How to make the argument viewpoint be rigorously demonstrated

The rigor and thoroughness of argumentative writing should be reflected in the following four angles: (1) The structure is rigorous and orderly, with the power of logic; (2) accurate and rigorous language and precise strength; (3) The argumentation method is appropriate and convincing; (4) the material selection is conclusive and has real power.

1. The rigor and thoroughness of argumentative writing is first reflected in the rigorous and orderly structure of the article, which has inherent logical power!

The general structure of argumentative writing is introduction, theory and conclusion. "Introduction", also known as "introduction", is the beginning of an argumentative paper and the part where the author puts forward a topic or argument, that is, the author introduces his own views to the readers. This theory is the main part of the argumentative essay, and its main task is to analyze the problem, that is, the author proves his point of view by various argumentation methods in this part. The conclusion is the last part of the argumentative paper, which is a synthesis, generalization, summary, improvement and deepening of the full text in content. This is the basic structure of argumentative writing style. From the point of view of specific content, to make the article more rigorous and orderly, it is suggested to adopt hierarchical structure or parallel structure.

Hierarchical structure, also known as progressive structure and hierarchical structure, is a structural model that goes from shallow to deep, step by step and excavates vertically according to logical relations. There are two main progressive forms: one is to divide the central argument into several sub-arguments, from simple to complex; The second is to arrange the argument structure according to the idea of "asking questions, analyzing problems and solving problems", that is, to write in the order of "what → why → how". The advantages of hierarchical structure are clear hierarchy, strict logic and profound argumentation, but we should also pay attention to the proper relationship between the parts, which conforms to people's cognitive laws. To make the transition more natural, we need to use some transitional words appropriately.

What is dignity? It is the dignity and solemnity of life, the persistence and heroism of refusing to bend over and bend your knees, the integrity and spirit that people look up to ... the spirit of all things and the reliance of the soul.

Dignity is the soul of human beings.

Xu Beihong once said: "People should not be arrogant, but not impetuous." The source of pride comes from the soul of life. It is the integrity and atmosphere in human nature that makes dignity so magnanimous. I can't help but think of the story of Yan Zi controlling Chu. His quiet life and eloquence won the appreciation of the king of Chu and realized his own value. If there is no pride in the soul of this outstanding diplomat, how can there be condescending words? Therefore, dignity is the human soul.

Dignity is the soul of a nation.

Both the spirit of the small country of Yan and Zhao, which perished because of Qin's defeat, and the heavy cry of the Chinese nation when it went into decline in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression reflect the soul of a nation standing in the world. That is to stick to chastity, rather die than surrender, and that is to stand in the majestic forest of the world with reserve. There is no doubt that when the soul of a nation does not exist, this nation will also cease to exist. Her soul not only comes from the wisdom of counselors from all over the world and wizards from all over the world, but also from the unyielding feelings of sages and heroes. It is their every contribution that enables a country to defend its dignified soul!

Dignity is the soul of everything.

Dignity can't be seen or touched, but it can be reflected in everything. That is the pride of Merlin, the lingering fragrance of loose mud; That is the heroic of "Red Cliff Fu" and the crisp of "Poetry of Lime"; That is the pride of five buckets of rice not bending over, retreating to the lofty countryside; Even that is the courage to offer a humble apology, the persistence of going upstream ... The spirituality of all things lies in the calm rock, in the dawn that penetrates the night-dignity.

Returning to humanity, the soul is on the edge of the pride of that straight man. Dignity is too precious, too ordinary. Ordinary is that it can be seen almost everywhere, but what is precious is whether you can stick to your dignity and rely on it to climb the peak of human soul.

(From Dignity and Soul)

In this paper, the author uses hierarchical structure to demonstrate the relationship between "dignity and soul". This paper decomposes the central argument into several sub-arguments. The relationship between these arguments is from individual to nation, and then to everything, from shallow to deep, from simple to complex, with clear structure.

2. The rigor and thoroughness of argumentative writing are reflected in the accuracy and rigor of its language, which is the inherent requirement of the stylistic characteristics of argumentative writing.

