Son’s interview

1. Textbook Description

This classical Chinese article uses Yi Qiu to teach two people to learn to play Go, which illustrates the principle that learning must be concentrated and must not be half-hearted. The article first said that Yi Qiu is the best person in the country at playing Go, and then said that if Yi Qiu teaches two people with different learning attitudes to play Go, the learning results will be completely different. Finally, it points out that the different learning results of these two people are not because of their different learning attitudes. What a difference in intelligence.

Classical Chinese is an ancient cultural heritage and the medium for the inheritance of ancient civilization. Starting from elementary school, allowing students to get in touch with some classical Chinese, get a preliminary feel for the language characteristics of classical Chinese, and understand the ideological and moral views of the ancients is very beneficial to strengthening humanistic education and improving their Chinese abilities. The purpose of selecting the article "Xue Yi" is, firstly, because it has good ideological content and emphasizes the need to concentrate on learning, which is conducive to students inheriting and carrying forward the fine tradition of hard study; secondly, because it is short and concise, and the text is relatively simple, suitable for primary school students to learn.

This class is students’ first exposure to ancient Chinese. Compared with modern vernacular, classical Chinese is quite different in terms of words, sentence patterns, etc. Being able to correctly segment sentences and read fluently is the first difficulty encountered. Instructing students to read and recite aloud should be the focus of teaching this course. From the perspective of understanding the text, it is not difficult to understand the things written in the text and the principles contained in it. The difficulty is to let students refer to the annotations to understand the meaning of each sentence. Only when you understand the meaning of a sentence can you correctly segment words and sentences and read the sentence smoothly. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the meaning of each sentence as a teaching difficulty to overcome.

2. Learning objectives

1. Learn 3 new words in this lesson. Able to read the full text and understand the content of the story based on the annotations after class.

2. Read the text correctly and fluently. Recite the text.

3. From the text, you can realize that you must concentrate on learning and not be half-hearted.

3. Teaching suggestions

1. Make the conversation interesting and introduce new lessons. This class is the first time for students to learn ancient Chinese. It can briefly introduce the characteristics of ancient Chinese and the significance of learning it, mobilize students' interest in learning, and provide motivation for learning this article well.

2. When guiding primary school students to learn classical Chinese, it is not appropriate to explain the translation word by word, sentence by sentence, let alone knowledge of ancient Chinese. The key words should be understood by students by referring to the annotations, and they should try to understand the general meaning of each sentence. The teacher should help if they encounter difficulties. Teachers should guide students to read the text thoroughly and combine the annotations to understand the content of the story. The conclusion of the article: "Why is it so wise that it is not like that? It is not so." It concluded the matter but did not demonstrate it. But the argument is contained within the narrative. Therefore, we should focus on the sentence "Although we learn from it, it is not as good as it is", understand the reason for "it is not like it", and conclude that the results of doing things with concentration and doing things with two minds are different. In order to deepen their understanding of the truth contained in the article, students can talk about it based on their own personal experiences.

3. As the beginning of classical Chinese learning, teachers should establish the concept of "reading aloud is the first priority". For this article, you can follow the steps below to guide reading.

First, teachers must first demonstrate to students how to read vividly and fluently (it is best to recite). This will infect students and stimulate their interest in reading.

Second, guide students to read through. Teachers can read the text and then guide the reading method of classical Chinese: first, slow down the reading speed, and second, pause appropriately.

When reading this article aloud, you can make the following pauses in the sentence:

Yi Qiu is a person who is good at playing chess in the country. Let / Yi Qiu / teach / two people to play, one of them / concentrates on / Yi Qiu's performance, but / / Yi Qiu is listening; the other / although / listening, only thinks that / there is a swan / approaching, and / thinks of / using the bow to hand over / and shoots at it. Although I learned from both of them, it’s not like this. Is it true/its wisdom/is not like that? It is said to be non/ran.

Third, read it well on the basis of understanding the content, and finally be able to recite it. Note here that the tone of the rhetorical question should be read in "Why is he so wise?" "Say: Not so." It should be read in a positive tone.

4. In order to cultivate students' interest in learning classical Chinese, you can recommend several classical Chinese articles with strong storytelling and easy-to-understand content, especially some idiom stories that students are familiar with, such as "Plucking the Seedlings to Help It Grow" and "Covering the Ear and Stealing the Bell" ""The Fight between Sandpipers and Clams", let students read it to themselves. It will be better if they can recite it.

4. Reference Materials

Mencius (about 372 BC - 289 BC) was named Ke and given the courtesy name Ziyu. He was a native of Zou State (now Zou County, Shandong Province) during the Warring States Period. Ancient Chinese thinker and educator. He was a Confucian master after Confucius and was revered as "The Lesser Sage". Later generations jointly called him and Confucius "Confucius and Mencius". "Mencius" was co-authored by Mencius and his disciples. The content includes Mencius' political activities, political theories, philosophical thoughts and personality cultivation. The whole book is divided into seven chapters: "King Hui of Liang", "Gongsun Chou", "Teng Wengong", "Li Lou", "Wan Zhang", "Gao Zi" and "Jin Xin". This article is selected from "Mencius Gaozi". The original text is as follows: "Mencius said: It is impossible for the king to be unwise. Although there are things in the world that are easy to grow, if they are violent in one day and cold in ten days, no one can survive. I see that it is rare, and I have retreated to the cold. What if I have some talent? Today, the game of chess is only a small number. If you don't concentrate on it, you can't do it. Yi Qiu taught two people to play chess, one of them concentrated on it, but Yi Qiu listened. Although the other listened, he thought that a swan was coming, and he wanted to shoot it with his bow, but it was not like that. His wisdom is not like that. "This is not the case."

