Mao Zedong's analysis. Longzhong hoped to support Jingzhou Army's Northern Expedition with the whole Jingzhou, which was "benefiting the South China Sea", and Yizhou carried out the pincer strategy. However, Liu Bei failed to achieve it later, and because of the loss of Nanjun, Guan Yu lost his advantage in the battle of Xiangfan, not because of the split force. On the other hand, Mao Zedong once commented on the historical events of losing the street pavilion and beheading Ma Su: "The first battle is bright and it is appropriate to be on the battlefield." It is believed that Zhuge Liang should lead the army to advance at that time, and should not disperse his troops and entrust others with responsibility. The couplet hanging in Zhugeliang Temple of Wuhou Temple in Chengdu was made by Zhao Fan, a scholar of Qing Dynasty, which once attracted the attention of Mao Zedong and others. Its content is: "If you can attack the heart, you will be self-defeating, and you will learn from the ancient times that the soldiers are not belligerent; If you don't judge the situation, you will be lenient and strict, and you will have to think deeply later. " Sun Yat-sen, the great revolutionary forerunner, praised Zhuge Liang in the "three people's principles" and "democracy": "Zhuge Liang is very talented, so he can set up a good government in western Shu, and he can go to the Northern Expedition from Qishan in six places, and he can stand still with Wu Wei."

[ Edit this paragraph] Achievements in Governing the Country

KOEI's History of the Three Kingdoms 11 "The History of the Three Kingdoms" by Zhuge Liang, an old man: Zhuge Liang is also caring for the country, showing his manners, making appointments, obeying the power system, being sincere and being fair; Although those who are loyal to the times will be rewarded, those who violate the law and neglect will be punished, those who plead guilty and lose their feelings will be released, and those who are eloquent will be slaughtered. Good without reward, evil without fiber without degradation; Ordinary things are concise, physics is the foundation, fame and responsibility are real, hypocrisy is contemptuous; At last, those who are afraid and love it within the territory of the state, although the punishment and politics are harsh and have no complaints, admonish Ming with their intentions. It can be said that he is a talented person who knows how to govern, and he is a horse of Xiao. "The History of the Three Kingdoms": I have no preparation, and my heirs are young and weak, and I am expert in everything. Therefore, Dongwu was connected with the outside world, and South Vietnam was in the inner peace. Legislation was applied, the military brigade was sorted out, the skills of machinery and tools were studied to the extreme, science and education were strict, rewards and punishments were believed, no evil was not punished, and no good was not shown. As for officials, they were not allowed to be raped, and people were self-satisfied, and they did not pick up the traces. The strong did not invade the weak, and the weathering was awesome. "The Three Kingdoms": Li Shu remembers his thoughts and thinks that he is honest. Up to now, the people of Liang and Yi have talked to those who are bright, and their words are still in my ears. Although Gan Tang sang Zhao Gong and Zheng people sang songs, there is no way to compare them. Meng Ke said: "Let the people use the Tao to escape, although they don't complain; Killing people by living, although they are not angry. " Believe it! Commentators may blame bright literary style for not being brilliant, but for being too Ding Ning-oriented. I foolishly thought that the blame was a great sage, and the Duke of Zhou was also a sage. As a result of the examination of the history, the blame was simple and elegant, and the Duke of Zhou was annoyed and learned. What is it? Blame and shun, Yu * * * talk, duke of Zhou and the group vowed to die. Bright words, to the best of all mortals, so its text refers to far and away. However, his last words are all about things, and the heart of honesty is shaped in literature and ink, which is enough to know the meaning of his people and make up for the present. Zhuge Liang took full advantage of Hanzhong's favorable economic conditions and adopted a series of effective measures to develop production according to local conditions during his stay in Hanzhong to persuade farmers, so that the northern expeditionary army resources were basically solved on the spot. After Zhuge Liang's death, the Shu army retreated, and Wei Jun was still "rewarded with many books and grains" in the Shu camp. This just shows that the effect of Zhuge Liang's persuasion of agriculture and the implementation of military farming war is remarkable. When the local people live well, they can attract more people, so that Hanzhong, which has a vast territory and a sparsely populated area, can be developed again, and gradually reach a virtuous circle of more people and more food, so that the people can "live in peace and enjoy their jobs." Only Qiang Bing, a rich country, can maintain the long-term stability of the ruling class. The water conservancy projects such as "Shanhe Dam", which was built by Zhuge Liang, are still the largest irrigation projects in Hanzhong area. According to Mr. Li Yizhi's investigation, "Shanhe Dam still praises more than 8, mu of city fields, 3,6 mu of Zheng County fields in Guannan, 7, mu of wine counties, and 46, mu of * *." The six famous pools in Hanzhong City are still being used. According to archaeological survey statistics, there are still more than 7 ancient weirs in the whole region since the Han Dynasty, and some weirs and canals have been used and maintained for generations and have been extended to this day. At the same time, on the basis of inheriting and learning the experience of ancient development and utilization of water resources, various localities have continuously built a large number of water conservancy facilities such as ponds, reservoirs and ponds. In Mianxian County alone, 37 reservoirs with the capacity of storing 1, cubic meters of water were built. There are more than 3 ponds and ponds; There are still more than 5 thousand mu of winter paddy fields. The above facts show that the actual utility and continuous improvement and utilization of ancient farmland water conservancy facilities in Hanzhong basin are inseparable from Zhuge Liang's great achievements in opening up farmland, building water conservancy and developing production when he advised agriculture in Hanzhong.

[ Edit this paragraph] Artistic attainments

Calligraphy articles

Zhuge Liang lived in an era when China's calligraphy art was maturing. Zhuge Liang's ink rubbings (biography) Zhuge Liang loves calligraphy, and he trained hard in his youth. He can write a variety of fonts, and he is excellent at seal script, eight points and cursive script. Tao Hongjing, a great calligrapher in the Southern Dynasties, recorded in his Records of the Sword: "In the first year of Shu Zhangwu (AD 221), he collected gold and Niu Shan iron and cast eight iron swords, each three feet and six inches long, ... and it was the place where Kongming wrote the style corner." . Yu Li's Gu Ding Lu records: "Zhuge Liang killed Simona, but also decided to build a tripod, and buried it in Hanchuan. Its text says: Ding Jun Ding. He also made eight arrays of ding, which sank in Yong 'an water, all of which were big seals. " "In the second year of Zhangwu (AD 222), a tripod was cast in Hanchuan, named Kehan tripod, which was placed in point C, and an eight-point book ... another tripod was cast in Wudanshan, Chengdu, named Zen tripod; Another tripod was cast in Jianshan Pass, named Jianshan Ding. And the small seal script, all Wuhou traces. " "Zhangwu three years (AD 223).