The language of argumentative writing must be accurate and rigorous, because argumentative writing is used to reason. As far as the whole argumentative essay is concerned, the accuracy and rigor of language should be reflected in the continuity of thinking and the accuracy of words. If the language of the argumentative paper jumps and is incoherent, then the thinking of the article will inevitably be incoherent, and the rigor and thoroughness of the argumentative paper will be out of the question. And more importantly, the words used in argumentative language should be accurate and rigorous, and can stand scrutiny. Whether it is "probable" or "inevitable", whether it is "already" or "before it happens" must be determined.

Paragraph 1:

After returning to China, it occurred to me at 1837 that if I patiently collect and think about various facts that may be related to this issue, I might be able to understand this issue. After working for five years, I concentrated on studying this problem and wrote some small notes; In 1844, I expanded these short notes into a conclusion outline, which I thought was correct at that time.

Paragraph 2:

"Although many things are still unclear and will not be clear for a long time, after careful study and calm judgment I can make, I have no doubt that the views that many naturalists have insisted on until recently and that I have always insisted that each species is created independently are wrong."

Selected from; Introduction "

The first paragraph uses "if" to express the hypothesis and "maybe possible" to express the result of this hypothesis. The logic in the sentence is rigorous and thoughtful. The word "at that time" in the sentence "I think it was correct at that time" objectively recognized and restored the author's previous understanding, and expressed the facts quite accurately without evading or hiding.

The word "meticulous" in the second episode reflects the scientific nature of the research, the word "calm" reflects the objectivity of judgment, and "no doubt" is enough to show his confidence. It can be said that he has a clear point of view, a firm attitude, accurate wording and thorough expression.

3. The rigor and thoroughness of argumentative papers are also reflected in the appropriate argumentation methods.

Argumentative writing is a method and process to prove one's argument by using various materials. Only through proper argumentation can we logically deduce our own arguments from the arguments. A complete argumentative essay is not a simple "argument+argument". Only through proper and rigorous argumentation can we prove the inherent logical relationship between arguments and arguments, and can we integrate them into a whole and form a complete and convincing article. Many students can't write a well-reasoned argumentative essay because they can't properly or comprehensively use some common argumentation methods in argumentative essays. The common argumentation methods in argumentative writing include examples, quotations, metaphors and comparisons. Examples and comparisons are recommended here.

Example method is actually to demonstrate with examples, that is, to list some facts as needed to prove the correct point of view. Illustration is the most widely used and effective method in argumentative writing, because no viewpoint can exist in isolation, and facts speak louder than words. Using typical and conclusive facts to prove the point of view will greatly enhance the persuasiveness of the article. However, when using cases, we should pay attention to the conciseness of narration and make a brief evaluation after the cases. We should focus on celebrities or cases and use trivial cases on campus, family and street with caution.

Viewpoint: Find your place.

Only by finding one's own position and finding the branches suitable for one's attachment can life reach the extreme. Bill Gates, the former richest man in the world, was a student of Harvard University when he was young. But when he felt that what he was taught in college was not suitable for him, he resolutely left school and engaged in his favorite computer design work. Gates founded the world-famous Microsoft Company in his paradise, which led the development of the world computer industry and accumulated unparalleled wealth in the world.

In the clip, Bill Gates, once the richest man in the world, resolutely dropped out of school to engage in computer design, in order to prove the view that "only by finding his own position can life reach the extreme". The purpose is clear, there is a point of view before the example, and there are concise and appropriate comments after the example, which makes this point look convincing.

Contrast is a kind of comparative argument, and it is also the abbreviation of positive and negative comparative argument. It refers to an argument method that compares and contrasts two things, deduces the differences between them, and sets off the conclusion. It can compare and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of a thing or its advantages and disadvantages to prove the argument, which can make the right and wrong contrast sharp, clear and impressive. After comparison, the correct argument is more stable and convincing.

Contrast can be used in sentences before and after paragraphs or between paragraphs. However, there should be as many quotations as possible before the analysis, forming a model of "argument → one thing+comparison → comparison point → conclusion".

Everyone has his own way of life, each with its own advantages and characteristics. It is impossible to force unity, but this diverse way of life does have advantages and disadvantages. Is a way of life, selfless work, selfless dedication, but also a way of life. Inaction, muddleheaded, is a way of life, self-improvement, forge ahead, but also a way of life; Being old before you get old is a way of life, and getting stronger when you get old is also a way of life, keeping pace with the times. There is no doubt that Li Zhengdao's "lifestyle" is positive, noble, admirable and worthy of emulation.