This article is a fable. The article describes that in ancient times, two children relied on their own intuition. One believed that the sun was close to people in the morning, and the other believed that the sun was close to people at noon. For this reason, they each held their own opinions and couldn't argue. Even a learned man like Confucius Nor can one make a judgment. This story illustrates that in order to understand nature and explore objective truth, one must dare to think independently and question boldly; it also illustrates that the universe is infinite and knowledge is infinite, and even the most knowledgeable people will not know something, and learning is endless.

The story can be understood in three parts. First, it writes about Confucius' encounter with two children arguing on the road, and points out the time, place, characters and causes of the story. The two children expressed two completely different views on the issue of how far the sun is from the earth at different times. Then write about two children using the intuition (visual, tactile) that people can experience in daily life to clarify their opinions to refute the other party's opinions. Finally, it is written that Confucius was unable to make a decision when facing the argument between the two children, which caused the two children to "laugh". The full text is only about a hundred words, but it can give people many enlightenments. It is characterized by language expression to express characters and unfold the storyline through dialogue description, which expresses the innocence and loveliness of the two children and the scientific attitude of Confucius' modesty, prudence, and seeking truth from facts.

The main purpose of selecting this article is to enable students to initially understand the language characteristics of ancient Chinese prose, and at the same time realize that knowledge is endless and learning is endless.

The different meanings of characters and words in ancient and modern times are the difficulty in learning this article. For example, "I go when the sun starts to rise and people are near" the word "go" means "distance", which is different from the common modern meaning. In addition, "尰", "汝", etc. rarely appear in modern Chinese, and words such as these must be understood by students.

The following translations are for reference only.

Confucius went to the East for a study tour and saw two children arguing on the way. Confucius asked them the reason for their dispute.

A child said: "I think the sun is close to people when it first rises, and is far away from people at noon." Another child thought that the sun is far away from people when it first rises, and is close to people at noon.

Another child said: "It's refreshing and cool when the sun first comes out, but when it reaches noon it's as hot as putting your hand into hot water. Isn't it hot when you're close and cool when you're far away?"

After hearing this, Confucius could not judge who was right and wrong. The two children smiled and said: "Who said you know many things?"

2. Learning objectives

1. Learn the three new words in this lesson and be able to follow the notes after class Clear the meaning of the text.

2. Read the text emotionally. Memorize the text and retell the story.

3. Understand the content of the text, learn the spirit of the ancients who were good at using their brains and boldly questioning in order to understand nature and explore the truth, and Confucius’ scientific attitude of being modest, prudent, and seeking truth from facts, and realize that there is no end to learning.

3. Teaching suggestions

1. Before class, teachers can check the scientific knowledge involved in the text. You can also arrange students to collect information on their own before class on questions such as "Does the distance between the sun and the earth change throughout the day? Why does the sun look bigger in the morning and smaller at noon? Why does it feel cooler in the morning and hotter at noon?"

2. Although this article is concise, the different meanings of ancient and modern words still make it difficult for students to read and understand. For example, the modal particle "hu", which rarely appears in modern literature, appears three times in the article. It is recommended to solve this difficulty in three steps. (1) After students read the text, they can initially understand the meaning of each sentence based on the annotations. For things that students don’t understand, teachers can give some guidance so that students can understand the context. (2) Read it repeatedly to understand the content of the story. (3) Tell the story in your own words.

3. This story contains profound truth. Teachers can organize students to discuss and share what they thought of after reading this text. Students should be encouraged to speak freely and gain insights from multiple perspectives. For example, the two children like to explore, and their spirit is commendable; the two children understand things from different angles, and the results are different; Confucius can correctly treat the questions raised by the children, not knowing what is not known, and seeking truth from facts.

As for the end of the article, Confucius "cannot solve it", students should be informed that many natural phenomena are common scientific knowledge to us, but in ancient times it was difficult to solve them due to underdeveloped science and technology. It is a mystery, so it is understandable that Confucius "cannot solve it". It can be seen that the universe is huge and the knowledge is vast, ranging up and down, but even a wise man cannot know everything. Confucius did not "pretend ignorance as knowledge", but had a pragmatic attitude of "knowing what is known, and not knowing what is unknown". Therefore, when teaching, do not take the joke about Confucius as the main theme.

4. For beginners to learn classical Chinese, repeated reading is the most important method. When studying this article, you should still focus on guided reading. When reading this article aloud, you can follow the following tips to read the pauses in sentences.

Confucius was traveling east, saw two children arguing, and asked why.