From Lifestyle by Li Zhengdao.

This passage uses the method of comparative argument in a paragraph, with an introduction before the comparative argument and a conclusion after the comparative argument, which is very rigorous and thorough, and better highlights the view that "Li Zhengdao's lifestyle is positive, noble, admirable and worthy of emulation".

Some people often don't want to learn. If they don't want to learn, of course, they rarely touch the unknown, and they don't know how profound and mysterious the unknown is. They naturally don't feel their own shortcomings, but feel that they are still very knowledgeable. It's like a frog at the bottom of a well, unwilling to jump out of the well and complacent. Jiang Yan, a writer in the Southern Dynasties in China, was famous for his articles in his early years and was known as "a talented man in the south of the Yangtze River". Later, he didn't want to continue his studies, and finally left a joke that Jiang Lang was exhausted. There is such a fable in ancient China, which tells the story of a Chu people learning to sail the sea. At first, his master taught him in calm water. After a few days, he was able to sail freely. So he thought he was "trying his best to sail" and didn't want to continue his studies, so he said goodbye to his master. Later, he sailed into the river, and the waves in the river rolled. He only ended up "looking around, stumbling, falling into the paddle and losing the rudder." This fable tells us that we can't find our own shortcomings without in-depth study, and we can't really master a knowledge.

On the contrary, learning will make people feel that they lack knowledge. The more they learn, the more they feel inadequate. The famous scientist Zhi Nuo once used a vivid metaphor to illustrate this truth. He used the inside of the circle to represent the knowledge he had mastered and the outside of the circle to represent the unknown knowledge. He said that the more knowledge a person has, the bigger the circle, the bigger the circumference of the circle, and the greater the contact with the unknown. So, he said to his students, "In this sense, I don't know more than you." It is this insatiable and enterprising scientist who has made brilliant achievements in science.

From "learning before learning is insufficient"

These two paragraphs all use the method of comparative argument. This paper cites three negative examples: frog in the well, Jiang Lang's tiredness and Chu people's learning to sail, to illustrate the viewpoint that "if you don't study deeply, you can't find your own shortcomings and you can't really master a subject". Then, the famous scientist Zhi Nuo's example is cited from the front to illustrate the viewpoint that "a person is never satisfied, and only by making continuous progress can he make brilliant achievements in science". In contrast, the central idea of "learning but not knowing enough" is well explained.

4. The preciseness and thoroughness of argumentative papers also have a great relationship with the choice of materials. Only when the materials are reliable can there be real power.

Materials must be targeted, can prove the point of view, must be reliable, true and accurate, so as to be convincing. In order to prove his point of view, making up or quoting some hearsay and specious materials at will make readers doubt the reliability of other arguments, and then doubt the reliability of their own views, thus greatly offsetting the argumentation effect of the article, not only not enhancing persuasiveness, but also affecting the rigor and profundity of writing.

The selection of argumentative essays includes all kinds of examples, historical facts and statistical data, and only typical and representative materials can be convincing. Don't take one thing for granted, just choose the trivial things around you as arguments. For example, when discussing the view that "everyone close to Mexico is black", the example of "My neighbor is in prison …" is often unreliable, unreliable and argumentative.

Many university experts are trained from doubts. The Chronicle of Mr. Yuan recorded the story that Dai Zhen was difficult to learn. When Dai Zhen was a child, he read Zhu's "University Chapters and Sentences" and asked when "University" was written and when Zhu was from. Su Shi told him that Da Xue was a book of Zhou Dynasty and Zhu was a great scholar of Song Dynasty. He asked people in the Song Dynasty how they knew what the author meant more than a thousand years ago. The teacher was speechless, but he thought he was an unusual child. All scholars, not only about folklore, but also about the theories of scholars of past dynasties, often argue with the theories in the book, often judge the theories in the book, and often revise the theories in the book: only in this way can we produce newer and better theories.

In this clip, in order to demonstrate the view that "learning is expensive and suspicious", an example of Dai Zhen, a college counselor in the Qing Dynasty, who was suspicious when he was a child was cited. The source is true and accurate, and the evidence is conclusive, which well demonstrates the view that "learning is expensive and doubtful".