Yi'er said: "I think / when the sun starts to rise / people are close to you, but / when the sun is at the middle of the day / it is far away." .

Yi'er said: "When the sun first rises, it is as big as a car hood, and when it reaches the middle of the day, it is like a pan. Isn't this why the ones far away are small and the ones close up are big?"

Yi'er said: "The sunrise at the beginning of the day/is cool in Cangcang, and the middle of the day/is like exploring the soup. Isn't it that the one near is hot/and the one far away is cool?"

Confucius can't decide also. The two children smiled and said, "Who/do you/know more?"

The description of the language and dialogue of the two children is the focus of the teacher's guidance of students in reading aloud.

In the second natural paragraph, two children have completely different views on the distance between the sun and the earth at different times. Students should be guided to read out the words of the two children who hold their own opinions and refuse to give in to each other in a positive tone. manner.

In the third and fourth natural paragraphs, the two children put forward reasons to prove their own opinions and refute each other's opinions based on their own feelings and experiences. The two paragraphs have the same sentence pattern and structure, and both end with a rhetorical question. Pay attention to the reading of rhetorical questions. Among them, "big as a car hood" and "like exploring soup" should be read with emphasis, while "like a plate bowl" and "cangcang cool" should be read lightly, so that they read with a contrasting tone. Only in this way will there be a confrontation between the two peaks, making it impossible to argue. Climax that needs resolution.

In the fifth natural paragraph, when the two children saw that the sage Confucius could not make a decision, they laughed and said: "Who knows more about you?" It also uses a rhetorical question. It should be clear that the laughter of the two children is not sarcastic. Students should be guided to read in a lively and relaxed tone to express the innocence and cuteness of children.

When guiding students to read classical Chinese texts, they should pay attention to standard reading and comprehension. On the basis of students understanding the content of the article and being able to read the full text emotionally, students are then guided to read aloud by role, striving to achieve recitation in class.

5. After-school extension. It is recommended to arrange a language practice activity and perform "Newly Edited Two Children's Debate Day".

Before the activity, the teacher provided an idea for the activity: a modern boy traveled through time and space to the distant ancient times, met two children arguing about the sun, and the two children asked the boy to make a decision. During the activity, students are first asked to create and perform in groups, and then communicate with the class.

IV. Reference materials

1. This article is selected from "Liezi·Tangwen". Liezi is said to have been written by Lieyu Kou (approximately 450 BC - 375 BC) from the Zheng State during the Warring States Period. It contains many excellent fables and folk tales from the pre-Qin era.

2. Confucius (551 BC - 479 BC), whose name was Qiu and whose courtesy name was Zhongni. A native of Zouyi of the State of Lu (now southeast of Qufu, Shandong), he was a thinker, politician, educator and founder of the Confucian school in the late Spring and Autumn Period. His words and deeds throughout his life were compiled into the book "The Analects of Confucius" by his students and passed down to the world.

3. About the scientific knowledge in "Two Children Debating the Sun".

The sun is the same distance from the earth in the morning and at noon. Why does the sun appear larger in the morning than at noon? This is a visual error and illusion. The same object appears small when placed in a group of objects larger than it, and appears large when placed in a group of objects smaller than it. In the same way, the morning sun rises from the horizon against the background of trees, houses, distant mountains and a small corner of the sky. In this comparison, the sun appears larger at this time. The sun rises high at noon, and the vast sky is the backdrop. At this time, the sun appears small. Secondly, the white object appears larger than the black object. This physical phenomenon is called "light penetration". When the sun first rises, the background is the dark sky, and the sun is extremely bright; at noon, the background is thousands of miles of blue sky, and the sun has little contrast with its brightness, making it appear smaller.

The temperature at noon is higher than in the morning. Is the sun closer to us at this time than in the morning? No. The main reason is that the sun shines obliquely on the earth in the morning and the sun shines directly on the earth at noon. At the same time and in the same area, direct radiation generates more heat than oblique radiation. At the same time, at night, the heat from the sun irradiates the ground and dissipates, so it feels cool in the morning; at noon, the heat from the sun irradiates the ground, so it feels hot. The coolness or hotness of the temperature does not indicate the distance or proximity of the sun to the ground.

Fifth, meaning of the word

(0) Yi: Go, play Go.

(1) Yiqiu: Qiu, a person’s name, because he is good at playing chess , so it is called Yiqiu.

(2) Tongguo: the whole country.

(3): of.

(4) Good: good at, good at.

(5) Make: let.

(6) Teach: teach.

(7) Its: Among them.

(8) Only Yi Qiu’s teachings: Just listen to Yi Qiu’s teachings.

(9) Although: Although.

(10): refers to Yi Qiu’s teachings.

(11) Honghu: swan.

(12) Quote: quote, pull.

(13) Pay: This lesson refers to arrows with silk ropes.

(14): He refers to the previous person.

(15) Ju: together.

(16) Fruo: Not as good as that.

(17) Yes: Yes.

(18) means: to say, to say.

(19) Qi: He refers to the latter person.

(20) and:?

(21) said: Say.

(22) No: No.

(23) Ran: Like this.